<p>This study is a qualitative investigation where surveys where performed on five Swedes from Lebanon. The purpose with the survey was to learn how these persons were affected by the war against Lebanon in the summer 2006, how they reacted to it and what measures they took to overcome their crisis. The result shows that the state of crisis of the interviewed persons was caused by several factors, such as the war being both unexpected and intensive. Other causes was the worry that their children would be hurt by the effects of the war as well as the material and human losses that the war brought.</p><p>The interviewed persons responded with both negative and positive reactions, which may have affect their recovery process. Some of them where offered physiological support in Sweden by their municipalities. All of them did not accept the offer, but they took other measures to work on their crisis, such as busying themselves with other things to avoid being imprisoned in the trauma. Extreme political calamities in Lebanon which arose after the war was a factor that complicated the respondents’ recovery processes. Most of them however expressed that they where in a better psychological state compared to the period right after the war.</p>

This study is a qualitative investigation where surveys where performed on five Swedes from Lebanon. The purpose with the survey was to learn how these persons were affected by the war against Lebanon in the summer 2006, how they reacted to it and what measures they took to overcome their crisis. The result shows that the state of crisis of the interviewed persons was caused by several factors, such as the war being both unexpected and intensive. Other causes was the worry that their children would be hurt by the effects of the war as well as the material and human losses that the war brought. The interviewed persons responded with both negative and positive reactions, which may have affect their recovery process. Some of them where offered physiological support in Sweden by their municipalities. All of them did not accept the offer, but they took other measures to work on their crisis, such as busying themselves with other things to avoid being imprisoned in the trauma. Extreme political calamities in Lebanon which arose after the war was a factor that complicated the respondents’ recovery processes. Most of them however expressed that they where in a better psychological state compared to the period right after the war.

This master's thesis builds on the author's bachelor thesis and advances one of its fields - the relationship of First World War soldiers towards the war horses and the perception of these animals. The broad scale of soldiers' and horses' relations is studied primarily through the analysis of biographical documents produced by soldiers of Czech, British and French origin. Written primary sources are complemented by visual sources such as photographs, illustrations and postcards. In analysing the soldiers' relations towards their war horses, the following questions are asked: How exactly did they relate to the horses, which factors shaped and altered their relationships? How significant the presence and proximity of an animal was for the soldiers on the battlefield and what forms did their everyday coexistence take? How did the soldiers view the engagement of horses in warfare and how did they bear the horses' suffering? What was the contemporary portrayal and discourse of war horses? The thesis attempts at a wider overlap by incorporating the sociocultural and anthropological aspects of the human- horse relationship and inserting them into the historical framework.

Denna studie handlar om barn med krigserfarenhet på förskolan och inleds med två berättelser tagna ur mitt yrkesliv inom förskolan. Dilemman som uppstår är kopplade med tredje berättelsen som är mina egna upplevda krigsminnen. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur jag som pedagog kan skapa goda förutsättningar för barn med krigserfarenhet på förskolan och vilken roll min egen krigserfarenhet kan ha i mitt förhållningssätt gentemot dessa barn. Texten är skriven i essäform, vilket innebär att jag utifrån mina berättelser fördjupar reflektion tillsammans med litteratur inom pedagogik, psykologi och förskolans läroplan. Essä som metod har gett mig möjlighet att tolka dilemman ur andras perspektiv. Genom olika teorier och perspektiv på lek undersöker jag vilken betydelse leken kan ha för barn med krigserfarenhet. Ytterligare undersöker jag på vilket sätt trygghet och relationer som strategier för barn med krigserfarenhet kan vara avgörande i de dagliga mötena. I min essä kommer jag fram till att förskolan är av stor betydelse i hur barnen formas i mötet med omgivningen och i de diskursiva konstruktionerna samt hur pedagoger tolkar sitt uppdrag i förskolan. / This study is about preschool children with war experience. It begins with two stories taken from my professional life. The dilemma that arises are related to the third story, which is contained in my own memories of the war. The aim of this study is to explore how I, as an educator, can create good conditions for these children in preschool and what role my personal war experiences might play in my approach to these children. The study is written in form of an essay which means it is based on my stories deepened by my reflections of conjunction along with literature in pedagogy, psychology and the preschool curriculum. Writing essays gave me the opportunity to interpret my dilemmas from the perspective of others. Through various theories and perspectives of children´s play, I explore the importance of children´s play for children with war experience. I also explore how safety and relationships as a strategy can be crucial for these children in their daily interaction with others. In my essay, I came to the conclusion that preschool is of great importance in how they are being affected meetings with the surrounding environment and in the discursive constructions as well as how educators interpret their task and role in preschool.

