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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
361

Otimização do método lignina brometo de acetila na determinação do teor de lignina em plantas forrageiras e comparação com os métodos lignina detergente ácido e lignina Klason / Improving the acetyl bromide lignin method in determining lignin content in forages and comparison with the methods acid detergent lignin and Klason lignin

Marcos Felipe Zuñiga Santamaria 15 February 2016 (has links)
Técnicas analíticas empregadas para a quantificação do teor de lignina em plantas forrageiras, atualmente em uso, são questionáveis quanto às suas acurácias. O método lignina detergente ácido (LDA), que é um dos métodos mais utilizado em Ciência Animal e Agronomia, apresenta algumas falhas, particularmente devido à parcial solubilização da lignina durante a preparação da fibra em detergente ácido (FDA). A lignina Klason (LK), outro método muito usado, apresenta o inconveniente de mensurar a proteína da parede celular como sendo lignina. Em ambos os procedimentos recomenda-se também mensurar cinzas nos resíduos de lignina. A quantificação da concentração de lignina pelo método espectrofotométrico lignina brometo de acetila (LBA) vem ganhando interesse de pesquisadores no Brasil e no exterior. Nesta metodologia, a lignina da planta contida na preparação parede celular (PC) é solubilizada numa solução a 25% de brometo de acetila em ácido acético e a absorbância mensurada é com luz UV a 280 nm. O valor da absorbância é inserido numa equação de regressão e a concentração de lignina é obtida. Para que esta técnica analítica seja mais aceita pelos pesquisadores, ela deve ser, obviamente, convincente e atrativa. O presente trabalho analisou alguns parâmetros relacionados à LBA em 7 gramíneas e 6 leguminosas, em dois estádios de maturidade. Dentre as diferentes temperaturas de pré-secagem, os resultados indicaram que os procedimentos de 55°C com ventilação e liofilização podem ser utilizados com a mesma eficácia. As temperaturas de 55°C sem ventilação e 80°C sem ventilação não são recomendadas, pois aumentaram os valores de FDA e LDA, possivelmente devido ao surgimento de artefatos de técnica como os compostos de Maillard. No método LBA os valores menores das amostras de leguminosas chamaram a atenção e colocaram em questão se a lignina destas plantas seria menos solúvel no reagente brometo de acetila. Dentre algumas alterações na metodologia da técnica LBA, a utilização do moinho de bolas (para diminuir o tamanho particular) nas amostras de PC não mostrou efeito; a hipótese era melhorar a solubilização da lignina usando partículas menores. O uso de um ultrasonicador, que aumenta a vibração das moléculas e assim, facilitaria a solubilização da lignina no reagente brometo de acetila, melhorou a solubilização da lignina em cerca de 10%, tanto nas gramíneas como nas leguminosas. Foi acoplado um ensaio biológico como referência, a degradabilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS); e como a lignina está intimamente associada à estrutura fibrosa da parede celular, também foi feito um ensaio de degradabilidade in vitro da fibra em detergente neutro (DIVFDN). Os resultados confirmaram o efeito da maturidade, reduzindo a degradabilidade nas plantas mais maduras, e que o teor de lignina de leguminosas é realmente inferior ao de gramíneas. Os resultados de degradabilidade apresentaram coeficientes de correlação mais elevados com o