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Book Summary:The stories of over 650 fascinating individuals of Jewish heritage are told in this unique four-volume set. Coverage includes famous entertainers and sports figures, as well as leaders in the fields of business, science, and politics. Every essay was written exclusively for this set, and all essays adhere to the comprehensive, easy-to-use format that is standard for all the Great Lives titles. Plus, complimentary online access is provided through Salem History.

Book Summary:The South Carolina Encyclopedia Guide to South Carolina Writers expands the range of writers included in the landmark South Carolina Encyclopedia. This guide updates the entries on writers featured in the original encyclopedia and augments that list substantially with dozens of new essays on additional authors from the late eighteenth century to the present who have contributed to the Palmetto State's distinctive literary heritage. Each profile in this concise reference includes essential biographical facts and critical assessments to place the featured writers in the larger context of South Carolina's literary tradition. The guide comprises 128 entries written by more than sixty-nine literary scholars, and it also highlights the sixty-nine writers inducted thus far into the South Carolina Academy of Authors, which serves as the state's literary hall of fame. Rich in natural beauty and historic complexity, South Carolina has long been a source of inspiration for writers. The talented novelists, essayists, poets, playwrights, journalists, historians, and other writers featured here represent the countless individuals who have shared tales and lore of South Carolina. The guide includes a foreword by George Singleton, author of two novels, four short story collections and one nonfiction book, and a 2010 inductee of the South Carolina Academy of Authors.

Throughout British decadent literature, authors creatively experiment with religion. While part of this experimentation is a matter of how authors represent religious subjects or syncretized religious traditions, a much more foundational level of this experimentation seeks to redefine “the religious” altogether. Collectively, the authors in this study seek to redefine “religion” as focused around community, ritual, and aestheticism over creed or dogma. This new definition resonates with the way many twentieth-century sociologist, theologians, and psychoanalytic theorists have discussed the nature and role of religion in Western society, and I rely on these thinkers throughout my methodology. Also central to my methodology is my suggestion that the primary lens through which critics often read British decadence is the lens of experimentation and redefinition. It has been well established that British decadents creatively experimented with their representations of gender and sexuality, their use of genre, and their incorporation of Western philosophy, yet their treatment of religion—specifically the Western religious traditions which appear in their works—has been largely unexamined. This project argues that the British decadent authors’ creative treatment of religion is central to their works and to their broader experimental project. In my first chapter, I suggest that the experimental work that Pater does with philosophy, art theory, and genre has its roots in the experimental work he does with religion. Pater espouses a syncretic approach to religion which sees Christianity as the most recent, and most evolved, link in a series of conversant religious and philosophical traditions. At the same time, he opposes the institutionalization of religion as well as any violence that might take place in its name. In my second chapter, I claim that Oscar Wilde’s destabilization of language—separating words from their denotative meanings—lays the groundwork for his separation of religious ideology from the aesthetic and communal elements of religion. My third chapter argues that decadent religion, as imagined by Pater and Wilde, was not always easily integrated into religious life. I suggest that the sadomasochistic imagery seen throughout some of Francis Thompson’s works signifies a larger conflict between his attraction to decadence and his devotion to Catholicism. In the final chapter, I consider Vernon Lee, a woman writer who spent much of her life in Continental Europe. I claim that her position on the fringes of British, male, decadent society allowed her a unique vantage point, from which she repeatedly examined the decadent religious project even as she valued a secular, moral humanism over that project.

In enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) sigma factor N (σN) regulates glutamate-dependent acid resistance (GDAR) and the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE), discrete genetic systems required for transmission and virulence of this intestinal pathogen. Regulation of these systems requires nitrogen regulatory protein C, NtrC, and is a consequence of NtrC/σN-dependent reduction in the activity of sigma factor S (σS). This study elucidates pathway components and stimuli for σN-directed regulation of GDAR and the LEE in EHEC. Deletion of fliZ, the product of which reduces σS activity, phenocopies rpoN (σN) and ntrC null strains for GDAR and LEE control, acid resistance and adherence. Upregulation of fliZ by NtrC/σN is indirect, requiring an intact flagellar regulator flhDC. Activation of flhDC by NtrC/σN and FlhDC-dependent regulation of GDAR and the LEE is dependent on σN-promoter flhDP2, and a newly described NtrC upstream activator sequence. While the addition of ammonium significantly alters GDAR and LEE expression, acid resistance and adherence, it does so independently of rpoN, ntrC and the NtrC sensor kinase ntrB. Altering the availability of NtrC phosphodonor acetyl phosphate by growth without glucose, with acetate addition, or by deletion of acetate kinase, ackA, abrogates NtrC/σN-dependent control of flhDC, fliZ, GDAR and LEE genes.

