This research examines the establishment and expansion of Hezbollah. It uses a policy perspective in explaining the growth of this organization. Moreover, it focuses on Israel’s disproportionate use of force in Lebanon as a major cause behind the very existence of Hezbollah. The analysis of Israeli policy will be done by examining three separate conflicts as case studies. These events are: the 1982 (Peace for Galilee) invasion of Lebanon that helped to create Hezbollah, the 1996 (Operation Grapes of Wrath) Hezbollah-Israeli conflict which served to bolster Hezbollah in Lebanon, and finally the 2006 Hezbollah-Israeli war which solidified Hezbollah as a military force in the region. The first part of the study analyzes the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon to dismantle PLO bases and the resulting vacuum filled by Hezbollah. In an effort to eliminate Hezbollah, Israel again invaded Lebanon in 1996 allowing Hezbollah to expand its power based in Lebanon by providing a number of services including healthcare, financial services, and construction among others. In 2006, Israel again invaded Lebanon resulting in an increase in weapons shipments and funding to Hezbollah from Syria, Iran and a number of other countries, further increasing danger to Israel. These invasions have served to bolster Hezbollah in Lebanon. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the repercussions of Israeli military invasions in Lebanon

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Magistro teoriniame darbe yra nagrinėjama post-traumatinė teritorina esanti Libano sostinėje Beirute. Atliktų analizių išvados nurodo tolimesnę praktinio darbo eigą. / This Master thesis project analyzes post-traumatic area situated in Beirut, Lebanon. Conclusions taken from analysis are used to elevate the practical part of MA project.

Magistro teoriniame darbe yra nagrinėjama post-traumatinė teritorina esanti Libano sostinėje Beirute. Atliktų analizių išvados nurodo tolimesnę praktinio darbo eigą. / This Master thesis project analyzes post-traumatic area situated in Beirut, Lebanon. Conclusions taken from analysis are used to elevate the practical part of MA project.

This thesis engages with the relationship between national identity, security-based narratives, and foreign policy. It focuses on the 1982 Lebanon War as the most controversial in Israel's history because it violated the Israeli societal norm of only fighting wars of self-defence (when there is no alternative to war). Through an examination of Israeli films about the 1982 war – Ricochets, Time for Cherries, Cup Final, Waltz with Bashir and Lebanon – this thesis studies the identity crisis experienced by Israelis after the invasion of Lebanon and the coping mechanisms that helped Israeli society reconcile the war with the security-based narratives that inform collective identity in Israel. / Cette thèse a pour objet la relation entre l’identité nationale, les récits sécuritaires et la politique étrangère. Elle se base sur la Guerre du Liban de 1982 en tant que guerre la plus controversée des guerres israéliennes en raison de sa contradiction avec la norme israélienne de seulement mener des guerres de légitime défense (à savoir lorsqu'il n'y a aucun autre recours que la guerre). À travers un examen des films israéliens qui traitent de la guerre de 1982 – Ricochets, Time for Cherries, Cup Final, Waltz with Bashir et Lebanon – cette thèse discute de la crise identitaire vécue par les Israéliens à la suite de l'invasion du Liban et s’intéresse aux stratégies d'adaptation qui ont aidé la société israélienne à réconcilier la guerre avec les récits sécuritaires qui font partie de la construction de l'identité collective israélienne.