método LBA, quando foi empregada a técnica do ultrasom; o método LK mostrou os menores coeficientes. Também testou-se, com sucesso, a utilização da FDN, como preparação fibrosa, ao invés de PC. A razão é simples: enquanto que a FDN é amplamente conhecida, a preparação PC não o é. Inquestionável que esta manobra facilitará substancialmente a divulgação desse método, tornando-a mais aceitável pela comunidade científica / Analytical techniques employed to quantify lignin content in forages, currently in use, are questionable as to their accuracies. The method acid detergent lignin (ADL), which is one of the most used method in Animal Science and Agronomy, has some flaws, due to the partial lignin solubilization during the preparation of acid detergent fiber (ADF). The Klason lignin method (KL), another analytical procedure commonly used, has the drawback of measuring the cell wall protein as lignin. In both procedures also are recommended to measure ash content in the lignin residues. Quantification of lignin concentration by the spectrophotometric acetyl bromide lignin method (ABL) has been gaining interest from researchers in Brazil and abroad. In this methodology, the lignin contained in the plant cell wall preparation (CW) is solubilized in a 25% acetyl bromide in acetic acid solution and the absorbance is measured with UV light at 280 nm. The absorbance value is inserted in a regression equation and the concentration of lignin is obtained. For this analytical technique be better accepted by researchers, it must be, obviously, convincing and attractive. This study analyzed some LBA-related parameters in 7 grasses and 6 legumes in two stages of maturity. Among the different temperatures of pre-drying, the results indicated that the procedures at 55°C with ventilation and lyophilization can be used just as effectively. Temperatures of 55 and 80 both without ventilation are not recommended because they increased ADF and ADL values, possibly due to the emergence of technical artifacts such as the compounds of Maillard. The ABL method yielded lower values for legume samples which called into question if the lignin of these plants is less soluble in the acetyl bromide reagent. Among some changes studied in the ABL technique it was the utilization of ball milling in the PC samples, which showed no effect; the hypothesis was to reduce the particle size and thus improve the solubilization of lignin. The use of an ultrasonicator, which increases the vibration of molecules and possibly allowing better solubilization of lignin in the acetyl bromide reagent improved lignin solubilization by about 10%, both in grasses. As a reference, an in vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) was conducted. Because lignin is closely linked to the fibrous structure of the cell wall, an in vitro neutral detergent fiber degradability (IVNDFD) test of. Results confirmed the effect of maturity, reducing degradability as the plants matured, and that concentration of lignin is lower in legumes than in grasses. The degradability results showed higher correlation coefficients with the ABL method when the ultrasonicator was used; the KL method showed the lowest coefficients. We also tested, successfully, the use of NDF as a fiber preparation, instead of crude CW. While NDF is widely known, CW preparation is not. This maneuver will substantially facilitate the dissemination of this method, making it more acceptable to the scientific community
362

