Veterinary activities at VPI between 1872 and 1959 established the Blacksburg institution as the center of Virginia's veterinary education long before the opening of the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine in 1980. This thesis traces the lineage of VPI's veterinary medicine program back to the inception of the institution, locates VPI's contribution to veterinary medicine within the State of Virginia and nationally, and puts all these developments within the general historical context of the role of land-grant agricultural colleges in the development of veterinary medicine. The organization of veterinary activities of the state of Virginia took the form of a veterinary complex, its four main components of education, research, dissemination of veterinary knowledge, and prevention and control of livestock disease located in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries on the VPI campus in Blacksburg. This complex--taken as a whole--functioned as the primary actor in the veterinary network in Virginia--along with other veterinary institutions and offices that existed off- campus. The neglected history of early veterinary research and education in Virginia is important, because it clearly establishes these early veterinary activities at VPI as laying the groundwork for the establishment of the VMRCVM in 1980 and it shows why the VMRCVM was established at VPI (now referred to as Virginia Tech). / Master of Science

No

No / Activa Healthcare

I Sverige lider cirka 50 000, främst äldre personer av svårläkta bensår. Venös insufficiens är vanligaste sjukdom som orsakar svårläkta bensår. Behandlingen kan vara besvärlig och oftast påverkar patientens vardag. Syftet med studien var att beskriva patienters upplevelser av att leva med svårläkta bensår. En litteraturöversikt med kvalitativ ansats baserad på vetenskapliga artiklar genomfördes. Artiklarna söktes i databaser, analyserades och sammanställdes för att finna meningsbärande innehåll med utgångspunkten i patienters upplevelser. Resultatet visade att svårläkta bensår påverkade patienternas dagliga liv och välbefinnande på olika sätt och presenterades under fyra teman: Styrd av smärta, lukt och läckage i vardagen, Besvärlig behandling, Begränsningar som påverkar människans kroppsuppfattning, Betydelsen av vårdmötet. Patienterna hade negativa upplevelser av att leva med svårläkta bensår vilket orsakade mycket lidande och begränsade deras rörlighet och sociala liv. De upplevde dåligt självförtroende och en förlorad kontroll över sin egen kropp. Sjuksköterskor bör ha bättre förståelse för och ha kunskaper om hur det är att leva med svårläkta bensår för att ge en god patientcentrerad omvårdnad.

SYFTESyftet med studien var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att behandla venösa bensår samt att beskriva undersökningsgruppen i de ingående artiklarna.BAKGRUNDBefolkningen ökar och människor lever längre vilket leder till att även bensår blir allt vanligare. Sjuksköterskor är omvårdnadsansvariga när det kommer till att behandla bensår och sjuksköterskors inställning och attityd till dessa patienter lägger grunden för hur behandlingen formas och utövas. En god omvårdnad ska skapas där sjuksköterskorska begränsa påfrestningarna och lidande för patienterna som uppstått på grund av deras bensår.METODFöreliggande studie är en beskrivande litteraturstudie som baseras på nio vetenskapliga artiklar med både kvantitativ och kvalitativ ansats. Databaserna Cinahl, Scopus och PubMed har systematiskt använts med sökningar mellan 2000 -2015.RESULTATSjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att behandla venösa bensår kunde delas in i tre övergripande teman. Dessa resulterade i de övergripande rubrikerna sjuksköterskorserfarenheter av patienters följsamhet, sjuksköterskors erfarenhet av upplevd kunskap och samarbete samt sjuksköterskors erfarenhet av känslor relaterat till behandling. Sjuksköterskor beskrev att behandla bensår kunde leda till en rad olika känslor och det fanns mycket som påverkade behandlingen, som patienters motvillighet och följsamhet, sjuksköterskors egen kunskap samt samarbetet med andra professioner.SLUTSATSSjuksköterskor visade brister i sitt ansvar vid behandling av bensår då de inte följer professionens etiska kod. Många sjuksköterskor erfor en otillräcklig kunskap inom bensårsbehandling och en motvillighet att ta sig an patienter med bensår, då de inte såg det som givande.

