Tez (Yüksek Lisans) - Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Gıda Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, 2008. / Kaynakça var.

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Biological control of pest Bruchidae may provide an important management strategy against infestation of stored grain legumes, a key source of dietary protein in developing countries. Previous related research has focused on the potential of parasitoids to control bruchids; the role of generalist predators in this application has not yet been extensively explored. / The anthocorid true bug Xylocoris flavipes (Reuter) exhibited a Type II density dependent functional response to five species of adult bruchids. The rate of kill of these large prey was quite low but fairly consistent and female predators were generally more effective. Of the species examined, only the eggs and neonate larvae of A. obtectus were accessible and predation on these stages was high. / Population interaction studies evaluating the effects of predator density and of time elapsed between infestation of commodity and predator addition indicated that adding the predator simultaneously with the pests significantly reduced the number of F$ sb1$, bruchid progeny for all species. Predator density contributed less to bruchid suppression than time of predator addition and bruchid progeny suppression was much greater than anticipated given the rate of kill observed in the functional response experiments. Reproduction by A. obtectus was almost entirely inhibited by the predator. / The high levels of suppression achieved with the predator indicated a significant biological control potential; however, the more fecund bruchid species with inaccessible immature stages continued to produce a large number of progeny. The predator was then combined with larval parasitoids capable of utilizing the internally-developing stages of the bruchids; bruchid suppression was considerably enhanced over the predator alone, and for the most fecund pests, suppression was greater than for the parasitoids alone.

Hedgerows of the fodder tree legume Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit ssp. glabrata (Rose Zárate) (leucaena) planted with companion grass (leucaena-grass pasture) form a productive, profitable and sustainable tropical pasture in northern Australia. Leucaena is renowned for its longevity (>30 years) and productivity under regular grazing, and this is a key factor in its profitability. To-date graziers and researchers have not been concerned about the sustainability of commercial leucaena-grass pastures, which are rarely fertilized. However, nutrient depletion could be expected after many years of nutrient removal under heavy grazing without replenishment, even on soils of moderate initial fertility. This study investigated the long-term productivity of leucaena-grass pastures in relation to nutrient depletion in Queensland. Experimental trials were conducted at 3 research stations and 6 commercial cattle properties. Prior to conducting field trials, a postal survey of leucaena growers ascertained perceived changes in leucaena, grass and livestock productivity over time. Physical and management factors influencing long-term pasture productivity were also explored. Graziers reported that leucaena productivity had declined in 58% of aging pastures. Lower livestock productivity was associated with declining leucaena growth, even though grass growth remained vigorous. Leucaena growth decline was more frequent on soil types of marginal initial fertility. Maintenance fertilizer was not applied to most (98%) leucaena pastures surveyed despite significant amounts of nutrient removal, particularly phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S), occurring over prolonged periods of moderate to high grazing pressure. It was predicted that under current management practices large areas of commercial leucaena pasture will be affected by soil nutrient depletion over the next 10 years. The effect of age of leucaena plants on pasture productivity was investigated in pastures aged from 8 to 38 years. Leucaena growth, expressed as rainfall use efficiency (RUE), declined with age (from 4.0 to 1.9 kg total dry matter (DM)/ha/mm), as did leaf nitrogen (N), P and S concentrations. Leucaena productivity decline was attributed to P and S deficiency restricting growth and symbiotic dinitrogen (N2) fixation. Composition of interrow grass changed from native grass dominance before leucaena establishment to green panic (Panicum maximum var. trichoglume) dominance in the aging leucaena pastures, particularly adjacent to leucaena hedgerows. This was attributed to increased soil Navailability. Leucaena and grass roots were concentrated in the topsoil; however, leucaena roots did extend beyond 1 m depth while grass roots did not. Changes in topsoil organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (TN) resulting from the planting of leucaena hedgerows into native grass pastures and previously cropped soils were studied. Topsoil OC and TN contents increased