Submitted by Fabricia Fialho Reginato (fabriciar) on 2015-07-16T23:57:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FabianeBordin.pdf: 5274227 bytes, checksum: 085b99c02f027c2d86bf036f3b44ade9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-16T23:57:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FabianeBordin.pdf: 5274227 bytes, checksum: 085b99c02f027c2d86bf036f3b44ade9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05 / FNMA - Fundo Nacional do Meio Ambiente / MMA - Ministério do meio Ambiente / SEMA - Secretaria Estadual do Meio Ambiente (RS) / Governo do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / O lixiviado de aterro sanitário de resíduos sólidos urbanos é resultado da interação entre o processo de biodegradação da fração orgânica desses resíduos e da infiltração de águas pluviais que solubilizam componentes orgânicos e inorgânicos. Para a realização do tratamento do efluente em questão, buscam-se soluções tecnológicas eficientes e de baixo custo, de forma a atender exigências da maioria das comunidades brasileiras. As técnicas usuais para tratamento do lixiviado, principalmente lagoas, apresentam uma deficiência na remoção de nutrientes tais como nitrogênio e fósforo. Neste aspecto acredita-se que unidades do tipo wetlands possam ser uma solução eficaz para o tratamento do lixiviado, minimamente de forma complementar a outros sistemas prévios (aeróbios e/ou anaeróbios). Foram construídos wetlands de 1,8m³, sendo que o gênero vegetal escolhido foi a macrófita Typha. Dois wetlands superficiais foram estudados: um de fluxo horizontal (WH), outro de fluxo vertical (WV) e ainda o branco (WH0). O tratamento do efluente foi feito através da diluição do lixiviado no esgoto em diferentes percentuais de incorporação, de 8%, 16%, 64% e 100% em dois plantios. O primeiro plantio ocorreu durante as estações de outono e inverno e o segundo ocorreu na primavera e verão. Foi estudada a eficiência de remoção de matéria orgânica carbonácea, nitrogênio amoniacal e fósforo do efluente e verificado o atendimento aos padrões de emissão exigidos pela legislação brasileira. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo demonstram boa adaptação na etapa de aclimatação das plantas com 0,5% a 2% de lixiviado no esgoto. Quanto ao tratamento dos efluentes, os resultados demonstram que tanto no primeiro quanto no segundo plantio o WH apresentou maior quantidade de eventos de remoções superiores que os outros wetlands, embora a análise estatística não tenha demonstrado diferença significativa entre os fluxos horizontal e vertical e, entre o wetland com e sem plantas. Para as condições estudadas, a saída das unidades de tratamento ainda não atendem aos padrões de lançamento exigidos pela legislação. Constatou-se nesse estudo que o plantio das Typha nos wetlands deve coincidir com épocas de maiores temperaturas, quando verificou-se os melhores resultados para a remoção tanto de matéria orgânica carbonácea quanto para a remoção de nutrientes. Mesmo para altas concentrações contidas no lixiviado os wetlands, principalmente os de fluxo horizontal, removeram razoavelmente nutrientes. (13% a 56% para nitrogênio amoniacal e de 15% a 67% para fósforo). / Urban solid waste sanitary landfill leachate results from the interaction between the biodegradation process of the organic portion of such wastes and stormwater percolation that solubilizes both organic and inorganic components. In an effort to promote leachate treatment, efficient and low cost technological solutions are sought in order to fulfill the demands of most Brazilian communities. The regularly applied techniques used in leachate treatment, mainly lagoons, present a nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient removal deficiency. In this respect, wetlands are seen as a possibly efficient solution for leachate treatment, at least as a complement to pre-treatment systems (aerobic and/or anaerobic). Wetlands measuring 1,8m³ were built using a macrophyte plant of the genus Typha. Three shallow wetlands were studied: the first with a horizontal flow (WH), the second with a vertical flow (WV) and the third without any plants (WH0). Wastewater treatment was conducted by leachate dilution into the sewage in different added percentages, from 8%, 16%, 64% and 100% in two different plantings. The first planting took place between the Fall and the Winter and the second occurred during Spring and Summer. The wastewater carbonaceous organic matter, ammoniacal nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency was studied and compliance with the standards prescribed by Brazilian regulations was verified. The study results demonstrate a good adaptation during the plants’ acclimation with 0,5% to 2% leachate in the sewage. As for wastewater treatment, results demonstrate that both on the first and on the second plantings WH yielded a higher quantity of more efficient removal events than the other wetlands, even though the statistical analysis did not indicate a significant difference either between the horizontal and vertical flows or between the wetland with and without plants. Under the studied conditions, the treatment units’ discharge points still do not comply with the standards prescribed by laws and regulations. Through this study it became evident that Typha planting in the wetlands must coincide with higher temperature periods, when the best results for both carbonaceous organic matter and nutrient removal were observed. Even for high concentrations present in the leachate, wetlands, particularly the ones with a horizontal flow, proved to remove nutrients in a satisfactory fashion (13% to 56% for ammoniacal nitrogen and from 15% to 67% for phosphorus).