Interação pólen-pistilo em espécies neotropicais de Indigofera L. (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) sob enfoque morfológico / Pollen-pistil interaction in neotropical species of Indigofera L. (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) under morphological approach

Costa, Marina Fernanda Bortolin, 1981- 19 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Simone de Pádua Teixeira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T06:00:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_MarinaFernandaBortolin_M.pdf: 6136363 bytes, checksum: 7ebcccef8efb53a979a8fa6e1e6d3a96 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Indigofera L., terceiro maior gênero de Leguminosae, possui cerca de 700 espécies, tropicais e subtropicais, descritas como melitófilas, com hábitos variados, e ampla ocorrência em áreas degradadas e de Cerrado. Estudos prévios mostraram que o estigma de I. lespedezioides e I. suffruticosa é secretor e cuticularizado e que suas flores não produzem frutos por autopolinização espontânea. Assim, este trabalho avaliou a morfologia da interação pólen-pistilo em quatro espécies relacionadas e neotropicais de Indigofera: I. hirsuta, I. lespedezioides, I. suffruticosa e I. truxillensis. Pretendeu-se compreender o comportamento do grão de pólen e do tubo polínico no pistilo, em especial no estigma destas espécies, caracterizado como semi-seco. Grão de pólen, estigma, estilete e ovário de botões florais e flores foram observados em microscopias eletrônica e de luz. Testes para a detecção de substâncias foram realizados em grão de pólen e estigma. Polinizações induzidas foram realizadas visando à compreensão do sistema reprodutivo das espécies. O grão de pólen é harmomegático, tricolporado, prolato, com exina perfurada e pouco "pollenkitt". O estigma é revestido por cutícula sem poros, constituído por células secretoras e parcialmente delimitado por tricomas tectores. A secreção, hidrofílica e lipofílica, fica retida nos espaços intercelular e subcuticular. Após autopolinização e polinização cruzada, indivíduos das quatro espécies apresentaram grãos de pólen germinando no estigma e tubos polínicos crescendo pelo estilete até o ovário. Indigofera hirsuta foi a única espécie que produziu frutos por autopolinização espontânea. Nas quatro espécies, o grão de pólen adere-se ao estigma receptivo, reidrata-se e germina emitindo o tubo polínico que percorre os espaços intercelulares do tecido transmissor, cresce pelo espaço central ou pela margem do canal estilar, penetrando o óvulo pela micrópila, 6 a 24h após a polinização. A escassez de "pollenkitt", a secreção estigmática abundante e as visitas frequentes de abelhas sugerem que, nas espécies que não produzem frutos por autopolinização espontânea, a germinação polínica depende do polinizador para romper a cutícula do estigma possibilitando o contato do pólen com a secreção. Em I. hirsuta, a ruptura da cutícula deve ocorrer devido à pressão exercida pela secreção estigmática ou pelo contato com as anteras. Este trabalho confirma a presença de estigma semi-seco em Indigofera e sugere que I. hirsuta, I. lespedezioides, I. suffruticosa e I. truxillensis são espécies autocompatíveis, além de fornecer dados reprodutivos para este gênero e para a tribo Indigoferae, grupos pouco estudados sob este enfoque / Abstract: Indigofera is the third largest genus of Leguminosae with tropical and subtropical distribution, is considered melittophilous, with varied habits and wide occurrence in degraded areas and Cerrado ecosystems of Brazil. Previous research demonstrated that I. lespedezioides and I. suffruticosa have secretory stigma covered by cuticle and fruit are not produced by spontaneous self-pollination. Thus, this work evaluated the morphology of pollen-pistil interaction of four related and neotropical species of Indigofera: I. hirsuta, I. lespedezioides, I. suffruticosa and I. truxillensis. Pollen grain, stigma, style and ovary of flower buds and flowers were examined under electron and light microscopy. Tests to detect substances were made with pollen grain and stigma. Controlled pollinations were realized aiming at helping to understand the reproductive systems of these species. The pollen grain is harmomegathic, tricolporate, prolate, with perforated exine and a small quantity of pollenkitt. The stigma, considered semi-dry, is covered by a cuticle, partially covered by trichomes and has secretory cells. The hydrophilic and lipophilic secretion is retained in intercellular and subcuticular spaces. Pores were not found at the stigmatic cuticle. After self-pollination and cross-pollination experiments, individuals of four species had germinating pollen grains on stigma and pollen tubes growing by style toward ovary. Indigofera hirsuta was the only species that produced fruit after spontaneous self-pollination. The pollen grain adheres to the receptive stigma, rehydrates and germinates, emitting the pollen tube through the stigmatic cells spaces. The pollen tube passes through the intercellular spaces of the transmitting tissue and it grows through the central space of the style or around the edge of the style channel. The pollen tube penetrates the micropyle about 6 to 24h after pollination. The scarcity of "pollenkitt", the abundant stigmatic secretion, and the frequent visits of stingless bees suggest that, in the species that do not have spontaneous self-pollination, the pollen germination depends on the pollinator to break the stigmatic cuticle allowing the contact between pollen and stigmatic secretion. In I. hirsuta, the cuticle rupture may occur due to stigmatic secretion pressure. This study confirms the presence of a semi-dry stigma in Indigofera and suggests that I. hirsuta, I. lespedezioides, I. suffruticosa and I. truxillensis are self-compatible, providing reproductive data for these genera and for the tribe Indigoferae, groups that are poorly studied under this approach / Mestrado / Biologia Vegetal / Mestre em Biologia Vegetal
363