Two experiments were undertaken. The objective of Experiment One was to identify the lower limb muscles that were most frequently active during the early period of a step turning task for further testing in Experiment Two. In Experiment Two participants undertook multiple trials of a step-turning task, 30 and 60° to the left and right of midline, at a self-selected pace in response to a visual cue. There were five objectives to Experiment Two. Firstly, to identify the predominant order in the onset of foot movement so that anticipatory muscle activity could be defined for this task. Secondly, to identify whether there is a consistent temporal order in movement onset between the head and the feet. Thirdly, to identify whether and how consistently anticipatory lower limb muscle activity is present bilaterally. Fourthly, to assess whether there is a consistent sequence in the onset of anticipatory muscle activity among muscles active in at least 80% of trials. The final objective was to identity whether there was a consistent temporal relationship in the onset of the anticipatory muscle activity present in at least 80% of trials, with the onset of head and foot movement. Study Design: A repeated measures design was used. Background: Anticipatory lower limb muscle activity in gait initiation and forward stepping studies has been reported to be consistently present, and associated with initial and important balance responses. Falls during turning are associated with a high incidence of hip fractures in the elderly population. The presence of anticipatory lower limb muscle activity turning has not been previously reported. Participants: There were five participants in Experiment One, and ten in Experiment Two. All were between 18 and 40 years of age and did not have neurological or musculoskeletal disorders, or severe visual loss. Results: In Experiment One, four muscles were consistently active bilaterally, during the early period of step-turning and were: tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, biceps femoris and gluteus medius. In Experiment Two the ipsilateral foot moved before the contralateral foot in 68% of trials towards the left, and 79% of trials towards the right. The onset of head movement consistently occurred before the onset of foot movement during turns towards both directions. The percentage of trials in which the four muscles were active in an anticipatory manner was low bilaterally, ranging from 12 to 38% of trials. Objectives that involved the further analysis of muscles active in at least 80% of trials were unable to be completed. Conclusions: During a step-turning task young healthy adults predominantly move their ipsilateral foot before their contralateral foot. The consistent onset of head movement prior to that of the feet, indirectly suggests that the visual system might influence the temporal onset of the feet. The low levels of anticipatory muscle activity during step-turning suggest that the lower limbs are not involved with the initial balance responses for this task thus making it inherently different to gait initiation and forward stepping.

This thesis investigates a simple dynamic model of the hind leg of a beetle during initiation of a step. The primary assumption was that the full load of the body was carried on the hind leg during this time. That is, the only forces on the body were that of the hind leg and gravity and their resultant produced forward acceleration. Only two dimensional models were used in this study. This was justified since the beetle is bilaterally symmetrical. However, it required the assumption that hind legs were positioned symmetrically and it limited the investigation to forward acceleration in a straight line. Models with two and three links were tested. The two link model assumed the body has no motion relative to the upper legs; that is the muscles were strong enough to prevent movement at the joint between body and leg. The three link model assumed only friction prevented movement at the joint between body and leg. Dynamic equations were developed using Lagrangian mechanics. These equations were integrated using the 4th order Runge-Kutta algorithm. Both models were driven by applying a constant torque at the joint between upper and lower segments. Driving torque was adjusted to minimize verical movement of body center of mass. Initial position of body center of mass relative to foot was varied to examine it's influence on both horizontal travel of body, center of mass and driving torque required for this travel. For both models horizontal travel was less dependent on initial height of body center-of-mass than on initial horizontal position. For both models required driving torque increased with decrease in initial height of body center-of-mass and with increase of initial horizontal distance from foot to body center-of-mass. For both models maximum horizontal travel was attained with minimum initial height of body center-of-mass and minimum initial horizontal distance between foot and body center-of-mass. For the two link model, maximum horizontal travel was approximately half of the total leg length while for the three link model the equivalent number was approximately one quarter, of total leg length. / Graduation date: 1992

Access to abstract permanently restricted to Ball State community only / Access to thesis permanently restricted to Ball State community only / School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science