Landfills are a potential pollution threat to both ground and surface water resources. This study focuses on two landfills, the Horotiu municipal waste landfill, near Hamilton, New Zealand, and the Maseru landfill in Lesotho. The Horotiu landfill is located less than 50 metres from the Waikato River and also sits on a shallow (lt;lm to water table) aquifer. In Lesotho, the Maseru landfill is 4 km from a river and 2 km from a water reservoir and rests on a huge aquifer. Over 5000 people depend on groundwater in the area between the landfill and the river. The objectives of my study were to: 1. compare and contrast conditions, management, and potential environmental impacts of the Horotiu and Maseru landfills; 2. evaluate the potential for groundwater contamination as the result of leachate migration; and 3. investigate the chemical characteristics of the landfill leachates and the impacts of the landfills on groundwater quality. The Horotiu study was based on the leachate and groundwater quality monitoring data obtained from the Hamilton City Council. Samples were collected every three months from 1991-2006 and analysed for about 30 chemical parameters. The data for the Maseru landfill consisted of groundwater quality collected by the author during July-September 2007 and borehole pumping data obtained from the Department of Water Affairs, in Lesotho. At Horotiu results indicate that the leachate had high concentrations of: NH4-N (630 mg/l), TOC (405 mg/l), BOD (126 mg/l), and COD (1289 mg/l), while heavy metals were in low concentrations (lt;0.1mg/l). Leachate quality was found to change with time and with rainfall. Groundwater samples obtained from the landfill boreholes indicated that the Horotiu landfill had an influence in the quality of groundwater. Groundwater at the down-slope side of the landfill had higher concentrations of all chemical parameters, except for NO3-N, SO4-2 and Reactive P, than the groundwater on the upstream side. The mean groundwater quality at Horotiu was within New Zealand drinking water standards though some standards were exceeded by some individual samples. In the Maseru landfill, the borehole water had high concentrations of chemical parameters such as EC (1580 μS/cm) and Chloride (190 mg/l), compared to the national average of 250 μS/cm and 28 mg/l. The Maseru landfill groundwater quality was within the WHO drinking water standard for all analysed chemical constituents, except lead. Groundwater beneath both landfills was influenced by leachate but the impacts are currently not at an alarming stage, for analysed chemical parameters. At Maseru introduction of landfill linings has potential to reduce the effect of leachate on groundwater.

