Orientador: Renata Junqueira de Souza / Banca: Maria de Lourdes Zizi Trevizan Peres / Banca: José Batista de Sales / Resumo: Esta pesquisa, realizada no Curso de Mestrado em Educação da UNESP, como parte dos estudos que enfocam as práticas educativas e a formação de professores, incluída a avaliação de procedimentos educacionais no contexto de ensino, teve como objetivo analisar o sistema de avaliação elaborado pela Secretaria de Educação do Estado de São Paulo, o SARESP, mais especificamente as provas referentes ao triênio 2003-2005 e aplicadas à 5ª série do ensino fundamental. Com base em teorias que trabalham com os conceitos de leitura, texto, interpretação, gêneros textuais e avaliação, os textos e as questões de interpretação selecionados e utilizados nas provas foram analisados, e a diversidade de gêneros textuais nelas presentes foi identificada. Nesta investigação optou-se pela abordagem qualitativa por ser a metodologia que apresenta as características necessárias para atingir os objetivos propostos. O estudo das provas incluiu uma análise documental e quantitativa dos tipos de textos presentes nas avaliações, e uma análise qualitativa desses textos e das questões de interpretação que os acompanham. Após o levantamento dos gêneros textuais selecionados para as versões do SARESP escolhidas para este estudo, eles foram classificados como textos artísticos e não artísticos, ficando evidenciada a predominância dos primeiros. Quanto às questões das provas, observaram-se exemplos de exercícios redundantes e mal elaborados, que acabam por dificultar a leitura e a interpretação dos textos. Concluída a análise, ressalta-se a urgência de algumas reformulações nesse instrumento oficial de avaliação, tendo em vista o impacto de seus resultados no interior das escolas e, mais especificamente, na conformação de seus currículos. / Abstract: This research, developed in the Education Master course of UNESP as a part of the studies that focus in the educative practices and teachers formation, including the evaluation of educational methods in the teaching context, had as objective to analyze the evaluation system elaborated by the Education Clerkship of the São Paulo State, called SARESP, specifically the tests applied to the fifth level of the primary education, during the period of 2003-2005. Based on theories about concepts of lecture, text, interpretation, textual genres and evaluation, the texts and interpretation questions used in the tests were selected for analyses, identifying the diversity of text genres insert on them. In this investigation it was opted to use the qualitative boarding since this methodology presents the necessary characteristics to the concretization of the proposed objectives. The study of the tests included a documental and qualitative analyses of the type of the tests in the evaluations, and qualitative analyses of the interpretation questions that accompany the texts. The textual genres selected in the different versions of SARESP were classified as artistic and non-artistic texts, being evident the predominance of the first ones. In relation to the tests questions, it was observed some redundant exercise examples also containing elaboration deficiency, what difficult the lecture and interpretation of the texts. Thus, it is important to evidence the urgency of some reformulations in this official evaluation instrument, taking into account the possible impact of its results in the school environment and, more specifically, in the curriculum elaboration. / Mestre

La lecture joue un grand rôle dans le processus d’enseignement-apprentissage. Elle constitue une base solide de la formation didactique de l’apprenant pour s’adapter à la société. Il existe quatre niveaux de compréhension en lecture : littérale, inférentielle ou interprétative, critique et créative. Les habiletés de ces quatre niveaux de compréhension sont organisées selon la hiérarchie de la taxonomie de Bloom. Notre recherche portait sur le niveau de la compréhension critique en lecture : la lecture critique. À la suite d’une recension de la littérature scientifique, nous avons constaté que les recherches connues à ce jour appuient l’importance de s’intéresser à la didactique de la lecture en classe de français. Cependant, les résultats semblent peu concluants à l’égard de la lecture critique, malgré son importance. La problématique de notre recherche consiste au fait que les apprenants du Français Langue Étrangère (FLE) éprouvent des difficultés en lecture critique. Ils tendent vers une compréhension globale du texte sans chercher ni comprendre le sens implicite. D’une part, différents auteurs ont montré que les raisons de ces difficultés ne sont pas dues seulement aux étudiants eux-mêmes mais aussi aux méthodes d'enseignement non appropriées à enseigner la lecture critique en FLE. Dans le domaine de l'enseignement des langues étrangères aux locuteurs d'autres langues, certains