Le Liban est un pays qui soulève des enjeux sociaux et identitaires en tant qu’espace où s’interpénètrent différentes cultures, un lieu dans lequel le vivre-ensemble semble incontournable. Révoltées par l’absurdité et les violences des guerres qui ne cessent de balayer le Levant, les voix des écrivaines libanaises se sont multipliées depuis le début du XXe pour témoigner et tenter de faire (re) naître un interculturalisme serein sur un territoire longtemps emblème de consensus religieux et culturels. Elle aussi au carrefour de plusieurs identités, Nadia Hamadé Tuéni est une poétesse libanaise francophone qui s’intéresse au maintien d’un pluralisme que les guerres de 1967 et de 1975 vont mettre à mal. Son écriture confère une place essentielle au paysage, avec une représentation identitaire du Liban, « pays de paysages », qui s’appuie sur une poétique de la mer, de la montagne et du désert.Notre travail s’articule en quatre parties qui analysent tout d’abord le contexte historique et linguistique de l’œuvre (poétique et en prose) de Nadia Tuéni. La complexité du concept d’identité ainsi que les facteurs constituant l’identité et tout particulièrement l’identité libanaise sont traités dans la seconde partie. Ce sont ensuite les déclinaisons du paysage tuénien et leurs interactions avec le corps même de la poétesse et l’identité que nous avons tenté de préciser dans une troisième partie, afin de déterminer à la fin de ce travail quelles sont précisément la vision et la conception que donne Nadia Tuéni de l’identité. / Lebanon is a country in which togetherness seems to be necessary, as several cultures are continuously in interaction. Therefore, major social and identity issues are raised.Starting from the beginning of the 20th century, Lebanese writers raised their voices because they were revolted by the absurdity and the violence of the wars which continuously ravaged Lebanon and other Arab countries. These writers were hoping that their testimony would help reinstaure interculturalism on this territory which had been an emblem of religious and cultural consensus for a long time. French-speaking Lebanese poet Nadia Hamade Tueni had multiple identities herself. Thus, she was dedicated to maintaining religious and cultural pluralism in her country despite the wars which jeopardized it between 1967 and 1975. The description of landscapes plays an important role in her writing. She represented the Lebanese identity through Lebanese landscapes, which she described with a poetics of the sea, the mountain and the desert.Our research is divided into four parts. Firstly, we will analyze the historical and language context of Nadia Tueni’s poems and texts in prose. Secondly, we will be interested in identity-building factors and the complexity of the concept of identity, especially as far as the Lebanese identity is concerned. Thirdly, we will explain the declinations of Tueni’s landscapes and how they interact with the poet’s body, her identity and more generally the Lebanese identity. By doing so, we will eventually understand Nadia Tueni’s vision and conception of identity at the end of this work.

<p>This study is a qualitative investigation where surveys where performed on five Swedes from Lebanon. The purpose with the survey was to learn how these persons were affected by the war against Lebanon in the summer 2006, how they reacted to it and what measures they took to overcome their crisis. The result shows that the state of crisis of the interviewed persons was caused by several factors, such as the war being both unexpected and intensive. Other causes was the worry that their children would be hurt by the effects of the war as well as the material and human losses that the war brought.</p><p>The interviewed persons responded with both negative and positive reactions, which may have affect their recovery process. Some of them where offered physiological support in Sweden by their municipalities. All of them did not accept the offer, but they took other measures to work on their crisis, such as busying themselves with other things to avoid being imprisoned in the trauma. Extreme political calamities in Lebanon which arose after the war was a factor that complicated the respondents’ recovery processes. Most of them however expressed that they where in a better psychological state compared to the period right after the war.</p>

This study is a qualitative investigation where surveys where performed on five Swedes from Lebanon. The purpose with the survey was to learn how these persons were affected by the war against Lebanon in the summer 2006, how they reacted to it and what measures they took to overcome their crisis. The result shows that the state of crisis of the interviewed persons was caused by several factors, such as the war being both unexpected and intensive. Other causes was the worry that their children would be hurt by the effects of the war as well as the material and human losses that the war brought. The interviewed persons responded with both negative and positive reactions, which may have affect their recovery process. Some of them where offered physiological support in Sweden by their municipalities. All of them did not accept the offer, but they took other measures to work on their crisis, such as busying themselves with other things to avoid being imprisoned in the trauma. Extreme political calamities in Lebanon which arose after the war was a factor that complicated the respondents’ recovery processes. Most of them however expressed that they where in a better psychological state compared to the period right after the war.