The present study aimed to determine whether stable isotope techniques can be universally applied to detect landfill leachate contamination in aquatic systems. Results of analysis of ��C in dissolved inorganic carbon ([delta]��C-DIC), deuterium and �⁸O in water ([delta]D-H₂O and [delta]�⁸O-H₂O), and �⁵N of dissolved inorganic nitrogen components ([delta]�⁵N-NH₄⁺ and [delta]�⁵N-NO₃⁻) were presented for leachate, surface, and ground water samples collected from seven landfills located throughout New Zealand between 2003 and 2006. The unique conditions within a landfill lead to measurable fractionations in the isotopic ratios of the products of degradation. Results of isotope and ancillary parameter analyses enabled the discernment of different types of leachate, resulting from different microbial processes within the landfill environment. The isotopic characterisation of leachate enabled improved interpretation of geochemical data from potentially impacted surface and ground waters, and provides useful insight to landfill development for landfill operators. A general isotopic fingerprint delineated by [delta]��C-DIC and [delta]D-H₂O values showed leachate to be isotopically distinct from uncontaminated surface and ground water for samples analysed in the present study. However, not all water samples identified as leachate-impacted via site-specific assessments exhibited isotopic values that overlapped with the general leachate fingerprint. This highlights the need to investigate each site individually, within the context of a possibly global leachate isotope signature. Site-specific investigations revealed the effectiveness of applying [delta]�⁸O-H₂O and [delta]�⁵N-NH₄⁺ or [delta]�⁵N-NO₃⁻, in addition to [delta]��C-DIC and [delta]D-H₂O analyses, to the detection of leachate impact on aquatic systems. Furthermore, ancillary parameters such as alkalinity and ammonium concentration enabled the construction of simple isotope mixing models for an estimate of the quantity of leachate contribution. Results of isotopic investigations of stream biota suggested potential for the development of bio-indicators to monitor leachate influence on aquatic ecosystems in landfill-associated streams. The present study demonstrated the probative power of stable isotope techniques applied to investigations of leachate impact on landfill-associated aquatic systems.

<p>Deposition remains the most common form of waste disposal in many parts of the world. As a terminus of the products consumed in our society a landfill may contain virtually all sorts of man-made chemicals. Despite this, the harmfulness of landfill leachate has not been extensively evaluated in feral organisms in the environment. In a leachate-contaminated lake, Molnbyggen, in Sweden, our studies reported a low percent of sexually mature (SM) female perch (<i>Perca fluviatilis</i>) that had decreased plasma androgen levels, decreased brain aromatase activity, distinctive sores and fin erosion. The impairments were attributed to unidentified compound(s) present in the leachate. In one out of four other investigated leachate-contaminated lakes, the low percent of SM female perch had reduced plasma sex steroid levels and similar sores as perch in Molnbyggen. The biochemical mechanism causing the disorders was investigated in order to establish a connection between the impairments and possible causative compound(s). Plasma levels of progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone were unaffected. Ovarian 17,20-lyase activity was decreased while levels of biliary steroid conjugates and hepatic testosterone UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity did not differ between exposed and reference SM fish. Furthermore, the decreased brain aromatase activity seems to be a secondary effect; possibly a result of low substrate availability. Altogether, this suggests a possible disruption in the synthesis of androgens, knowledge that could be used as a tool in biomarker-directed fractionation studies to pinpoint compound(s). Molnbyggen sediment extracts decreased the testosterone and estradiol concentrations in whole-body homogenates of zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) after a three week exposure period. This suggests that compound(s) with the potency to alter endocrine function are present in the sediment. Although the first steps have been taken towards identifying compound(s) responsible for this kind of reproductive impairments, they still remain unidentified. Measures have to be taken to identify harmful chemicals in our society, to reduce their number, and to minimise their uncontrolled dispersal.</p>

Deposition remains the most common form of waste disposal in many parts of the world. As a terminus of the products consumed in our society a landfill may contain virtually all sorts of man-made chemicals. Despite this, the harmfulness of landfill leachate has not been extensively evaluated in feral organisms in the environment. In a leachate-contaminated lake, Molnbyggen, in Sweden, our studies reported a low percent of sexually mature (SM) female perch (Perca fluviatilis) that had decreased plasma androgen levels, decreased brain aromatase activity, distinctive sores and fin erosion. The impairments were attributed to unidentified compound(s) present in the leachate. In one out of four other investigated leachate-contaminated lakes, the low percent of SM female perch had reduced plasma sex steroid levels and similar sores as perch in Molnbyggen. The biochemical mechanism causing the disorders was investigated in order to establish a connection between the impairments and possible causative compound(s). Plasma levels of progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone were unaffected. Ovarian 17,20-lyase activity was decreased while levels of biliary steroid conjugates and hepatic testosterone UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity did not differ between exposed and reference SM fish. Furthermore, the decreased brain aromatase activity seems to be a secondary effect; possibly a result of low substrate availability. Altogether, this suggests a possible disruption in the synthesis of androgens, knowledge that could be used as a tool in biomarker-directed fractionation studies to pinpoint compound(s). Molnbyggen sediment extracts decreased the testosterone and estradiol concentrations in whole-body homogenates of zebrafish (Danio rerio) after a three week exposure period. This suggests that compound(s) with the potency to alter endocrine function are present in the sediment. Although the first steps have been taken towards identifying compound(s) responsible for this kind of reproductive impairments, they still remain unidentified. Measures have to be taken to identify harmful chemicals in our society, to reduce their number, and to minimise their uncontrolled dispersal.

