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Prevention pillar of anti-money laundering regime in Russia in the context of global AML standardsSubbotina, Natalya January 2008 (has links)
<p>The paper examines the approach taken by Russian government to control money laundering by creating the preventive framework which has undergone significant changes over the past six years. With respect to the prevention of money laundering, the discussion involves a review of international standards and norms which constitute the global AML regime. Recognizing the need for adding the domestic dimension to the studies of international regimes with the help of two-level game theory, the paper further analyzes the preventive pillar of the domestic AML regime in Russia in comparison with the global standards. It concludes that the federal law, which is the cornerstone of the domestic AML regime, as well as institutional framework created in Russia, both formally comply with the international norms.</p><p>The analyses of the practical implementation of the AML legislation in the financial institutions focus on legislative base for the regulated, behavioral patterns of the banks in the AML prevention, and the conflicts and debates, lately emerged within the domestic AML regime. This paper aims to show how new regulations have influenced both domestic AML regime and its main actors. The paper concludes that the existent domestic regime lacks interaction and communication between its actors which leads to the breach of the main principle and goal of a regime – cooperation.</p><p>The paper argues that the representatives of banking community in Russia could play the role of epistemic community proposed by the cognitive theory of international regimes. Given the functions of epistemic community it could foster better understanding of the context and purposes of the AML regime, thus, decreasing uncertainty and facilitating cooperation between the parties. The paper will conclude with the recommendations on the future research about how risk-based approach to banking regulation of the AML prevention rather than traditional rule-based compliance method can be effective.</p>
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Evaluation of Money Laundering Regulations in GhanaTontoh, Francis January 2008 (has links)
Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to identify and appraise within the Ghanaian environment the level of regulations in combat of money laundering and terrorism financing, the extent of the regulation and the effectiveness of the regulations or laws. Method: Research methodology will be based on qualitative data collection and analysis approach which will consider the gathering of information personally by the researcher including interviews based on structured or semi-structures questions to potential respondents Theory: The theory considered various concepts of money laundering that exist. The chosen concepts identified the various typologies of the money laundering, the negative effects and the regulations adopted in the fight against money laundering in the light of internationally accepted standards. Analysis: The analysis was modeled around four set of issue as a means of evaluating the money laundering regulations in Ghana. They include extent of nation’s vulnerability to Money Laundering; existing Laws or Regulations; the Conformity of Laws or regulations to international standards and an overview of the new anti-money laundering law. Conclusion: Research and analysis revealed that the nation is susceptible to money laundering though it has existing regulations to combat the menace. The forms of money laundering are many and there seems to be very little public knowledge about money laundering. Financial sector of the economy is expanding and there is a need for a more rigorous means for the combat of laundering as its effect on the sector could be disastrous. The New Anti – Money Laundering law, Anti – Money Laundering Act 2008, Act 749 is timely but it has not been operational, the Financial Intelligence Center is yet to be set up since the enactment of the act in January in 2008; as at the time of writing this conclusion there is a new government in power and this government is yet to constitute a full cabinet of ministers or substantive ministers of state hence it is quite impossible to estimate when the Financial Intelligence Centre; according to France (BoG) during my interview with her, she mentioned that the Center is to be formed under the supervision of Ministry of Finance. Not withstanding, the yet to be formed Center, there has been some exiting laws or regulations from Bank of Ghana for the financial institutions in combat of money laundering and terrorism financing. 