auteurs préconisent également la didactique de la lecture critique où les enseignants ne font pas juste enseigner aux étudiants les compétences linguistiques de base ou de former leurs habiletés de communication, mais aussi le besoin de développer la conscience critique chez les apprenants qui leur permettent de poser des questions plutôt que d'accepter passivement l'information qu'ils trouvent. D’autre part, la recension a montré que l’enseignement basé sur la caricature semble motivant et amène les apprenants à réfléchir, mais que ce support didactique n’a pas été utilisé auprès d’apprenants de français, surtout au niveau universitaire. Des études ont prouvé l’efficacité de la caricature dans l’enseignement de l’histoire, les sciences et la littératie visuelle et politique. Aucune étude, d’après notre recension d’écrits, n’a porté sur la caricature en didactique de FLE. D’ailleurs c’est un domaine peu investigué. Notre recherche exploratoire voulait intégrer la caricature dans l'enseignement de la lecture critique en FLE. En définitive, notre recherche visait à répondre à la question générale suivante : Quelle est la contribution de la caricature comme support didactique au développement des habiletés de la lecture critique chez les apprenants du FLE ? De cette question découlent les questions spécifiques suivantes : 1- Quel est le rôle de la caricature comme support didactique dans le développement de la lecture critique chez les apprenants du FLE ? Et 2- quelles sont les perceptions des apprenants ciblés à l’égard de la caricature ? Pour ce faire, notre recherche a impliqué l’élaboration d’un dispositif didactique au cœur duquel figurait la caricature. Afin de recueillir les données, nous avons choisi un échantillon volontaire parmi des étudiants adultes qui apprennent le FLE, à l’Université de Sherbrooke. Notre expérimentation didactique consistait à leur faire vivre des activités de lecture critique de textes basés sur la caricature en trois séances complémentaires. Les outils de collecte de données étaient les suivants : des prétests qui précédaient chaque séance du dispositif didactique pour diagnostiquer le niveau des étudiants en lecture critique, des posttests en lecture critique qui suivaient chacune des séances, des entrevues pour identifier les perceptions et les productions des participants. Nous avons analysé l'ensemble des données. Il s’agissait d’une analyse évaluative des réponses des participants dans les pré/posttests; d’une analyse thématique du verbatim des entrevues afin d’identifier les perceptions des participants ; et d’une analyse du contenu des caricatures produites par les participants pour appuyer les résultats obtenus. Les résultats de l’analyse ont indiqué que la caricature a contribué au développement de la lecture critique chez les apprenants du FLE : grandement chez les débutants et les intermédiaires et partiellement chez les avancés. En parallèle, la caricature était positivement perçue par tous les participants. Ceux-ci ont avancé que la caricature était pour eux une expérience originale, motivante et transférable. Ces résultats combinés avec ceux des recherches antérieures dans le même domaine laissent entrevoir que la caricature comme support didactique pourrait favoriser la compréhension en lecture en général chez les apprenants adultes. / Abstract: Reading plays an important role in the teaching / learning process. It constitutes a solid basis for the didactic training of the learner to adapt to society. There are four levels of reading comprehension: literal, inferential or interpretive, critical and creative. The skills of these four levels of understanding are organized according to the hierarchy of Bloom's taxonomy. Our research focused on the level of critical reading comprehension: critical reading. Following a review of the scientific literature, we found that the research known to date supports the importance of taking an interest in reading literacy in French. However, the results seem inconclusive with regard to critical reading, despite its importance. The problem of our research is that the learners of the French Foreign Language (FFL) have difficulties in critical reading. They tend towards a global understanding of the text without going further in the implicit sense. On the one hand, different authors have shown that the reasons for these difficulties are not only due to the students themselves but also to the teaching methods not appropriate to teach critical reading in FFL. In the field of foreign language teaching to speakers of other languages, some authors also advocate the teaching of critical reading where teachers do not just teach students basic language skills or train their communication skills, but also the need to develop critical awareness in learners that allow them to ask questions rather than passively accepting the information they find. On the other hand, the review showed that