Harmony Landfill is a former industrial waste disposal site located adjacent to Harmony Creek in Oshawa, Ontario, Canada. During active disposal, from 1957 until 1980, approximately 1 million tonnes of waste were land-filled at the site. Although past environmental monitoring had indicated localized contamination of ground and surface waters, the current level of impact remained unclear. In order to determine the potential of Harmony Landfill leachate to affect aquatic organisms in Harmony Creek, chemical analysis of field samples and laboratory toxicity testing were performed. Chemical analysis was completed on water samples from Harmony Creek and surface leachate samples collected seasonally at Harmony Landfill. Toxicity tests were conducted using the model freshwater invertebrate Green Hydra (Hydra viridissima). Hydra were pulse-exposed for 24 hours to varying concentrations (0%, 3.2%, 10%, 32%, 100%) of monthly field-collected leachate samples diluted with laboratory water. Population growth, Hydra morphology and survival were recorded daily for 7 days. Results showed that creek waters generally had comparable analyte levels upstream and downstream of Harmony Landfill. Leachate samples contained iron, manganese and zinc at levels which may be toxic to aquatic invertebrates. Population growth was significantly inhibited compared to lab water (0%) controls at the 100% leachate concentration in December 2008 and July 2009. Hydra morphology (32% and 100%) and survival (100%) were also affected by the December 2008 leachate. Findings indicate that leaching is occurring at Harmony Landfill and that the leachate sampled and tested during this research program had the potential to negatively affect Green Hydra (Hydra viridissima). / UOIT

Sąvartynų filtrato susidarymas yra aktuali aplinkosauginė problema. Būtinumas vertinti aplinkai keliamą pavojų dėl kietųjų atliekų išmetimo į sąvartynus kyla todėl, kad daugelyje šalių atliekama tik cheminė kietųjų atliekų analizė. Tačiau pastaraisiais metais tapo aišku, kad vien tik cheminiai tyrimai neleidžia tiksliai įvertinti globalinio toksinio efekto, kuris galimai atsiranda dėl chemikalų nutekėjimo iš sąvartynų į dirvožemį bei paviršinius ir gruntinius vandenis. Lietuvoje vandens kokybė yra nustatoma naudojant 54 parametrus, iš kurių nei vienas nėra toksikologinis tyrimas (Lietuvos Aplinkos Ministerija, 1996). Sąvartyno filtrate randami sunkieji metalai, organinės ir neorganinės medžiagos bei daugelis kitų medžiagų, kurios gali daryti neigiamą poveikį augalijai ir gyvūnijai. Šiame darbe buvo atliktas Lapių sąvartyno filtrato kokybės tyrimas, nustatant cheminę kokybę, bei toksiškumą vertinant verpečių Burachionus caliciflorus mirtingumo (Rotoxkit FTM ), dafnijų Daphnia magna judrumo slopinimo (Daphtoxkit FTM Magna), infuzorijų Tetrahymena themophila augimo slopinimo (Protoxkit FTM), krevečių Thamnocephalus platyurus mirtingumo (Thamnotoxkit FTM) testais. Atlikus tyrimus nustatyta, kad Lapių sąvartyno pH=8,2, NH4+ - 128 mg/l, NO-2 - 4,8 mg/l , NO-3 – 32 mg/l , PO4-3 – 1,6. Pats jautriausias iš testinių organizmų buvo vėžiagyvis Daphnia magna. Atsižvelgiant į ryšį tarp išmatuotų toksinių efektų ir cheminio poveikio, koreliacija tarp nustatytų cheminių medžiagų ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The waste disposal sites present a global problem. The assessment of the hazard to the environment resulting from the disposal of solid wastes in landfills is many countries, still performed exclusively by chemical analysis of the solid wastes. During recent years, however, it has become generally accepted that chemical data by themselves do allow to evaluate the global toxic effect which may result from the leaching out of the chemicals from the leaching out of the chemicals from landfills. Water quality Lithuania is judged by a total of 54 parameters, non of which is a toxicological examination. Leachates from active and closed municipal solid waste landfills can be a major source of contamination to groundwater and surface waters. The impact of the leachate on the plant's micro flora and micro fauna is very