83% respondents agreed that there are existing regulations and Laws but only one respondent representing 17% indicted that those laws can best be cosmetic. The forms of existing regulations identified are as follows: The (KYC) Know Your Client or Know Your Customer Policy; (PEP) Politically Exposed Persons Policy; (CDD) Customer Due Diligence; (EDD) Enhanced Due Diligence and also regulations for banks to adopted a policy of setting threshold for which any cash or cheque deposit into an account should register to an investigate unit of the bank, such that any amount above the threshold raises an alarm for further investigation and so is any huge withdrawal request. In evaluating the existing regulations, two main assessment points were use as yardstick. They are conformity to international standards and effectiveness of the laws or regulations. Ghana is a member of the Inter-Governmental Action Group against Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing in West Africa (GIABA) which has formulated some for steps member countries to follow in their design of their internal policies in combat of Money Laundering. These steps are based on the 40 recommendation and the 9 special recommendations. Clearly it is noted that the few regulations or directives from Bank of Ghana conform to the FATF recommendations. For example • The (KYC) Know Your Customer directive, (CDD) Customer Due Diligence directive and (EDD) Enhanced Due Diligence directive that Bank of Ghana issued to the banks conform with Recommendations 4 to 12 of FATF. • The (PEP) Politically Exposed Persons directive which enables the banks deal with political figures of other countries is an international co-operation and a need for mutual legal assistance, these two conforms with the FAFT Recommendation 35 and FAFT recommendations 36 to 39 and again of FATF Recommendation 40. • The policies on threshold level also conforms to FAFT recommendations 17 to 21 as depicted in the literature review. From the examples given above there are clear indications that the regulations conform to international standards. The effectiveness of the regulation was set to detail or show how wide enough the regulation is in tackling the menace a stake, it should equally involve the institutions that will regulate, implement and enforce the regulations and finally the regulations should be enforced or to be seen a such. However the general picture is that the Laws or Regulations prior to the new Act 749 hasn’t been too effective. The respondents who agreed that there are existing laws or regulations once again agreed there are some lax in the enforcement of the regulations. Roi (SFO) believes that if there is any regulation at all, they can only be said to be just cosmetic. / ftontoh@yahoo.com; +233244284956;+233244212902
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Civil recovery of corruptly-acquired assets : a legal roadmap for NigeriaOpedayo, Okubule Bukola January 2010 (has links)
<p>The aim of this research paper is to examine the legal framework for the recovery of corruptly-acquired assets, with particular emphasis on the Nigerian situation. Its primary focus is a detailed examination of the legal mechanisms for the recovery of such assets in the context of international asset recovery. Despite the success of the Nigerian government in recovering the Abacha loot,8 siphoning off of public funds by public office holders continues, and charges of fraud persist against top bank executives alleged to have converted depositors&rsquo / funds fraudulently. The prevailing criminal or conviction-based forfeiture mechanism in Nigeria appears inadequate to deal effectively with these situations. The need to enhance capacity through the adoption of civil or non-conviction based forfeiture laws therefore becomes imperative.</p>
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The auditor’s role in combating money laundering : An attitude survey among Swedish auditorsRingh, Adam, Sultani, Sharare January 2014 (has links)
Background: As a tactic of combating money laundering, auditors have been introduced asguardians and enforcers of the laws, due to their insight into company affairs. However, as shownby the Finance Police, it is rare that auditors report suspicions on money-laundering activities.That is, despite the obligations imposed on the profession, their share of total number or reportfiles each year a very small fraction. Aim: When investigating the infrequent reporting by auditors, it all boils down to a seemingexpectation gap. As such, the aim of this study has been to test that hypothesis, by conducting anattitude survey among Swedish auditors, as we believe the attitude towards the obligations tohave an impact on the tendency to report. Method: The perception of auditors on their role in combating money laundering and thehypothesized expectation gap between the audit profession and the state in its legislative capacitywas explore through the use of a questionnaire sent to 68 authorized or approved auditors withinthree different categories of firms; big-four firms, second tier firms and small local firms inStockholm and Uppsala. Conclusion: We cannot with certainty draw conclusion on whether the auditors’ perceivethemselves as having an obvious preventive role in the fight money laundering due to ambiguousanswers, but there seem to exist a somewhat opposed attitude toward the suggested duty to detectmoney laundering during audits. Nevertheless, traces of an expectation gap were found in thisstudy. However, with a sample size of 20 respondents, we cannot make generalizations withoutcareful consideration. As such, the findings of this study should be regarded as indicative ratherthan definitive.