significantly under leucaena pasture (OC from 81-290 kg/ha/year and TN from 12-24 kg/ha/yr). Since TN and OC showed similar trends, there was no significant effect on carbon:N ratios. Leucaena contributed to soil OC both directly via plant part decomposition, and indirectly, via enhanced grass growth in the inter-row. Lower topsoil OC accumulation rates (81 kg/ha/yr) were observed in the older leucaena-grass pastures related to the decline in yield and vigour of leucaena in these aging pastures. The amount of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e) accumulated in soil OC in productive leucaena-grass pasture was estimated to be higher than the amount of CO2-e emitted in methane from beef production from these pastures, thus positively impacting on their greenhouse gas balance. Leucaena responses to P and/or S applications were evaluated in a 30 year-old leucaenagrass pasture. Leucaena RUE and symbiotic N2 fixation were restricted by S deficiency. Sulfur concentration in leaf tissue and high N:S ratio were useful indicators of S deficiency. Although leucaena growth and its nutritional status were little affected by P application, symbiotic N2 fixation did respond significantly to P application. Leucaena and grass responses to fertiliser applications were further evaluated at a variety of soil types and environments on 8 sites in Queensland. Increased leucaena RUE (from 3.1 to 4.6 kg total DM/ha/mm) and enhanced nutritional status at most sites showed that leucaena plants were restricted by P and/or S deficiency. The major factors contributing to the P and S deficiencies were: a) inherent low soil P and/or S fertility, b) nutrient removal by cropping and grazing, c) shallow soils, d) acid soils, and e) grass competition for available water and nutrients. Inter-row cultivation (with or without fertiliser) had little effect on leucaena growth but significantly increased grass RUE (from 4.7 to 7.0 kg total DM/ha/mm) at some sites probably due to enhanced mineralization of N. Leaf P and S concentrations were not reliable indicators of deficiencies of these nutrients, possibly due to inadequate leaf sampling conditions. The effects of ambient temperature, water stress and phenological development of plant on nutrient concentrations in leucaena leaf was investigated to determine whether leaf tissueanalysis can reliably predict nutrient deficiencies. The youngest fully expanded leaf (YFEL) was established as the most appropriate leaf tissue for predicting nutritional status of leucaena plants since the YFEL: (a) was an easily identifiable tissue in which nutrient shifts were at a minimum; (b) provided information for readily mobile (N, P and potassium) and variably mobile (S, copper and zinc) nutrients, thus simplifying leaf collection; and (c) facilitated comparison of data from leaves of similar physiological age in different growing conditions and sites. Nutrient concentrations in YFEL were significantly influenced by water stress and phenological stage of plant development (particularly flowering and pod filling) through the mechanism of rate of leaf appearance. Chronological age of the YFEL, an indicator of leaf appearance, varied from 12 to >70 days depending upon plant phenological stage, being >140 days under prolonged water stress. It was found that nutrient concentrations in leucaena YFEL can only be interpreted against critical concentrations if plants are actively growing (October-April) in a vegetative stage and YFEL are <20 days old. This will occur if there is no water stress for ≥28 days prior to sampling. A close correlation existed between chronological age of YFEL and leaf calcium (Ca) concentration. Calcium concentration could be used to assess the age of YFEL and thereby determine the suitability of tissue samples for nutrient analysis and interpretation. Leaves with Ca concentrations >0.7% DM should be discarded as they are likely to be too old (>20 days). The research program has identified that leucaena established on non-alluvial soils need to be provided with regular maintenance P and S fertiliser to promote symbiotic N2 fixation and to maintain high RUE. At present, many leucaena pastures are likely to be suffering undiagnosed nutrient deficiencies that will be limiting pasture and animal productivity and enterprise profitability. Youngest fully expanded leaf analysis can be used as a predictive tool to diagnose nutrient deficiencies provided the recommended protocol is followed. Further investigation is required to: a) assess the duration of responses to applied fertiliser to determine frequency of application; b) investigate the rate of maintenance fertiliser P and S that has to be applied to maintain leucaena symbiotic N2 fixation and RUE at a desired level to benefit both forage quality and quantity, and soil fertility; c) study methods of fertiliser placement for adequate and timely supply of nutrients, particularly P, to leucaena roots; and d) confirm the use of Ca concentration in YFEL as a predictor of optimum leaf age for the range of soils and areas where leucaena is grown.