teaching based on caricature seems motivating and leads learners to think, but that this didactic support was not used with learners of French, especially at the university level. Studies have proven the effectiveness of caricature in the teaching of history, science and visual and political literacy. No study, according to our review of writings, has focused on the caricature in didactics of FFL. Besides, it is a little investigated field. Our exploratory research wanted to integrate caricature into the teaching of critical reading in FFL. As a conclusion, our research aimed to answer the following general question: What is the contribution of caricature as a didactic medium to the development of the skills of critical reading in the learners of the FFL? From this issue arise the following specific questions: 1- What is the role of caricature as a didactic medium in the development of critical reading in the learners of the FFL? And what are the perceptions of targeted learners about caricature? To do this, our research involved the development of a didactic system at the heart of which caricature was included. In order to collect the data, we chose a sample of adult learners who were studying at the University of Sherbrooke. Our didactic experimentation consisted in making them live the activities of critical reading of texts based on caricature in three complementary stages. The data collection tools included pre-tests that preceded each stage of the didactic experimentation to diagnose the participant’s level in critical reading; post-tests that followed each stage; interviews to identify their perceptions, and drawings produced by them. We analyzed all the data. This was an evaluative analysis of the students' responses in pre / posttests; a thematic analysis of the interview verbatim in order to identify their perceptions; and an analysis of the content of the caricatures produced in support of the results obtained. The results of the analysis showed that caricature has greatly contributed to the development of critical reading in FFL among the beginners and intermediates and partially among the advanced students. At the same time, the caricature was positively perceived by all participants. These ones argued that caricature was an original, motivating and transferable experience. These results, combined with previous research in the same field, suggest that caricature as a didactic medium could promote reading comprehension in adult learners in general.

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L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier le rôle d'un programme d'entraînement assisté par ordinateur en langue arabe, basé sur la conscience phonologique et la compréhension de texte. Ce programme, qui vise une amélioration de l'apprentissage de la lecture chez des enfants "mauvais lecteurs" comparativement aux enfants "bons lecteurs" âgés de 6 ans et 8 mois à 7 ans et 8 mois, a été appliqué à des bons et mauvais lecteurs. L'échantillon est composé de 80 enfants répartis en deux groupes. Un groupe de 40 enfants "mauvais lecteurs", composé de 20 enfants "mauvais lecteurs expérimentaux" qui ont bénéficié de ce programme d'entraînement et 20 enfants "mauvais lecteurs contrôles" qui n'en ont pas bénéficié. Le deuxième groupe de 40 enfants "bons lecteurs", est composé de 20 enfants "bons lecteurs expérimentaux" qui ont bénéficié de ce programme d'entraînement et 20 enfants "bons lecteurs contrôles" qui n'en ont pas bénéficié. Les résultats montrent que ce programme d'entraînement a permis aux mauvais et bons lecteurs d'améliorer leurs performances dans les tâches de conscience phonologique et de compréhension de texte. Les mauvais lecteurs ont significativement amélioré leurs connaissances dans le domaine de la conscience phonologique et dans la compréhension de texte, comparativement aux mauvais lecteurs qui n'ont pas été exposés à un entraînement. De leur côté, les bons lecteurs qui ont été exposés à ce programme d'entraînement ont amélioré leurs performances dans le domaine de la conscience phonologique comparativement aux bons lecteurs qui n'y ont pas été exposés. Il n'en demeure pas moins que les bons lecteurs améliorent leurs performances phonologiques de manière plus significative. Tout indique que ce programme permet certes aux mauvais lecteurs de surpasser leurs difficultés initiales, sans pour autant que leurs performances ne puissent être alignées sur celles des bons lecteurs qui ayant bénéficié des mêmes conditions. Cependant, dans la tâche de compréhension du texte, il n'y a pas de différence significative entre les bons lecteurs expérimentaux (soumis au programme) et les bons lecteurs du groupe contrôle, ce qui confirme que, pour améliorer leurs résultats, les bons lecteurs n'ont pas besoin de la phase de compréhension de texte. En revanche, suite à cet entraînement et dans la tâche de compréhension de texte, les résultats