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Penningtvätt : Lagen & revisornEdmark, Frida, Johan, Eliases, Farida, Joya January 2015 (has links)
Bakgrund: Penningtvätt har under de senaste åren ökat och fått mycket uppmärksamhet. Nya lagar och regleringar med syfte att förebygga och bekämpa penningtvätt har tagits fram. För att uppnå målen har ett flertal organisationer skapats på nationell och international nivå. Flera tillsynsmyndigheter har fått uppdraget att medverka i bekämpning av penningtvätt. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka revisorns förhållnings- sätt till lagen om penningtvätt. Studien syftar även till att redogöra för revisorns ansvar gentemot penningtvättslagen samt framhålla vad begreppet kundkännedom innebär för revisorn i förhållande till lagen. Metod: För att uppnå studiens syfte har denna undersökning använt sig av den kvalitativa metoden. Intervjuformen som tillämpas är semi-strukturerad och studiens urval är ett icke-sannolikhetsurval. Undersökningens oberoende variabler är penningtvättslagen, revisorns ansvar och kundkännedom. Resultat: Studien visar att penningtvättslagen inte i någon större uträckning påverkat revisorns förhållningssätt. Gällande revisorns ansvar i förhållande till lagen anses lagen tämligen verkningslös ur ett brottsbekämpande perspektiv men kan ha positiv verkan ur ett brottsförebyggande syfte. Slutligen visar studien att ett effektivt sätt att motverka penningtvätt är att ha en god relation till klienten. / Background: Money laundering has increased particularly in recent years and received much attention. New laws and regulations with the aim of preventing and combating money laundering have been introduced. To prevent and fight money laundering organizations have been created on international levels. On national levels different official regulators have received assignments to participate against money laundering. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the auditors' approach to the law of money laundering. The study will also explain the auditor's liability to the anti money laundering act and emphasize what the concept of customer due diligence means for the auditor in relation to the law. Method: In order to achieve the purpose of the study this survey uses the qualitative method. The interview shape applied is semi-structured with a non-probability selection. The independent variables of the study are the laundering act, the auditors' responsibility and costumer due diligence. Conclusion: The study shows that the money laundering act not has affected the auditors' approach to any greater extent. Regarding the auditors' responsibility the law is considerable ineffective from a law enforcement perspective but can deliver positive results from a law enforcement purposes. Finally, the study shows that an effective way to prevent money laundering is to have a good relationship with the client.
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Die Bekämpfung der Geldwäsche in den USA : High-tech-Gewinnaufspürung, drakonische Strafen und radikale Gewinneinziehung - ist der amerikanische Ansatz ein Vorbild für Deutschland? /Frank, Robert. January 2002 (has links) (PDF)
Univ., Diss.--Würzburg, 2001.