CNPq; Fundação Araucária / O conhecimento dos efeitos da aplicação do molibdênio em leguminosas sobre a disponibilidade do N, por meio da FBN, aumento da atividade enzimática e o efeito residual provocado no crescimento e produção das culturas possam contribuir para o maior entendimento científico dos processos envolvidos na adubação verde. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de Mo e do N proveniente dos adubos verdes Crotalaria juncea e Canavalia ensiformis no desempenho do feijoeiro. Foram conduzidos experimentos à campo, em sistema de sucessão de culturas (adubos verdes – feijoeiro), e avaliação da atividade da enzima nitrato redutase, em laboratório. Para a produção dos adubos verdes foi instalado o esquema fatorial 2 x 4, sendo duas espécies de adubação verde, crotalária-juncea (Crotalaria juncea) e feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis), e quatro doses de Mo (0, 40, 80 e 120 g ha-1), na forma de molibdato de sódio (Na2MoO4), aplicados via foliar, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Para o cultivo em sucessão (feijoeiro) foi utilizado um tratamento adicional, feijoeiro cultivado sem qualquer adubação, seguindo o mesmo delineamento experimental do cultivo anterior. A decomposição da matéria seca e a mineralização do N dos adubos verdes foram monitorados por meio de coletas dos resíduos ao longo do tempo, utilizando-se o método de bolsas de decomposição. Em laboratório foram realizados os ensaios da atividade da nitrato redutase nos adubos verdes e no feijoeiro aos 90 e 66 dias após semeadura, respectivamente. A crotalária-juncea respondeu de forma linear positiva à aplicação de Mo quanto ao acúmulo de matéria seca e N. Enquanto o feijão-de-porco apresentou comportamento quadrático negativo para matéria seca e para o N não houve ajuste de modelos de regressão. O feijão-deporco apresentou maior taxa de decomposição e mineralização do N quando comparado com a crotalária-juncea. O tempo médio para decomposição de 50% da matéria seca depositada sobre o solo foi de 123 e 104 dias, para crotalária-juncea e feijão-de-porco, respectivamente e, 50% do N presente nos materiais foi mineralizado aos 93 e 85 dias. No feijoeiro, diferiram da testemunha para número de vagens a dose 40 g ha-1 de Mo em ambas as espécies de adubos verdes e na dose 80 g ha-1 de Mo em feijão-de-porco. Para número de grãos apenas em crotaláriajuncea na dose 40 g ha-1 de Mo diferiu da testemunha. A atividade da nitrato redutase teve influência do estágio de desenvolvimento das espécies de adubos verdes. No feijoeiro, a atividade da nitrato redutase foi até três vezes superior na dose 0 g ha-1 de Mo, quando comparada aos tratamentos com aplicação de Mo em ambas as espécies. Não houve efeito das doses de Mo ou espécies de adubo verde na produtividade do feijoeiro. / The knowledge of molybdenum application in legumes on the availability of N, by BNF, increased enzymatic activity and the residual effect caused on crops growth and yield can contribute to the greater scientific understanding involved in green manure processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the Mo application and the N from Crotalaria juncea and Canavalia ensiformis green manures on common bean performance. Were conducted field experiments for the crops succession system (green manures - common bean) and laboratory essays for the enzymatic activities. Green manure production was installed in a factorial arrangement 2 x 4, with two green manure legumes species, sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea) and jack beans (Canavalia ensiformis), and four Mo doses (0, 40, 80, 120 g ha-1) in the form of sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4), foliar applied, in a randomized block design with four replicates. For succession crop (common bean) additional treatment was added, beans grown without any fertilization, following the same experimental design from the previous crop. The dry matter decomposition and the N mineralization of green manure were monitored through collection of residues over time, by using the litter bags method. In laboratory were carried out tests of nitrate reductase activity in green manures and common beans at 90 and 66 days after sowing, respectively. The sunnhemp responded linearly positively to the application of Mo as the dry matter and N accumulation. While the jack beans presented a negative quadratic response for dry matter and there was no adjustment of regression models to N. The jack beans showed a higher decomposition rate and N mineralization compared to sunnhemp. The half lives for decomposing 50% of dry matter on the soil was 123 and 104 days to sunnhemp and jack beans, respectively, and 50% of N present in the residues was mineralized at 93 and 85 days. In common bean, differed from the control for number of pods the dose of 40 g ha-1 of Mo in both species of green manures and the dose 80 g ha-1 of Mo in jack beans. For number of grains only in sunnhemp on the dose of 40 g ha-1 of Mo differ from the control. The nitrate reductase activity was influenced by developmental stage of green manure species. In common bean, the activity of nitrate reductase was up to three times higher than the dose 0 g ha-1 of Mo compared to treatment with application of Mo in both species. There was no effect of Mo doses or species of green manure on common bean yield.