Perfect codes and minimal distance of a code have great importance in the study of theoryof codes. The perfect codes are classified generally and in particular for the Lee metric.However, there are very few perfect codes in the Lee metric. The Lee metric hasnice properties because of its definition over the ring of integers residue modulo q. It isconjectured that there are no perfect codes in this metric for q > 3, where q is a primenumber.The minimal distance comes into play when it comes to detection and correction oferror patterns in a code. A few bounds on the number of codewords and minimal distanceof a code are discussed. Some examples for the codes are constructed and their minimaldistance is calculated. The bounds are illustrated with the help of the results obtained.

La Tesis en cuestión presenta un estudio sobre el comportamiento de la rigidez de una suspensión neumática, así como de los parámetros que la definen y/o afectan.El trabajo realizado propone un modelo capaz de predecir el comportamiento de una suspensión neumática ofreciendo una buena correlación con la experimentación y marcando el camino a seguir para controlar esta respuesta ante las perturbaciones externas.El análisis se ha centrado en dos suspensiones neumáticas de diferente configuración. Por un lado, una suspensión formada por una cámara de volumen variable en la que se estudia la influencia del movimiento del pistón en las evoluciones de la presión y de la temperatura. Por otra parte se analiza el comportamiento de una suspensión neumática formada por dos cámaras separadas por un orificio, el cuál tendrá una influencia determinante sobre la rigidez.Se demuestra la poca fiabilidad de la metodología clásica a la hora de estudiar la influencia de las irregularidades del terreno sobre la rigidez de las suspensiones a presiones elevadas, pese a su extensa utilización en el mundo de la ingeniería de automoción. Se ha desarrollado un modelo el que se tienen en cuenta los efectos no ideales del gas, mediante la resolución de la ecuación de Lee-Kesler.Han sido construidos dos bancos experimentales para el desarrollo de un modelo de diagnosis que define el coeficiente de transferencia de calor. Dicho modelo se ha contrastado frente a otras técnicas utilizadas en suspensiones neumáticas, obteniendo una mejora en la precisión.Los efectos del gas real también han sido analizados a la hora de caracterizar el flujo a través del orificio de separación de los recintos en la configuración de dos cámaras. Para dicho estudio, la utilización de la Norma Internacional ISO 6358 ha sido descartada, puesto que se basa en la hipótesis de gas perfecto. Para la realización del modelo ha sido necesario el desarrollo de un algoritmo capaz de definir el comportamiento del gas en la garganta de la tobera analizada. En este caso también ha sido necesaria la construcción de un banco experimental específico para desarrollar el modelo de diagnosis.Los submodelos descritos (resolución de la ecuación de estado, la caracterización del orificio y la evaluación de la transferencia de calor) han permitido construir un modelo de predicción capaz de anticipar el comportamiento de la suspensión neumática en función de las irregularidades del terreno. Estas perturbaciones externas han sido simuladas mediante un banco de pruebas para suspensiones.Una vez cotejados los resultados con la experimentación se asegura una buena correlación, tanto para el caso de una suspensión neumática de una única cámara como en el caso de la suspensión neumática de doble cámara. Finalmente se han dado las pautas para la construcción de un prototipo capaz de regular el comportamiento de la suspensión en función de las variables perturbadoras de entrada.El diseño de un mecanismo o artilugio equivalente capaz de regular el área eficaz de paso del flujo entre las dos cámaras se muestra como la llave para un control absoluto de la rigidez neumática de la suspensión. El mecanismo en cuestión ha de ser capaz de convertir la suspensión neumática en un elemento rígido que aísle a los pasajeros y a la masa suspendida de las irregularidades del terreno cuando la situación lo requiera. Del mismo modo, debe ser capaz de adaptar la suspensión a una característica mucho más suave para asegura el confort de sus ocupantes, siempre manteniendo el compromiso rigidez - suavidad, asegurando así una buena maniobrabilidad.El prototipo, además, podrá diseñarse en función de un rango de rigidez escogido a priori en relación al tipo de vehículo o condiciones a soportar. / A study about pneumatic suspension stiffness and its dependent parameters is presented in this PhD Thesis.It is performed a model which is able to predict the behaviour of a pneumatic suspension. Good correlation with experiments is achieved. It is also shown the way to control this behaviour in front of external forces.Analysis has been focused in two different configurations. First, a piston influence on gas pressure and temperature in a single chamber suspension has been studied. Then, it is analyzed a pneumatic suspension which is constituted by two chambers separated by an orifice. The orifice will have a definitive influence on suspension stiffness.It is shown poor classical approach accuracy to predict stiffness at high pressure conditions, although it has an extended use in vehicle engineering. A model which has in account nonideal gas effects has been developed. Lee-Kesler equation of state has been used.Two experimental units have been built to develop a diagnosis model which defines heat transfer coefficient. Model has been compared to other methods used in pneumatic suspension. An improved accuracy has been obtained.Real gas effects have been analyzed as well in flow through an orifice characterisation in two chambers configuration. International Standard ISO 6358 has been discarded because perfect gas hypothesis is used in the method. An algorithm which is able to define gas behaviour in the nozzle studied has been developed. For this case, to build another specific experimental unit which completes the diagnosis model has been an essential requirement. Submodels described above (equation of state determination, orifice characterisation and heat transfer evaluation) constitute a prediction model which is able to advance pneumatic suspension behaviour as a function of road irregularities. External forces have been simulated with suspensions special equipment.Once theory has been compared with experiments, good correlation is guaranteed for both sorts of suspensions, single and double chamber.Finally, prototype setup guide has been given. This unit must be able to control suspension behaviour versus input external forces.Design of a device capable of change effective pass area of the flow between the two chambers is the key for an absolute control of pneumatic suspension stiffness. Such an apparatus must transform vehicle suspension in a stiff part capable of isolate passenger and sprung mass from road irregularities when it is required. It must be able to give smoother behaviour to ensure occupants comfort as well, and always maintaining the ratio stiffness - smoothness to ensure a good handling.Prototype, in addition, could be designed for a determined stiffness range which could be chosen as a function of vehicle type and/or conditions to be supported.