des bons et mauvais ne révèlent pas de différence significative, ce qui confirme que les deux groupes ont tiré un même avantage de ce programme. Ainsi, ce programme semble être un outil prometteur dans l'amélioration des compétences de lecture des enfants dans "la conscience phonologique et la compréhension du texte" / The objective of this thesis was to study the role of computer-assisted training program on phonological awareness and text comprehension. This program, which aims to improve the learning of reading in children "bad readers" compared to children "good readers", aged from six years and eight months to seven years and eight months, has been applied to bad and good readers. The sample consists of 80 children divided into two groups, were divided into two groups: good and bad readers. Each group of readers, good and bad, consisted of 40 children. Starting with the bad readers, 20 children were exposed to the training program, were referred as "bad experimental readers" and 20 children were not exposed to the training program, were referred as "bad control readers". Moving to the good readers, same distinction was done. Thus, the children were named as "good experimental readers" and "good control readers". Our results showed that the applied training program improved the performance in tasks of phonological awareness and text comprehension of both ; good and bad readers. This proved that both groups have benefited from this training program. For the phonological awareness, the good readers had better performance compared to the bad readers. However, in terms of text comprehension, no significant difference in performance was obtained. Within groups, the "bad experimental readers" had better performances in phonological awareness and text comprehension compared to the "bad control readers". On the other hand, the "good experimental readers" obtained a significantly higher performance than "good control readers" in tasks of phonological awareness only. Nevertheless, that good readers improve their phonological performance more significantly. Everything indicates that this program certainly allows bad readers to overcome their initial difficulties, but their performances can not be aligned with those of the good readers who have benefited from the same conditions. However, in the task of text comprehension, there is no significant difference between good experimental readers (exposed to the training program) and good readers of the control group (not exposed to the training program), which confirms that, to improve their results, the good readers do not need the phase of text comprehension. In contrast, following this training and in the text comprehension task, the results of the good and the bad do not reveal any significant difference, which confirms that the two groups have benefited from the same advantage of this program. Thus, we can conclude that this computer-assisted training program had a positive effective role on the Arabian children’s performance. Thus, this program appears to be a promising tool in improving children's reading skills (phonological awareness and text comprehension)

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The lecture recital, presented on November 27, 1978, explored the method of "gracing" employed in the performance of solo violin sonatas in the first quarter of the eighteenth century as exemplified by an unpublished manuscript of the embellished version of Corelli's Sonata in E Major, Op. V, No. 11, by the English violinist Matthew Dubourg. A general comparison was made with other contemporary examples, including in particular Geminiani's "graced" version of Corelli's Sonata in A Major, Op. V, No. 9. Dubourg's manuscript was performed after the lecture.

In this study, 85 students registered in a biochemistry course were administered a survey of science engagement modeled after the High School Survey of School Engagement (HSSSE), created by the Center for Evaluation and Education Policy. The survey, Postsecondary Survey of Science Engagement – High School Version (PSSSE-HSV), was used to measure the participants’ recall of science engagement from grades 7-12 and the perception of support from school leadership. Additionally, participants provided a 400-500 words statement detailing their current work and future careers in science or science related fields. This study examines the proficiency of writing samples as an outcome of science engagement. A qualitative data analysis of writing samples and a constructed response item on the PSSSE-HSV investigates the outcome of complex human-environment interactions. The results showed that human-environment interactions are a significant aspect of science engagement, learning outcomes, and career choice.

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Thèse (de maîtrise)--Université Laval, 1997. / Bibliogr.: f. 49-52. Publié aussi en version électronique.