Produção e manejo de Adesmia latifolia (SPRENG.) VOG. / Production and management of Adesmia latifolia (Spreng.) Vog

Menezes, Fernando Pereira de 15 December 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:33:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Fernando_Pereira_Menezes.pdf: 1767639 bytes, checksum: 91a91729ef261e42fc911c10e823c7d7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-15 / The study was conducted in three stages, assessing the species Adesmia latifolia (Spreng.) Vog. with the aim of increasing knowledge of Adesmia responses regarding the most appropriate methods of overcoming seed dormancy, seed inoculation and production and forage quality in relation to climatic factors. The first stage was conducted at the Laboratory of Seeds Analysis FAEM/UFPEL in Pelotas, the other in the CCR/URCAMP in Bage-RS. In the work of scarification were evaluated with thermal and chemical methods to count only 14 days after sowing. Regarding the assessment of inoculant was used the following treatments: control, Bradyrhizobium spp. Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolli (white clover), Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolli (red clover) and Rhizobium loti (birdsfoot trefoil) in a greenhouse. The third study, conducted in the field, we evaluated the production of dry matter and forage quality, protein digestibility and in vitro. In the first work considering the three variables (normal seedlings, hard seeds and dead), the results showed that the method of soaking in hot water was more efficient in breaking dormancy of seeds of Adesmia latifolia, with emphasis on immersion in hot water at 40°C for three minutes, for issues of safety and economy. In the second study produced the highest dry matter were obtained with Bradyrhizobium spp. and Rhizobium loti, respectively, the same happened in relation to the efficiency of inoculation, with the latter being easily accessible shopping. In the third study concluded that the dry matter production is concentrated in october/november with 88% of total annual crude protein and in vitro while maintaining during the cycle with high levels. / O trabalho foi realizado em três etapas, avaliando a espécie Adesmia latifolia (Spreng.) Vog., com o objetivo de ampliar o conhecimento das respostas da Adesmia no que diz respeito a métodos mais adequados de superação de dormência das sementes, inoculação de sementes e produção e qualidade de forragem em relação aos fatores climáticos. A primeira etapa foi realizada no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes da FAEM/UFPEL em Pelotas-RS, as demais no CCR/URCAMP em Bagé-RS. No trabalho de superação de dormência foram avaliados métodos químicos e térmicos com contagem única aos 14 dias após a semeadura. Em relação à avaliação de inoculantes foram utilizados os seguintes tratamentos: testemunha; Bradyrhizobium spp.; Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolli, (trevo branco); Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolli, (trevo vermelho) e Rhizobium loti, (cornichão) em ambiente protegido. Já o terceiro trabalho, realizado a campo, foi avaliado a produção de matéria seca e a qualidade da forragem, proteína bruta e digestibilidade in vitro. No primeiro trabalho considerando-se as três variáveis (plântulas normais, sementes duras e mortas), os resultados permitiram concluir que o método de imersão em água quente foi o mais eficiente na superação de dormência de sementes de Adesmia latifolia, destacando-se a imersão em água quente a 40ºC por três minutos, por aspectos de segurança e economicidade. No segundo trabalho as maiores produções de matéria seca foram obtidas nos tratamentos com Bradyrhizobium spp. e Rhizobium loti respectivamente, o mesmo acontecendo em relação à eficiência do inoculante, sendo esse último de fácil acesso comercial. No terceiro trabalho conclui-se que a produção de matéria seca concentra-se em outubro/novembro com 88% do total anual com a proteína bruta e a digestibilidade in vitro mantendo-se ao longo do ciclo com elevados teores.
364

Didaktické metody využívané při výuce botaniky na základních školách / Didactic Methods used in Botany Teaching at Elementary Schools

