Dairy farming is one of the most important agricultural industries in South Africa, and thus improving the performance of dairy cows, with respect to economically important dairy traits, would be beneficial. Selection of dairy cows has traditionally been phenotypic, but new molecular techniques have made it possible to evaluate phenotypic dairy traits at the DNA level, providing the possibility of more accurate selection. The economically important dairy traits, milk production and reproductive performance, are quantitative traits, and are therefore controlled by many genes and the environment. A number of genes have been identified that have been shown to influence economically important dairy traits, including the lep gene. This gene encodes the hormone leptin, which has been proven to regulate feed intake, energy balance, fertility and immune function. A polymorphism has been identified in the lep gene, which may be associated with economically important dairy traits. This study on a South African Jersey herd investigated the possible association of the polymorphism, RFLP-Kpn 21, with milk production and reproductive performance. The lactation records of fifty Jersey cows that completed their first lactation between 1997 and 2004 were collected, and these cows were genotyped for the RFLP-Kpn 21 polymorphism, located at exon 2 of the lep gene. This involved the extraction of DNA from venous blood, using a salting out technique. The extracted DNA was amplified using PCR primers; the reverse primer included a purposeful mismatch. The role of the purposeful mismatch was to create a recognition site for a restriction enzyme (Kpn 21), thus allowing the alleles of the polymorphism to be identified through a restriction digestion protocol. Two alleles were identified, the C- and the Tallele. The genotype of each cow was identified using PAGE. The significance of the genotype effects on the milk production traits and the reproductive performance traits were estimated using the F-statistic provided by a GLM Univariate analysis. In conclusion, no significant effect of the RFLP-Kpn 21 polymorphism was found for milk yield, butterfat and protein percentage, ICP and SPC (p > 0.05), but a possible association with lactose percentage was suggested by the statistical analysis (p < 0.05). Further investigation of South African Jersey cows will be necessary in order for conclusive results to be obtained. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.

The central nervous system (CNS) melanocortin signaling pathway plays a critical role in the regulation of metabolism. However, the regulatory effects of CNS melanocortin signaling on hepatic lipid metabolism and fatty liver disease have not been well established. Although the activity of the CNS melanocortin system is regulated by metabolic signals, the mechanism for this regulation is not fully understood. Variants of the FTO (fat mass and obesity-associated) gene are associated with obesity and FTO is expressed in the hypothalamic neurons including proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons. Therefore, it is hypothesized that hypothalamic FTO plays a role in the regulation of metabolism by mediating the effect of metabolic signals on hypothalamic melanocortinergic neurons, and that impairments in this regulation may cause metabolic impairments including obesity and fatty liver disease. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) treatment with SHU9119, a melanocortin antagonist, increased hepatic lipid accumulation and the expression of genes encoding lipogenic enzymes in lean mice. Conversely, i.c.v. treatment with MTII, a melanocortin agonist, reduced the expression of hepatic lipogenic genes in association with reduction in body weight in ob/ob mice, a mouse model of fatty liver disease. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that Fto is co-expressed in both POMC and agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons in the mouse hypothalamus. Fto mRNA and protein expression was reduced by fasting and increased by glucose treatment in nutritionally important hypothalamic nuclei. Fasting-induced reduction in hypothalamic Fto expression was observed in both lean wild-type and obese ob/ob mice, while the stimulatory effect of glucose on hypothalamic Fto expression was absent in ob/ob mice. These findings support the hypothesis that central melanocortin signaling regulates hepatic lipid metabolism in part by regulating de novo lipogenesis. Impairments in the central melanocortin signaling lead to the development of hepatic steatosis, while enhanced melanocortin signaling may be beneficial in reversing abnormal hepatic lipid metabolism in fatty liver disease (Poritsanos et al., 2008). These findings also support the hypothesis that Fto is expressed in the hypothalamic melanocortinergic neurons and is regulated by metabolic signals involving changes in CNS glucose availability and/or glucose action. Impairments in this regulation may cause metabolic impairments including obesity and fatty liver disease.

No description available.