high and governed by several factors, such as high load of organic matter, heavy metals, high content of nitrogen and mass flux of transported contaminants. A biotests battery consisting of 4 Toxkit microbiotests (Rotoxkit FTM Daphtoxkit FTM Magna Protoxkit FTM Thamnotoxkit FTM ) was used for the assessment of the Lapių landfill leachate toxicity. The physical and chemical characteristics of landfill leachates were: pH=8,2, NH4+ - 128 mg/l, NO-2 - 4,8 mg/l , NO-3 – 32 mg/l , PO4-3 – 1,6. In this study the most sensitive organism to a wide rangr of toxicants, was Daphnia magna. With regard to the relationships between measured toxic effects and chemical causes, the... [to full text]

In this project, three separate experiments were conducted to assess heavy metal removal from metal aqueous solutions and synthetic landfill leachate by adsorption using low-cost natural adsorbents. Fundamental batch investigations indicated that the 4.0-4.75 mm crushed mollusk shells and the Sphagnum peat moss were the best adsorbents for cadmium and nickel removal, respectively. Peat moss was also found to have the highest adsorption capacities for manganese and cobalt adsorption. The adsorption capacities of the peat moss and crushed mollusk shells used as natural adsorbents for the adsorption of cadmium and nickel from binary aqueous solutions in fixed-bed columns under continuous flow conditions were investigated. The life expectancy of each adsorbent in the fixed-bed columns was also assessed for different hydraulic loading rates. The flow rate of 1.5 mL/min (surface loading of 27.52 cm3/cm2•day) and bed depth of 15 cm were identified as the better operational conditions from the column testing. The results indicated that 47.9% and 42.7% cadmium and nickel removal efficiencies could obtained under these operational conditions, respectively. Finally, the peat moss and the crushed mollusk shells were packed in bench-scale down-flow fixed-bed columns to evaluate their adsorption capacities as natural low-cost adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals from aerated and non-aerated synthetic landfill leachate. The flow rate applied in this operation was 1.5 mL/min (surface loading of 27.52 cm3/cm2•day). Peat was found to have the best adsorption capacities in columns treating aerated synthetic leachate for cadmium (78.6%) and nickel (83.8%) removal efficiencies. / Thesis (Master, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2008-01-31 22:37:34.381

A numerical model (BioClog) is developed to examine changes in key municipal solid waste (MSW) leachate characteristics and the porosity of porous media (clogging) as the leachate passes through the drainage layer of a leachate collection system (LCS). The model considers multiple-species reactive leachate transport through porous media. It simulates biofilm growth and loss, deposition of suspended particles, and precipitation of minerals on the surface of porous media. It is used to examine the long-term performance of both the granular porous media and nonwoven geotextiles in LCSs. Modelling of laboratory mesocosm cells filled with gravel usually used in landfills and permeated by landfill leachate shows encouraging agreement between the observed and measured effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD) and calcium concentrations as well as the gravel porosity within the saturated drainage layers. Studies of early generation LCSs involving finger (French) drain systems show that the finger drains are not effective at controlling leachate mounding within the landfill and the calculated leachate mound thicknesses agree well with observed field data. A numerical examination of the recent generation of LCSs, comprised of the granular drainage blanket and perforated drainage pipes, shows that an increase in grain size increases the service life and that increasing the spacing between collection pipes (i.e., the drainage path) decreases the service life of LCSs. Filter-separator layers between the waste and granular drainage layers are shown to increase the service life of LCSs. The modelling results indicate that the calculated clog mass within the saturated drainage layer is dominated by the inorganic material and the calculated service life of LCSs is dependent on the leachate strength examined. Finally, a new practical model for estimating the service life of LCSs is developed and calibrated against the data from the BioClog model. The simplified model could be used by the practicing engineers for estimating the service life and optimizing the design of LCSs in MSW landfills. / Thesis (Ph.D, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2012-04-26 14:03:22.666