Fialová, Alžběta January 2016 (has links)
Didactic Methods used in Botany Teaching at Elementary Schools Diploma thesis concerns the topic of utilizing didactic methods in the education of botanic at the grammar schools. The thesis is divided into three parts. In the first part, there are described chosen didactic methods and current classification of botanic in the "General education programme of the basic education system". Furthermore, there is described past classification of the botanic in the "Education programme of Grammar school, General school and National school". Second part contains questionnaire results - pupils and teachers of botanic in the 7. grade of grammar school. The goal of the questionnaire was to find out, which teaching methods are used during the education of botanic, which methods are popular and unpopular with teachers as well as students and which methods are, according to the opinions of the teachers, effective and ineffective. Other goal of the questionnaire was to find out, if the teachers are using education programmes during lessons. In the third part of the thesis, there is listed my own proposal of a lesson of a chosen topic in botanic, which I have based on the results of the questionnaires. To be specific, it's teaching about family of legumes plants (Fabaceae) utilizing many didactic methods without...
365

Evaluation and application of electroanalysis for the determination of antioxidants

Ragubeer, Nasheen January 2007 (has links)
The role of antioxidants in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases has been well documented. The use of synthetic antioxidants has decreased due to the ssociation of these compounds with certain cancers. Thus, the search for novel natural antioxidants has gained much focus in research. Most common methods of determining antioxidant capacity are the radical generated assays and biological assays such as lipid peroxidation and the nitroblue tetrazolium assay. Electrochemical methods have been proposed for the determination of bio-active compounds such as antioxidants. The electrochemical methods of cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry were evaluated for the determination of antioxidant capacity initially examining known antioxidants and then using plant extracts of Sutherlandia frutescens as a case study. The antioxidant properties determined by electrochemical methods were validated utilising the non-biological methods of the DPPH, TEAC, ferrozine and FC assay and biological pharmacological methods. The results indicated that Sutherlandia frutescens contains potent antioxidant compounds that are able to reduce lipid peroxidation. The electrochemical techniques of square wave voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry were applied for the screening of a large number of extracts of various algae for the detection of antioxidant compounds. The results indicated that electrochemistry can be used as a preliminary method for the rapid screening of a large number of crude samples for antioxidant compounds. Electrochemical methods were also evaluated as a method for guiding the isolation and purification of antioxidant metabolites in Sargassum elegans. Solvent partitioning and fractionation of the marine alga allowed for the purification of antioxidant compounds. At each step of purification electrochemical methods were utilized to determine which fractions contained the more potent antioxidant compounds and thus guide further purification. The purified antioxidant compounds were elucidated using NMR to determine the structure of the antioxidant compounds.
366

Relação entre longevidade foliar, nitrogenio e compostos secundarios em folhas de leguminosas arboreas