L’application de l’agromine à des zones ultramafiques délaissées constitue un enjeu majeur à la vue des surfaces potentiellement valorisables. Par contre, les sols ultramafiques sont particuliers avec de fortes concentrations en métaux et une quasi absence de matière organique. Malgré tout, la mise en place de l’agromine a déjà donné de bons résultats, couplée avec l’application d’herbicides et une fertilisation minérale. Notre défi a été de développer une agromine durable par la mise en place d’agro-écosystèmes basés sur l’introduction d’une légumineuse en association avec une plante hyperaccumulatrice et la suppression de tout intrant chimique. Nos résultats ont confirmé clairement que l'introduction d'une légumineuse dans l’agromine a amélioré la production de biomasse de Alyssum murale et les rendements de nickel par rapport à sa monoculture fertilisée et non fertilisée. Nos travaux ont également montré que l'insertion d'une légumineuse dans l’agromine permet d’améliorer la structure du sol avec des agrégats plus stables. De plus, de meilleures teneurs en carbone, azote et en matière organique ont été détectées. L’ensemble de ces éléments conduit ainsi à une amélioration globale de la structure du sol, de sa fertilité et de son biofonctionnement. Corrélativement, nos résultats ont mis en évidence les effets positifs de ces nouvelles pratiques, à la fois sur la taille, la diversité et les acitivités liées aux cycles biogéochimiques des communautés bactériennes. D’un point de vue écononique, l’introduction de la légumineuse dans l’agromine implique un gain financier et de temps du fait de la réduction de l'application d’engrais et de produits phytosanitaires. Enfin, tous ces avantages conduisent à une réhabilitation des sols ultramafiques avec une restauration de leurs qualités physique, chimique et biologique, tout en permettant à ces sols particuliers d’offrir plusieurs services écosystémiques / The application of agromining to abandoned ultramafic areas is a major challenge in the presence of potentially recoverable areas. Howerver, ultramafic soils are particular in terms of their fertility with high concentrations of metals and a near absence of organic matter. Nevertheless, this challenge was partly met by the application of chemical fertilizers and herbicides. Our challenge, through this PhD, was to develop a sustainable agro-ecosystem based on the introduction of a legume in association with the hyperaccumulating plant and then the reduction of any chemical input. Our results clearly confirmed that the introduction of a legume into these new cropping systems improved both the biomass production of Alyssum murale and the Ni yields in comparison to the fertilized and non-fertilized monoculture. Our work has also shown that the insertion of a legume into agromining cropping systems improves the structure of the soil due to stable and larger aggregates. In addition, higher levels of carbon and nitrogen and higher concentrations of organic matter were detected. These results led to an overall improvement of the soil structure, its fertility and its biofunctioning. Our results showed positive effects of these new cropping systems, both on the size of the bacterial communities and on the microbial enzymes involved in the soil biogeochemical cycles. In addition, the structure and diversity of bacterial communities were modified with the insertion of the legume, compared to the monoculture. Economically, the introduction of legume into cropping systems dedicated to Ni agromining involves a gain of money and time due to reduced application of mineral fertilizers as well as products of phytosanitary. Finally, all these benefits lead to the rehabilitation of ultramafic soils with the restoration of their physical, chemical and biological qualities while allowing these particular soils to offer many ecosystem services