Sammanfattning Syftet med studien var att beskriva distriktssköterskors reflektioner kring att arbeta med kroniska bensår. Studien genomfördes som en semistrukturerad intervjustudie och hade deskriptiv design. Totalt sexton distriktssköterskor intervjuades, åtta distriktssköterskor med landstinget som arbetsgivare och åtta distriktssköterskor med kommunal arbetsgivare. Materialet analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet visade att distriktssköterskorna ansåg att arbetet med kroniska bensår var ett vanligt förekommande arbetsmoment samt att bristande samarbete från patienten var en bidragande orsak till långa behandlingstider och utebliven sårläkning. Distriktssköterskorna beskrev vikten av att medvetandegöra patienterna om sitt egenansvar för att främja sårläkningsprocessen. Kunskapen till att behandla kroniska bensår ansåg distriktssköterskorna att de hade, men det spelade ingen roll hur mycket distriktssköterskorna gjorde så länge patienterna inte var följsam i behandlingen. Kompressionsbehandling beskrevs av distriktssköterskorna som den främsta behandlingsmetoden för att uppnå läkning av kroniska bensår, men de upplevdes ibland problematiskt att motivera patienterna till kompressionsbehandling. Det påtalades av distriktssköterskorna att god dokumentation och individuella vårdplaner underlättade deras arbete samt möjliggjorde utvärdering av sårläkningsprocessen. Slutsatsen är att distriktssköterskorna upplever att patienter med kroniska bensår som är väl informerade och motiverade till följsamhet kunde ges optimal bensårsbehandling. Profylaktiskt arbete är viktigt för att undvika recidiv vid behandling av kroniska bensår.

Two experiments were undertaken. The objective of Experiment One was to identify the lower limb muscles that were most frequently active during the early period of a step turning task for further testing in Experiment Two. In Experiment Two participants undertook multiple trials of a step-turning task, 30 and 60° to the left and right of midline, at a self-selected pace in response to a visual cue. There were five objectives to Experiment Two. Firstly, to identify the predominant order in the onset of foot movement so that anticipatory muscle activity could be defined for this task. Secondly, to identify whether there is a consistent temporal order in movement onset between the head and the feet. Thirdly, to identify whether and how consistently anticipatory lower limb muscle activity is present bilaterally. Fourthly, to assess whether there is a consistent sequence in the onset of anticipatory muscle activity among muscles active in at least 80% of trials. The final objective was to identity whether there was a consistent temporal relationship in the onset of the anticipatory muscle activity present in at least 80% of trials, with the onset of head and foot movement. Study Design: A repeated measures design was used. Background: Anticipatory lower limb muscle activity in gait initiation and forward stepping studies has been reported to be consistently present, and associated with initial and important balance responses. Falls during turning are associated with a high incidence of hip fractures in the elderly population. The presence of anticipatory lower limb muscle activity turning has not been previously reported. Participants: There were five participants in Experiment One, and ten in Experiment Two. All were between 18 and 40 years of age and did not have neurological or musculoskeletal disorders, or severe visual loss. Results: In Experiment One, four muscles were consistently active bilaterally, during the early period of step-turning and were: tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, biceps femoris and gluteus medius. In Experiment Two the ipsilateral foot moved before the contralateral foot in 68% of trials towards the left, and 79% of trials towards the right. The onset of head movement consistently occurred before the onset of foot movement during turns towards both directions. The percentage of trials in which the four muscles were active in an anticipatory manner was low bilaterally, ranging from 12 to 38% of trials. Objectives that involved the further analysis of muscles active in at least 80% of trials were unable to be completed. Conclusions: During a step-turning task young healthy adults predominantly move their ipsilateral foot before their contralateral foot. The consistent onset of head movement prior to that of the feet, indirectly suggests that the visual system might influence the temporal onset of the feet. The low levels of anticipatory muscle activity during step-turning suggest that the lower limbs are not involved with the initial balance responses for this task thus making it inherently different to gait initiation and forward stepping.