Lima, Ana Lucia da Silva 04 July 2005 (has links)
Orientadores: Marlene Aparecida Schiavinato, Claudia Baptista Haddad / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-11T21:06:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima_AnaLuciadaSilva_D.pdf: 355483 bytes, checksum: 9ce9e116731fc53ab23c70ac20c5cf48 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A duração do ciclo de vida foliar determina características distintas nas folhas, que são relevantes para a sobrevivência da planta em diferentes habitats. Tem sido verificado que as espécies perenifólias apresentam mecanismos mais eficientes de conservação de nitrogênio (N) em relação às espécies decíduas. Esses mecanismos são: eficiência de reaproveitamento de nitrogênio (ERN), proficiência de reaproveitamento de nitrogênio (PRN) e eficiência do uso de nitrogênio (EUN). Segundo um dos paradigmas da ecologia vegetal, as espécies crescendo em ambientes oligotróficos têm maior eficiência de reaproveitamento de nutrientes em relação a espécies características de ambientes eutróficos. A PRN em espécies adaptadas a solos poço férteis é maior do que a de espécies de solos mais férteis. Plantas com longo ciclo de vida foliar possuem maior EUN do que plantas com folhas menos longevas e esta eficiência aumenta com o decréscimo da concentração de nutriente no solo. Espécies perenifólias apresentam maior longevidade foliar do que as decíduas e maior concentração de fenóis. Por outro lado, a concentração de taninos costuma ser maior nas folhas de espécies decíduas. É visto também que as espécies com folhas mais longevas possuem menor concentração de N total, menor concentração de compostos nitrogenados e maior massa foliar específica (MFE). O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se as observações encontradas na literatura, comparando espécies perenifólias e decíduas, aplicam-se também às espécies semidecíduas (Hymenaea courbaril - sem FSN e Lonchocarpus guilleminianus ¿ com FSN) e decíduas (Enterolobium contortisiliquum ¿ com FSN e Peltophorum dubium - sem FSN) encontrada em uma Mata Estacional Semidecídua remanescente da Mata Atlântica. As plantas foram cultivadas em casa de vegetação, em vasos contendo solo de local onde as espécies são encontradas na mata, enriquecido ou não com N. Plantas de H. courbaril e P. dubium também foram cultivadas em areia. Houve decréscimo na concentração de clorofila total com o avanço da idade foliar nas quatro espécies. As ERN, PRN e EUN decresceram com o aumento da concentração de N no solo. Espécies com FSN apresentaram menor ERN, PRN e EUN em relação às espécies sem FSN. Plantas cultivadas em areia tiveram maiores ERN, PRN e EUN. Os resultados mostraram uma relação inversa entre os parâmetros de ERN, PRN, EUN e presença de FSN e fertilidade do solo. Os resultados obtidos corroboram os da literatura, já que as espécies com folhas mais longevas apresentaram concentrações maiores de fenóis e maior MFE, menores de taninos, nitrato, proteínas, aminoácidos, clorofila e N total / Abstract: Depending on the leaf life span, the leaves show distinct characteristics, which are relevant to the survival of the plant in different habitats. It has been noticed that the evergreen species show more efficient mechanisms of Nitrogen (N) conservation. These mechanisms are related to N Resorption Efficiency (NRE), N Resorption Proficiency (NRP) and N Use Efficiency (NUE). According to one of the paradigms of plant ecology, species growing in oligotrophic environments are more efficient in nutrient resorption than species from eutrophic environments. It is well known that the NRP in species adapted to soils which are not very fertile, is higher than in species of fertile soils. Plants with long leaf life span have higher NUE than plants with shorter leaf life span and the NUE increases with the decrease of nutrient in the soil. Since the evergreen species present longer leaf life span than the deciduous, their leaves present higher concentration of phenolic compound. On the other hand, the concentration of tannins is usually higher in leaves of deciduous species. It is also known that the long leaf life species have lower concentration of nitrogen compounds and higher Specific Leaf Mass (SLM). The objective of this study was to verify if the observations found in literature, comparing evergreen species to deciduous species, are also applied to the semi deciduous species (Hymenaea courbaril - without SNF and Lonchocarpus guilleminianus ¿ with SNF) and deciduous species, (Enterolobium contortisiliquum ¿ with SNF and Peltophorum dubium - without SNF) of a semi deciduous tropical forest, remnant of the Atlantic Forest. The plants were grown in a greenhouse; in pots filled with soil from their natural environment, enriched or not with N. Plants of H. courbaril and P. dubium were also grown in sand. The results obtained confirm the observations cited in the literature, since the species with longer leaf life span presented higher SLM and concentrations of phenolic compounds, lower concentrations of tannins, nitrate, total proteins, total free amino acids, chlorophyll total), total N. There was a fall in the concentration of total chlorophyll with the advance of leaf age in the four species. The NRE, NRP and NUE decreased with the increase of N concentration in the soil. Species with SNF presented lower NRE, NRP and NUE if compared to species without SNF / Doutorado / Biologia Vegetal / Doutor em Biologia Vegetal
367

Produção de cordeiros em pastagem tropical : dos aspectos bioquímicos da pastagem ao comportamento ingestivo animal / Lamb production in tropical pasture : from the biochemical aspects of pasture to animal ingestive behavior