Afin d’approfondir les connaissances sur les liens entre la structure et les propriétés nutritionnelles de pâtes alimentaires, des pâtes de structures contrastées ont été produites en modifiant la formulation et/ou le procédé de fabrication. Leur structure a été caractérisée aux différentes échelles, puis les caractéristiques définies ont été reliées à la digestibilité des protéines et de l’amidon. Le remplacement partiel ou total de la semoule de blé dur par des farines de légumineuses dans la fabrication des pâtes a engendré des changements structuraux à plusieurs niveaux. Un affaiblissement marqué de la structure du réseau protéique proportionnel à la quantité de légumineuses incorporées a notamment été observé, conduisant à une amélioration de la digestibilité in-vitro des protéines. La digestibilité in-vitro de l’amidon était en revanche maintenue à son faible niveau voir même réduite. L’application de différentes températures de séchage a amplifié les modifications de la structure des pâtes enrichies en légumineuses. Ces différences s’atténuaient toutefois après cuisson, n’engendrant de fait aucune modification marquée de la digestibilité in-vitro des protéines entre une pâte cuite préalablement séchée à basse ou à très haute température. Les teneurs en facteurs antinutritionnels étaient réduites par le procédé de fabrication et de cuisson des pâtes. A quantité égale de protéines consommées, l’étude in-vivo a révélé une augmentation de la croissance et de l’efficacité azotée chez les rats nourris avec les pâtes mixtes blé/fèverole (65/35) par comparaison aux rats nourris aux pâtes 100% blé. L’assemblage blé/fèverole constituait un mélange protéique efficace pour la croissance des rats jeunes, probablement du fait de son profil équilibré en acides aminés, et de la structure affaiblie du réseau protéique. Par ailleurs, les différentes températures de séchage appliquées aux pâtes n’ont pas engendré de différence au niveau de la rétention azotée in-vivo. Les spécialités pastières développées au cours de ce travail de thèse sont jusqu’à trois fois plus riches en protéines et mieux équilibrées en acides aminés, comparativement à une pâte alimentaire classique. Ces spécialités pastières sont aussi appréciées que leurs homologues qui se vendent sur le marché. En outre, la recette mixte blé/légumineuses peut être adaptée à tout consommateur souhaitant diversifier ses apports en protéines, mais également à certaines populations spécifiques, notamment aux personnes âgées. La recette 100% légumineuses peut concerner les personnes intolérantes au gluten. Ces spécialités pastières pourraient de ce fait, trouver une large application à l’échelle industrielle. / In order to reinforce our knowledge about the links between structural and nutritional properties of pasta, pasta with contrasting structures were produced by modifying the formulation and/or the manufacturing process. Pasta structure was then characterized using a multiscale approach and linked to the digestibility of protein and starch fractions. The modification of pasta formulation by partial or total substitution of durum wheat semolina by legume flours changed pasta structure at various scales. A marked weakening in the structure of pasta protein network proportional to the level of legume protein incorporated was observed and related to an improvement of the in-vitro digestibility of pasta proteins. Interestingly the in-vitro starch digestibility was maintained at its low level or even reduced in mixed pasta. Changing pasta drying temperature amplified changes in the pasta structure. These differences, however, were reduced after cooking pasta resulting in unchanged in-vitro protein digestibility between cooked pasta dried at low or very high temperature. Anti-nutritional factors were also reduced by the manufacturing and cooking steps. In-vivo study revealed a better growth and nitrogen efficiency in rats consuming the same quantity of proteins from wheat/faba (65/35) mixed pasta in comparison with animals fed with 100% wheat pasta. This was probably related to the better amino acid balance, and to the weakened protein network in mixed pasta. The change in drying temperatures did not allow modifying protein retention. Pasta developed in this thesis are up to three fold richer in proteins than traditional wheat pasta, and more balanced in essential amino acids. Produced pasta are appreciated by the consumer as well as their counterparts found on the marked. Mixed wheat/legume may be adapted to the elderly people, whereas 100% legume pasta may be consumed by gluten intolerant subjects. Produced pasta may therefore find wide application at the industrial scale.