Many ecologists are struggling to quantify the species richness in a particular landscape or region. The number of species increases with sample area. Species-area relationship is often used to estimate species richness of a particular region. This study used species-log (area) curves, corrected with Jaccard¡¦s coefficients for within-vegetation type heterogeneity, to estimate species richness and to describe vascular plant species composition in Taiwan Forestry research Institute Tai-Ma-Lee Experimental Forest. In the study area, the author recorded 748 plant species, including 98 endemic species, 21 rare species and 36 naturalized species. There are estimation of 701 species (95¢H CI¡×651~758 species) in the 583-ha natural forest area, 819 species (95¢H CI¡×744~889 species) in the 291-ha plantation area, 560 species (95¢H CI¡×508~641 species) in 8.1-ha forest road. As plantation area is not well-sampled, the total species number in the 947-ha study area could not be estimated. When use 0.1 Modified-Whittaker sampling techniques to assess plant diversity, it is possible to use elevation division, instead of vegetation type, to estimate species richness.

A preliminary study shows that Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD) exists around Taiwan even though groundwater overdrawing is serious. Only five of the 20 sites studied did not record any SGD signal. Two nearly fresh SGD samples were obtained, providing strong and direct evidence for the existence of SGD in Taiwan. SGD is the submarine seepage of all fluids from coastal sediments into the overlying coastal areas. It has been well documented that SGD may contribute much nutrients to the coasts (Burnett et al.,2001, 2003; Church, 1996; Taniguchi et al., 2002; Zhang and Satake, 2002). Because of its difficulty in measurement, there are few reports on the characteristics of groundwater seepage, such as the flow rate and the water chemistry. In Taiwan, the only report was published in the Japanese journal Geochemistry (Chen et al. , 2005 ). In this study, samples were collected monthly from May, 2004 to June, 2006 at Xiziwan and Caishan in Kaohsiung. A flux chamber was also used in the observation of the SGD seepage rates. Further, samples were collected from 20 different places around Taiwan. The SGD collecting device, the SGD-Flux chamber and the Lee type seepage meter (Zhang et al., 2005) were used in this study, the latter being the first time used to explore the SGD flux in Taiwan. Salinity, dissolved oxygen saturation (%), nutrients (NO3, NO2, PO4, SiO2, NH3), total alkalinity, pH and major ions were analyzed. We averaged all seepage rate data at Xiziwan and Caishan to estimated the SGD seepage rate at about 1.32¡Ó1.57 L/m2/hr. The average concentrations of inorganic nitrogen (NO3+NO2+NH3), PO4 and SiO2 are, respectively, 48.6¡Ó86.3 (n=85), 0.78¡Ó1.26 (n=110) and 55.1¡Ó39.8

Thesis (M.A.)--Kent State University, 2009. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Nov. 16, 2009). Advisor: Kevin Adams. Keywords: military history; U. S. Civil War; Confederate army; Army of Northern Virginia; Lee, Robert E.; staff. Includes bibliographical references (p. 134-141).