Tontini, Jalise Fabíola January 2018 (has links)
As pastagens que cobrem uma importante área no território mundial apresentam elevado potencial de produtividade e suas características bioquímicas podem gerar relevante impacto na produção de ruminantes. Porém, poucos trabalhos relatam a concentração de compostos bioquímicos em pastagens tropicais comumente usadas na produção animal. Diante deste fato, o capítulo II desta tese teve como objetivo elucidar e determinar a concentração de taninos condensados e tocoferol, bem como avaliar a produção e os valores nutritivos de espécies forrageiras tropicais normalmente usadas em sistemas de pastejo. Com este estudo foi possível constatar que algumas espécies de gramíneas e leguminosas se destacam não apenas pela sua capacidade de produção de biomassa e qualidade nutricional, mas também pela concentração de compostos bioquímicos, como a gramínea tifton que teve elevada concentração de α-tocoferol (202.3 ± 116.5 mg/kg matéria verde, MV). As leguminosas amendoim forrageiro (15.7 ± 5.2 g/kg matéria seca, MS) e feijão guandu (8.7 ± 0.8 g/kg MS) apresentaram boa concentração de taninos condensados, mas o grande destaque foi para a leguminosa nativa pega-pega (66.5 ± 13.8 g/kg MS) que além da alta concentração de taninos, esses apresentaram potencial para atividade biológica (PPF = 60.1 g/kg MS) Aliado as características bioquímicas, as espécies que irão compor o sistema de produção podem influenciar na biologia de vida livre dos nematoides parasitas do trato gastrintestinal (NGI) e no comportamento ingestivo dos animais. O capítulo III e IV avaliam três diferentes sistemas de alimentação de cordeiros em pastagens tropicais. O capítulo III traz como objetivo avaliar a distribuição de larvas infectantes (L3) em diferentes perfis de pastagem tropical (gramíneas e leguminosas) e o impacto da contaminação da pastagem na carga parasitária e desempenho de cordeiros. Onde, a inclusão da leguminosa tropical alterou a concentração de larvas infectantes na pastagem e a contaminação dos animais. No capítulo IV é apresentado o trabalho que teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros em condições de pastejo contínuo submetidos a diferentes sistemas de alimentação com a presença de leguminosa tropical contendo taninos condensados. Apesar da diferença estrutural e concentração de taninos condensados, de modo geral essas características da pastagem não alteraram o comportamento ingestivo dos cordeiros. / Pastures covering an important area in the world territory present high production potential and their biochemical characteristics can generate a significant impact on the production of ruminants. However, few studies report the concentration of biochemical compounds in tropical pastures commonly used in animal production. Facing this fact, chapter II of this thesis had as objective to elucidate and to determine the concentration of condensed tannins and tocopherol, as well as to evaluate the production and nutritional values of tropical forage species normally used in grazing systems. In this study, it was possible to verify that some species of grasses and legumes stand out not only for their mass production capacity and nutritional quality, but also for the concentration of secondary compounds, such as tifton grass, which had a high α-tocopherol concentration (202.3 ± 116.5 mg / kg green matter, GM). The forage peanut legumes (15.7 ± 5.2 g / kg dry matter, DM) and pigeon pea (8.7 ± 0.8 g / kg DM) had an excellent concentration of condensed tannins, but the main highlight was the native legume Desmodium incunum (66.5 ± 13.8 g / kg DM) that in addition to the high concentration of tannins, these had potential for biological activity (PPP = 60.1 g / kg DM) In addition to the biochemical characteristics, the species that will make up the production system can influence the ecology of the free-living stages of endoparasite of the gastrointestinal tract (NGI) and the ingestive behavior of the animals. Chapter III and IV evaluate three different feeding systems of lambs in tropical pastures. Chapter III aims to evaluate L3 distribution in different tropical pasture (grass and legume) profiles and the impact of pasture contamination on lamb parasitic loads and production performance. Where the inclusion of the tropical legume changed the concentration of infective larvae in the pasture and the contamination of the animals. Chapter IV presents the work that aimed to evaluate the ingestive behavior of lambs under continuous grazing conditions submitted to different feeding systems with the presence of tropical legume containing condensed tannins. Despite the structural difference and concentration of condensed tannins, in general these pasture characteristics did not alter the ingestive behavior of the lambs.
368