As pastagens que cobrem uma importante área no território mundial apresentam elevado potencial de produtividade e suas características bioquímicas podem gerar relevante impacto na produção de ruminantes. Porém, poucos trabalhos relatam a concentração de compostos bioquímicos em pastagens tropicais comumente usadas na produção animal. Diante deste fato, o capítulo II desta tese teve como objetivo elucidar e determinar a concentração de taninos condensados e tocoferol, bem como avaliar a produção e os valores nutritivos de espécies forrageiras tropicais normalmente usadas em sistemas de pastejo. Com este estudo foi possível constatar que algumas espécies de gramíneas e leguminosas se destacam não apenas pela sua capacidade de produção de biomassa e qualidade nutricional, mas também pela concentração de compostos bioquímicos, como a gramínea tifton que teve elevada concentração de α-tocoferol (202.3 ± 116.5 mg/kg matéria verde, MV). As leguminosas amendoim forrageiro (15.7 ± 5.2 g/kg matéria seca, MS) e feijão guandu (8.7 ± 0.8 g/kg MS) apresentaram boa concentração de taninos condensados, mas o grande destaque foi para a leguminosa nativa pega-pega (66.5 ± 13.8 g/kg MS) que além da alta concentração de taninos, esses apresentaram potencial para atividade biológica (PPF = 60.1 g/kg MS) Aliado as características bioquímicas, as espécies que irão compor o sistema de produção podem influenciar na biologia de vida livre dos nematoides parasitas do trato gastrintestinal (NGI) e no comportamento ingestivo dos animais. O capítulo III e IV avaliam três diferentes sistemas de alimentação de cordeiros em pastagens tropicais. O capítulo III traz como objetivo avaliar a distribuição de larvas infectantes (L3) em diferentes perfis de pastagem tropical (gramíneas e leguminosas) e o impacto da contaminação da pastagem na carga parasitária e desempenho de cordeiros. Onde, a inclusão da leguminosa tropical alterou a concentração de larvas infectantes na pastagem e a contaminação dos animais. No capítulo IV é apresentado o trabalho que teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros em condições de pastejo contínuo submetidos a diferentes sistemas de alimentação com a presença de leguminosa tropical contendo taninos condensados. Apesar da diferença estrutural e concentração de taninos condensados, de modo geral essas características da pastagem não alteraram o comportamento ingestivo dos cordeiros. / Pastures covering an important area in the world territory present high production potential and their biochemical characteristics can generate a significant impact on the production of ruminants. However, few studies report the concentration of biochemical compounds in tropical pastures commonly used in animal production. Facing this fact, chapter II of this thesis had as objective to elucidate and to determine the concentration of condensed tannins and tocopherol, as well as to evaluate the production and nutritional values of tropical forage species normally used in grazing systems. In this study, it was possible to verify that some species of grasses and legumes stand out not only for their mass production capacity and nutritional quality, but also for the concentration of secondary compounds, such as tifton grass, which had a high α-tocopherol concentration (202.3 ± 116.5 mg / kg green matter, GM). The forage peanut legumes (15.7 ± 5.2 g / kg dry matter, DM) and pigeon pea (8.7 ± 0.8 g / kg DM) had an excellent concentration of condensed tannins, but the main highlight was the native legume Desmodium incunum (66.5 ± 13.8 g / kg DM) that in addition to the high concentration of tannins, these had potential for biological activity (PPP = 60.1 g / kg DM) In addition to the biochemical characteristics, the species that will make up the production system can influence the ecology of the free-living stages of endoparasite of the gastrointestinal tract (NGI) and the ingestive behavior of the animals. Chapter III and IV evaluate three different feeding systems of lambs in tropical pastures. Chapter III aims to evaluate L3 distribution in different tropical pasture (grass and legume) profiles and the impact of pasture contamination on lamb parasitic loads and production performance. Where the inclusion of the tropical legume changed the concentration of infective larvae in the pasture and the contamination of the animals. Chapter IV presents the work that aimed to evaluate the ingestive behavior of lambs under continuous grazing conditions submitted to different feeding systems with the presence of tropical legume containing condensed tannins. Despite the structural difference and concentration of condensed tannins, in general these pasture characteristics did not alter the ingestive behavior of the lambs.