There are surprisingly detailed similarities between Germany and the USA on their way towards the Second World War. In this paper, I have compared the nations' expansionist philosophies, their encounter with racism, and the internal conflicts between authoritarian leadership and democracy. I began with an overview of Manifest Destiny and the German myth of the East. Next, I summed up the deep changes that the First World War caused for both societies and how they went into the Great Depression. I examined the rise of scientific racism as part of the international eugenics movement and the emergence of populist leaders during the economic crisis. It became clear that neither expansionism nor racism were genuine German ideologies. In fact, the American Manifest Destiny served as a role-model for German plans in the East. Even the racist concepts of the Third Reich were strongly influenced by American scientists. The main difference seems to be the experience with the First World War and the diversity of American protest during the crisis.

The diploma thesis deals with Ottoman invasions into Central Europe in the Pre-White Mountain period, bounded by the years 1526 (Battle of Mohács) and 1606 (the end of the 15-year war). The main focus is on the war operations in the Hungarian battlefields and the associated expeditions from the Habsburg constitution. The situation was not only about the warriors who experienced the battlefield, but also the inhabitants of the Kingdom of Bohemia, especially the Margraviate of Moravian. The representatives of the two groups experienced, until then, an unknown situation and had to somehow behave and react to it. The professional interpretation is continuously followed by the didactic part intended for secondary school teachers, which transforms the theme into a school substance. In conclusion, there is also a sample educational edition concerning about a dozen sources corresponding to the structure of the work.

The author of the diploma thesis endeavoured, with the help of historic-anthropological methods, to depict a variety of forms of the war experience of the south Bohemian aristocracy in the period before the Battle of White Mountain. The subject of his interest focused on the fates of men and women of noble origin, on the background of three key military events of the second half of the 16th century and the early 17th century. Two expeditions of the Bohemian troops against the Turks in 1566 and 1594, and the invasion of Bohemia by the Passau army in 1611 had a very strong impact on the way south Bohemian knights thought, behaved and acted. Personal correspondence of selected aristocratic families served as the heuristic starting point in the search for the answer to the question which ways an aristocrat chose to defend values tested by centuries and to enforce his own or his family?s interests. The objective of the entire research was to amplify the knowledge about the history of lower aristocracy, by stressing the unique role of a historical participant in war. Treating the topic of war experience gave rise to a contribution on the borderline between the political, military, social and cultural areas of history of the early Modern Age.

This research aims to illuminate how and why war challenges the limits of poetic representation, through an analysis of non-combatant poetry of the Second World War. It is motivated by the question: how can one portray, represent, or talk about war? Literature on war poetry tends to concentrate on the combatant poets of the First World War, or their influence, while literature on the Second World War tends to focus on prose as the only expression of literary war experience. With a historicist approach, this thesis advances our understanding of both the Second World War, and our inherited notions of 'war poetry,' by parsing its historiography, and investigating the role critical appraisals have played in marginalising this area of poetic response. This thesis examines four poets as case studies in this field of research-W.H. Auden, Louis MacNeice, Dylan Thomas, and Stevie Smith-and evaluates them on both their individual explorations of poetic tone, faith systems, linguistic innovations, subversive performativity, and their collective trajectory towards a commitment to represent the war in their poetry. The findings from this research illustrate how too many critical appraisals have minimised or misrepresented Second World War poetry, and how the poets responded with a self-reflexivity that bespoke a deeper concern with how war is remembered and represented. The significance of these findings is breaking down the notion of objective fact in poetic representations of war, which are ineluctably subjective texts. These findings also offer insight into the 'failure' of poetry to represent war as a necessary part of war representation and prompt a rethinking of who has the 'right' experience-or simply the right-to talk about war.

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