The Response of Tepary Bean (Phaseolus actifolius) Germplasm to Induced Mutation

Thangwana, Andries 05 1900 (has links)
MSCAGR ( Plant Production) / Department of Plant Production / See the attached abstract below
369

UNDERSTANDING SMALLHOLDER FARMERS' POST-HARVEST CHOICES IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: EVIDENCE FROM MALAWI

Tabitha C Nindi (8975894) 17 December 2020 (has links)
<p>This dissertation has three essays that are focused on understanding smallholder farmers’ choices in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly, Malawi. The first essay uses a clustered randomized control trial (RCT) to evaluate the impact of storage and commitment constraints on farmers’ legume storage bevavior. The second essay is motivated by the incomplete quality information problem within informal markets that undermines consumers’ demand for quality and lead to lemons market. In this essay, we use a clustered RCT along with the Becker DeGroote Marshack auctions amongst 1,098 farm households to evaluate whether providing food safety (aflatoxins) information increases consumers’ demand for grain quality and whether that demand for quality varies depending on food availability. The third essay uses stochastic dynamic programming to explore the role of market risk and expenditure shocks on smallholder farmers’ storage and marketing behavior.</p>
370

The response of selected soil health variables to rainfed and irrigated maize-legume intercropping systems

Nong, Sello Simon January 2022 (has links)
Thesis (M.Sc. Agriculture (Soil Science)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / Soil health support crop production and answer to its sustainability and renewability. This study involved the use of under explored legumes in South Africa, Limpopo under maizelegume intercropping systems as a strategy to mitigate soil quality deterioration. The study was conducted at University of Limpopo (Syferkuil) and University of Venda (UNIVEN) Experimental farms during 2020/2021. A split plot experiment, with the main factor comprised of water regimes (irrigation and rainfed) and second main factor included cropping systems (Intercropping and monocropping). Five treatments comprised of 3 monocrops (Maize, Chickpea, and Mungbean) and 2 intercrops (maize-chickpea and maize-mungbean) replicated three times. Data collected from the soil before planting and after maturity were pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), particle size, bulk density, aggregate stability, organic matter (OM), organic carbon (OC), phosphorus (P), ammonium (NH4-N), nitrate (NO3—N), soil active carbon (SAC), and potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN). Plant parameters collected during vegetative and flowering stage included plant height, chlorophyll content, plant vigour, and leaf area index. All data was subjected to descriptive statistics and analysis of variance using GenStat software. Significant effect (p<0.05) was observed between treatments on soil pH (KCl), OM, organic carbon (OC), and ammonium (NH4) at Syferkuil Farm. Also, interaction between water regimes and cropping systems affected NH4 and pH (KCl). Cropping systems had significant effect (p<0.01) on pH (H2O), OM, OC, P, NH4, and NO3 at UNIVEN. Interaction between water regimes and cropping systems affected (p<0.01) pH (H2O), P but no significant effect was observed on OC, NH4, and NO3. Cropping systems and interaction at both locations did not affect particle size, bulk density, aggregate stability, EC, SAC, and PMN. Pure stands of maize and legumes had greater plant height, plant vigour, and chlorophyll content whereas intercrops had greater LAI. The results at both locations revealed that legume intercropping systems improved soil health variables without posing negative feedbacks and hence can be used to boost soil functioning. Keywords: Soil health, maize-legume intercropping, soil quality / National Research Foundation (NRF)

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