Introdução: A incidência de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) vem aumentando em todo o mundo. Estudos comprovam que o consumo de frutas, legumes e verduras (FLV) reduzem a incidência de DCNT na população Objetivo: Avaliar os determinantes do consumo de FLV em adultos residentes no município de São Paulo Metodologia: É um estudo transversal, abrangendo 1267 mulheres e 855 homens, com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos. A análise de regressão linear foi baseada no modelo hierárquico de fatores associados ao consumo de FLV. As variáveis foram agrupadas em categorias hierárquicas, abrangendo dos fatores distais aos proximais. Essas categorias foram, nessa ordem, sócio-demográfica, comportamental e de consumo alimentar. Resultados: Para ambos os sexos, verificou-se que as seguintes variáveis estavam diretamente associadas ao consumo de FLV: idade e anos de estudo, na categoria sócio-demográfica; prática de atividade física no lazer e ter feito dieta no último ano, na categoria comportamental e consumo de peixe na categoria de consumo alimentar. A densidade domiciliar mostrou-se inversamente associada ao consumo de FLV em ambos os sexos. Somente para as mulheres ser ou já ter sido casada foi diretamente associado ao consumo de FLV e ser fumante mostrou-se inversamente associado. O consumo de alimentos que indicam um padrão de consumo não saudável como açúcares e carne vermelha com gordura mostrou-se inversamente associado ao consumo de FLV em ambos os sexos. Conclusão: O consumo de FLV e seus determinantes são diferentes para homens e mulheres, sendo a maior freqüência de consumo ocorre no sexo feminino. / The burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCD) increases in the whole world. Studies prove that consumption do fruits and vegetables (FV) reduce the incidence of NTCD in the population. The present study aims to evaluate by telephones interviews the determinants of Fruit and vegetable's intake in adults living in São Paulo City. This is a cross-sectional study, ranging over 1267 women and 855 men, aged 18 years old or more. Multiple linear regression analysis was based on a hierarchical model of factors associated with FV intake. The variables were grouped into a hierarchy of categories, ranging from distal determinants to proximate ones. These categories included, in this order, socio-demographic, behavioral and food consumption. For both gender, we found that the following variables were directly associated with FV intake: age and years of study, in the socio-demographic category, physical activity in leisure time and have been on a diet in the last year, in the behavioral category and fish consumption in the nutritional category. The domiciliary density was inversely associated with FLV consumption for both genders. Only for women marital status was directly associated with FV intake and tobacco use were inversely associated. The dietary intake of food that indicates an unhealthy diet, like sugar and read meat with fat were inversely associated with FV intake for both gender. Consumption of FV and their determinants are different for man and women and the major consumption occurs with women.

Submitted by Rebeka Godeiro (rebeka_carvalho@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-09T13:48:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 IARA TAMIRES RODRIGUES CAVALCANTE - DISSERTAÇÃO ZOOTECNIA 2018.pdf: 714140 bytes, checksum: d4e13d626674f4ce631a5f2b8a75fcd5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-09T13:48:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IARA TAMIRES RODRIGUES CAVALCANTE - DISSERTAÇÃO ZOOTECNIA 2018.pdf: 714140 bytes, checksum: d4e13d626674f4ce631a5f2b8a75fcd5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27 / Capes / Objetivou-se calcular o balanço hídrico em ovinos alimentados com rações adicionadas de feno de jurema preta, leguminosa tanífera do semiárido. Foram utilizados 12 ovinos com 120 dias e peso inicial de 26,75 kg ±2,29 em gaiolas metabólicas por 21 dias, sendo cinco de coleta. As dietas experimentais continham 0, 12,5, 25 e 37,5% de feno de jurema preta. Foram mensuradas e coletadas amostras de fezes, urina, sobras, ração, água fornecida e evaporada. Foi calculado o balanço hídrico das dietas e determinados os taninos das rações. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e três repetições. Foi observado que a inclusão de feno de jurema preta não afetou o balanço hídrico, embora tenham apresentado efeito quadrático como ingestão de água do alimento e na água metabólica. A água livre, a excretada nas fezes, urina, água retida e a absorvida não foram influenciadas pela adição. Já a água do alimento (kg e g/kg0,75) quando correlacionada com fenóis totais (FT), taninos totais (TT) e taninos condensados (TC) apresentou comportamento quadrático (p<0,05). As demais variáveis não foram afetadas pelos teores de FT, TT e TC. O feno de jurema preta pode ser adicionado a ração de ovinos sem alterar o balanço hídrico. / The objective of this study was to calculate the water balance in sheep fed diets fed with black jurema hay, a semi-arid tannic legume. Twelve sheep with 120 days and initial weight of 26.75 kg ± 2.29 in metabolic cages were used for 21 days, five of which were collected. Experimental diets contained 0, 12.5, 25 and 37.5% black jurema hay. Samples of faeces, urine, leftovers, ration, water supplied and evaporated were measured and collected. The water balance of the diets was calculated and the tannins of the rations were determined. The design was completely randomized with four treatments and three replicates. It was observed that the inclusion of black jurema hay did not affect the water balance, although they showed a quadratic effect as food water intake and metabolic water. The free water, excreted in faeces, urine, retained water and absorbed water were not influenced by the addition. The water content of the food (kg and g / kg0.75) when correlated with total phenols (TP), total tannins (TT) and condensed tannins (CT) presented a quadratic behavior (p <0.05). The other variables were not affected by TP, TT and CT. Black jurema hay can be added to sheep feed without altering the water balance.