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Lavagem de capitais e cooperação jurídica internacional : a contribuição do GAFI /Romero, Thiago Giovani January 2017 (has links)
Orientador: Daniel Damásio Borges / Resumo: Inquestionavelmente, no atual cenário da globalização, deparamo-nos com o avanço vertiginoso dos crimes transnacionais, em especial da lavagem de capitais. Desta forma, os Estados e organismos internacionais, como a Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), juntaram esforços para prevenir e combater a macrocriminalidade. Neste momento, percebeu-se também que os instrumentos clássicos de cooperação internacional eram insuficientes, à medida que os delitos se multavam rapidamente. Neste contexto, surge o Grupo de Ação Financeira Internacional (GAFI) por iniciativa do G-7, responsável pela definição de padrões internacionais para o combate e prevenção à lavagem de dinheiro. Assim, a finalidade desta dissertação é de analisar a verdadeira importância da cooperação jurídica internacional para o enfrentamento do crime de lavagem de dinheiro, no âmbito do GAFI, através das recomendações 36 a 40, já que se mostram como ferramentas úteis e efetivas. Assim, este estudou buscou amparo na abordagem lógico-dedutiva, realizada através de levantamento e análise bibliográfica, no intuito de apontar as razões determinantes que influenciam os Estados a aderirem os padrões internacionais recomendados pelo GAFI. / Abstract: Unquestionably, nowadays in the current scenario of globalization, we are faced with the rapid advance of transnational crimes, especially money laundering. States and international organizations, such as the United Nations (UN), have joined efforts to prevent and combat macro-crime. At this point, it was also realized that the classical instruments of international cooperation were insufficient as the crimes were quickly mutated. In this context, the International Financial Action Task Force (FATF) emerges on the initiative of the G-7, organism responsible for defining international standards for combating and preventing money laundering. Thus, the purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the true importance of international legal cooperation to face the crime of money laundering, within the FATF, through recommendations 36 to 40, since they are shown as useful and effective tools. This study sought support in the logic-deductive approach, using survey and bibliographic analysis, in order to identify the determining reasons that influence the States to adhere to the international standards recommended by the FATF. / Mestre
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A lavagem de dinheiro no sistema normativo colombo-brasileiro : uma visão transnacional do combateIvan Camilo Cedano Serrano 04 November 2010 (has links)
Este trabalho é baseado na construção de um novo pensamento jurídico de direito transnacional, justificado na abordagem dos estudos do conflito da lavagem de ativos, consolidado distante do conceito de soberania das Nações, sobre o qual, se buscaram respostas concretas para compreender o referido conflito. O problema da lavagem de ativos aumenta em proporções desmesuradas, a ponto de se tornar em um dos cenários de debate de maior atenção por Organismos Internacionais (Viena, 1988, Palermo, 2000, Mérida 2003) e que muitas Nações temem, pois destrói suas estruturas econômicas e democráticas. É relevante realizar um estudo sobre lavagem de dinheiros para encontrar outras soluções jurídicas distintas àquelas criadas pela comunidade internacional, ou seja, com a assinatura de Convênios Internacionais e cumprimento de Normativas, as 40 Recomendações do GAFI-FATF cominadas a serem cumpridas mais especificamente na América Latina. Neste caso particular, se fez um estudo de direito comparado entre o Brasil e a Colômbia, duas Nações que possuem um mesmo denominador comum, que é o combate, controle e a prevenção deste delito, que atravessa suas fronteiras e sobre os quais pesa o estigma de produtor e rota de drogas, respectivamente. Metodologicamente este estudo foi dividido em três partes que detalham uma complexa análise do porquê o delito transnacional da lavagem tende a crescer constantemente. Primeiro, devido às suas origens e causas que o fundamentam; segundo, pela formulação das normas e convênios que não possuem coerência discursiva e realismo frente ao fenômeno delitivo; e terceiro, pela incompreensão e má adaptação das regras internas em relação às normativas internacionais, que não discorrem, e muito menos combinam, porque suas medidas e sanções entre as Nações partem de uma vontade soberana. Com estes três pilares emergiram os fundamentos teóricos a partir do conceito de direito transnacional referente às sociedades cosmopolitas do sociólogo Ulrich Beck, e ajustado nos processos discursivos da teoria da ação comunicativa, proposta pelo filósofo Jürgen Habermas. Ao ter como paradigma estes dois teóricos, se pensou em um estudo epistemológico do fenômeno da lavagem de ativos, no qual não responde às realidades do mundo globalizado da massificação dos discursos assimétricos provenientes das normativas internacionais. No caso particular do