Disposing of waste on land has been a method practiced by many countries because it is relatively inexpensive. This has led to the fast increase of landfilling option which is also due to increase of waste generation, resulting in the increase in the urgency of investigating cheap measures of treating wastewater (leachate) that is generated from landfills prior to its discharge to the environment. After the application of the process of nitrification using Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) such as is applied at Mariannhill landfill site, Durban, the treated leachate still contains high level of nitrate ranging from 500 – 2000 mg/ℓ, which greatly exceeds the discharge limit of 12 mg/ℓ. Ex-situ bio-denitrification has been used widely around the world in various technological applications (SBRs, anaerobic trickling filters, etc.) that generally employ expensive chemicals. Hence the need to investigate the removal of nitrates using in-situ biodenitrification processes using readily available carbon sources such as fresh commercial garden refuse (CGRraw) and composted commercial garden refuse (CGR10). Both carbon sources were mixed with waste that had been treated for 8 weeks (Cell 1) and 16 weeks (Cell 2). The aim of this study is to determine the viability of pre-treated general waste at different degrees of stability (carbon contents) as carbon sources for in-situ bio-denitrification in landfills. The focus was mainly on determining the suitability, the kinetics and the performance of the different substrate. The suitability of the substrates to perform denitrification was assessed based on the carbon content and carbon to nitrogen ratio in the substrate. On establishing suitability, the kinetic rate of denitrification was assessed for each substrate. The kinetics analysis was based on the time taken for full denitrification to occur and the concentration of the byproducts of the denitrification process such as Ammonia. Characterization tests were performed to determine the suitability of the substrates to be used as carbon sources for denitrification. In situ denitrification processes were simulated at smaller scale in the laboratory using anaerobic batch reactors, with biologically treated leachate and seeded Treated leachate from the Sequencing Batch Reactor. Batch tests were conducted at a nitrate concentration level of 500 mg/ℓ. The combination of 8 weeks treated waste with Fresh Commercial Garden Refuse (Cell 1 + CGRraw) and with Commercial Garden Refuse (Cell 1 + CGR10), respectively, provided the most suitable substrates for denitrification as they contained the highest carbon content as well as relatively high carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N) . Although the 16 weeks treated waste together mixed with Commercial Garden Refuse (Cell 2 + CGR10) had the lowest C:N ratio, this could be due to a lack of homogeneity within the sample. The results of the batch tests confirms that 8 weeks treated waste (Cell 1) and 16 weeks treated waste (Cell 2) substrates were both too stable and contained too little carbon to attain full denitrification. In addition to the inability to attain full denitrification, Cell 2 leached out nitrate of approximately 500 mg/ℓ NO3-N back into the batch. The batch test results showed that the cells substrates augmented with CGRraw and CGR10 achieved positive results as full denitrification was achieved within a maximum of 7 days for Cell 1 and 14 days for Cell 2. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.