narcotráfico e o consumo de droga, se deixou claro que para cumprir metas a fim de erradicar cultivos e frear a droga, não deve, portanto, legalizar-se e, sim, uniformizarem-se os procedimentos com o intuito de extinguir este mal. Como a soberania das Nações impede este fim faz-se necessário a transnacionalidade normativa que conduz à sua solução / This project is based on the creation of a new juridical way of thinking, on the area of transnational law, which is justified by the approach of studies about the conflict in Money laundering, and consolidated apart from the concept of nation sovereignty, about which concrete answers were sought to comprehend the referred conflict. The problem in Money laundering is increased in immeasurable proportions, to such an extent that it became the scenery for high importance debates in International Organizations (Viena,
1988; Palermo, 2000; Mérida, 2003), and that many nations fear, once it destroys their economic and democratic structures. It is relevant to perform a study on money laundering to find other juridical solutions, different from those created by the international community, or else, with the signature of international agreements and the fulfillment of policies, the 40 recommendations of the GAFI-FATF comminated to be fulfilled more specifically in Latin America. Particularly in this case, a comparative law study was made between Brazil and Colombia, two nations possessing the same common denominator: the combat, the control and the prevention of this wrongdoing that crosses their boundaries and above which the stigma of being a drug producer and the route of drugs, respectively, weighs. Methodologically, this study was divided in three parts, detailing a complex analysis on the reason for the transnational wrongdoing of laundering to be increasing constantly. First, due to its origins and causes that founded it; second, for the formulation of policies and agreements that do not possess discursive coherence and realism when facing the illegal phenomenon; and third, for the incomprehension and bad adaptation of the internal rules to the international policies, that do not concoct, or even match, once their measures and sanctions between the nations come from a sovereign willing. With these three pillars, the theoretical foundations emerged from the concept of transnational law, referring to the cosmopolitan societies as it was described by the sociologist Ulrich Beck, and adjusted on the discursive processes of the communicative action theory, proposed by the philosopher Jürgen Habermas. Regarding these two theorists as a paradigm, an epistemological study on the phenomenon of Money laundering was considered, which does not correspond to the realities of the globalized world, spread in the massification of asymmetrical speeches, originated from the international policies. In the particular case of drug trafficking and consumption, it was clear that, in order to meet goals for the eradication of the crops and to stop the drugs, they should not, therefore, be legalized; in fact, the procedures should be gauged, aiming at the extinction of this evil. As the sovereignty of nations prevents this ending, it is made necessary the transnational policy that conducts to its solution
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A cooperação penal internacional e a recuperação de ativos no exterior: avanços e desafios ao estado brasileiro à luz do combate internacional à lavagem de dinheiro / The International Cooperation in Criminal Matters and The International Assets Recovery: Progress and Challenges to Brazil in order to Fight Against the Money Laundering.Medeiros, Ana Rosa de Brito 06 March 2012 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2012-03-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This dissertation is about the international cooperation in criminal matters and the international assets recovery. The overall analysis of the subject is focused on the reflection on how the brazilian state acts, specially when it comes to international cooperation on fighting against money laundering and its previous illegal acts. Due to the internationalization of private life, the nations noticed the importance of cooperating in order to guarantee its own sovereignty and the possibility to request diligences on other countries. With the view to improve this kind of cooperation, lots of nations became adopting a bunch of international instruments and, also, criminalizing several conducts (participation in a criminal organization, corruption, etc.), wishing to officialize the international cooperation against the money laundering. Nevertheless, many scholars believe that all the financial efforts involved in the recovery of the assets obtained with the money laundering are not worthy, as only a few of that assets are really recovered. After analyzing the money laundering dynamic, we talk a little about how all the government agencies act to fight against this illegal act, specially the Federal Police, the Office of the Attorney-General of the Union and the Council for Financial Activities Control. In order to fight off the money laundering was created, as well, the Department of Assets Recovery and International Legal Cooperation, the major authority in Brazil when it comes to international cooperation for assets recovery. Analyzing some collected data, we could notice that Brazil and USA had cooperated in some cases, but it´s important that the Brazilian state develop its skills of direct assistance, simplify its bureaucracy, amongst other challenges, in order to make the fight off against money laundering and the recovery of assets really effective. / A presente dissertação de mestrado debruça-se sobre a cooperação penal internacional e a recuperação de ativos. A análise geral da problemática restringe-se em examinar a atuação do Estado brasileiro nesse processo, focando na cooperação internacional, no combate ao delito de lavagem de dinheiro, e seus crimes anteriores. Devido à internacionalização da vida privada, os Estados perceberam a necessidade de cooperar entre si para poder garantir sua soberania e diligências dentro dos outros territórios. A fim de facilitar esse processo de cooperação, os governos adotaram uma série de instrumentos internacionais, além de tipificarem vários crimes (participação em organização criminosa, corrupção etc.), a fim de criar mecanismos para institucionalizar a cooperação internacional contra a lavagem de dinheiro. Todavia, vários doutrinadores acreditam que os esforços financeiros exigidos para recuperar os bens produtos da lavagem de dinheiro não compensam, uma vez que é arrecadada uma quantia ínfima, se comparado ao dinheiro lavado. A partir da análise do delito de lavagem de dinheiro, estuda-se a atividade de diversos órgãos responsáveis pelo seu combate e prevenção, como a Polícia Federal, a Advocacia-Geral da União, o Conselho de Controle de Atividades Financeiras. A partir da ação de combate à lavagem de dinheiro, foi criado o Departamento de Ativos e Cooperação Jurídica Internacional, a fim de funcionar como autoridade central e influenciar positivamente em qualquer processo de cooperação internacional, que objetive a recuperação de ativos. Constataram-se alguns dados da cooperação jurídica internacional entre o Brasil e outros Estados, entendendo-se que o país ainda precisa aperfeiçoar suas técnicas de auxílio direto, driblar a burocracia e diversas outras dificuldades, para que seja realmente eficaz no combate ao crime de lavagem de dinheiro e na recuperação de ativos.
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Lavagem de capitais e cooperação jurídica internacional: a contribuição do GAFI / Money Laundering and international legal cooperation: the FATF contributionRomero, Thiago Giovani [UNESP] 18 October 2017 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017-10-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Inquestionavelmente, no atual cenário da globalização, deparamo-nos com o avanço vertiginoso dos crimes transnacionais, em especial da lavagem de capitais. Desta forma, os Estados e organismos internacionais, como a Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), juntaram esforços para prevenir e combater a macrocriminalidade. Neste momento, percebeu-se também que os instrumentos clássicos de cooperação internacional eram insuficientes, à medida que os delitos se multavam rapidamente. Neste contexto, surge o Grupo de Ação Financeira Internacional (GAFI) por iniciativa do G-7, responsável pela definição de padrões internacionais para o combate e prevenção à lavagem de dinheiro. Assim, a finalidade desta dissertação é de analisar a verdadeira importância da cooperação jurídica internacional para o enfrentamento do crime de lavagem de dinheiro, no âmbito do GAFI, através das recomendações 36 a 40, já que se mostram como ferramentas úteis e efetivas. Assim, este estudou buscou amparo na abordagem lógico-dedutiva, realizada através de levantamento e análise bibliográfica, no intuito de apontar as razões determinantes que influenciam os Estados a aderirem os padrões internacionais recomendados pelo GAFI. / Unquestionably, nowadays in the current scenario of globalization, we are faced with the rapid advance of transnational crimes, especially money laundering. States and international organizations, such as the United Nations (UN), have joined efforts to prevent and combat macro-crime. At this point, it was also realized that the classical instruments of international cooperation were insufficient as the crimes were quickly mutated. In this context, the International Financial Action Task Force (FATF) emerges on the initiative of the G-7, organism responsible for defining international standards for combating and preventing money laundering. Thus, the purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the true importance of international legal cooperation to face the crime of money laundering, within the FATF, through recommendations 36 to 40, since they are shown as useful and effective tools. This study sought support in the logic-deductive approach, using survey and bibliographic analysis, in order to identify the determining reasons that influence the States to adhere to the international standards recommended by the FATF.
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