Leptin, a 16 (kilo Dalton) kDa hormone secreted predominantly by white adipocytes, regulates reproduction, energy intake and expenditure, and is involved in immune system function. Previous studies have identified associations between polymorphism E2FB in the leptin gene (lep) of cattle and milk quality and quantity, feed intake, and fat deposition in dairy and beef cattle though further studies have shown inconclusive results. Furthermore, indigenous South African cattle have not been involved in lep investigations or the applicability of the marker in South African beef grading systems. An investigation was conducted into the association of an SNP of a cytosine (C) to thymine (T) SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) mutation in exon 2 of the bovine lep (leptin) gene with weight gain, body condition, carcass fat content and quality in a population of indigenous Nguni cattle (n = 70) as well as a population of exotic British Hereford cattle (n = 54). The Hereford population had higher T-allele frequencies and a lower P-value (P = 0.172) for the E2FB genotypes than the Nguni population (P = 0.958). The resulting E2FB lep genotypes CC, CT and TT did not show an association with the pre- and post-slaughter traits initial live weight (ILW), body condition score (BCS), slaughter live weight (SLW), carcass fat content (FAT), carcass conformation (CFN) or warm carcass mass (WCM) for either population though t-tests revealed an association with the CT genotype with increased ILW than TT and a significantly higher WG in the TT genotypes than the CT (P<0.05). Subsequently, differences in pre- and post-slaughter traits in both populations were largely attributable to breed differences. The Hereford population exhibited significantly higher WG, CFN, SLW, WCM and CCM (P<0.05) than the Nguni population. The Nguni displayed significantly higher ILW and BCS values when graded in terms of the commercial South African AAA feedlot system. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.

The central nervous system (CNS) melanocortin signaling pathway plays a critical role in the regulation of metabolism. However, the regulatory effects of CNS melanocortin signaling on hepatic lipid metabolism and fatty liver disease have not been well established. Although the activity of the CNS melanocortin system is regulated by metabolic signals, the mechanism for this regulation is not fully understood. Variants of the FTO (fat mass and obesity-associated) gene are associated with obesity and FTO is expressed in the hypothalamic neurons including proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons. Therefore, it is hypothesized that hypothalamic FTO plays a role in the regulation of metabolism by mediating the effect of metabolic signals on hypothalamic melanocortinergic neurons, and that impairments in this regulation may cause metabolic impairments including obesity and fatty liver disease. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) treatment with SHU9119, a melanocortin antagonist, increased hepatic lipid accumulation and the expression of genes encoding lipogenic enzymes in lean mice. Conversely, i.c.v. treatment with MTII, a melanocortin agonist, reduced the expression of hepatic lipogenic genes in association with reduction in body weight in ob/ob mice, a mouse model of fatty liver disease. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that Fto is co-expressed in both POMC and agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons in the mouse hypothalamus. Fto mRNA and protein expression was reduced by fasting and increased by glucose treatment in nutritionally important hypothalamic nuclei. Fasting-induced reduction in hypothalamic Fto expression was observed in both lean wild-type and obese ob/ob mice, while the stimulatory effect of glucose on hypothalamic Fto expression was absent in ob/ob mice. These findings support the hypothesis that central melanocortin signaling regulates hepatic lipid metabolism in part by regulating de novo lipogenesis. Impairments in the central melanocortin signaling lead to the development of hepatic steatosis, while enhanced melanocortin signaling may be beneficial in reversing abnormal hepatic lipid metabolism in fatty liver disease (Poritsanos et al., 2008). These findings also support the hypothesis that Fto is expressed in the hypothalamic melanocortinergic neurons and is regulated by metabolic signals involving changes in CNS glucose availability and/or glucose action. Impairments in this regulation may cause metabolic impairments including obesity and fatty liver disease.

Teneurin C-terminal Associated Peptide (TCAP)-1 is postulated to play a critical role in cellular defense mechanisms as it is highly neuroprotective against alkalotic and hypoxic stress. Optimization of metabolic pathways is recognized as an essential survival tactic by alleviating energy deficits and meeting the demands to cope with the stressors. The aim of this research was to delineate the mechanism through which TCAP-1 confers protection. My findings show that TCAP-1 increases the overall expression of GLUT1 and enhances overall expression and membrane localization of GLUT3. With respect to metabolic parameters, chronic TCAP-1 application led to increased intracellular [ATP] with decreased intracellular [lactate], both in a dose-dependent manner, but did not alter tumourgenic glycolytic enzyme expression or mitochondrially associated apoptotic protein expression. Contrastingly, acute TCAP-1 led to decreased intracellular [ATP]. Indicative of increased cellular ATP production and physiological energy expenditure, TCAP-1 reduced serum insulin levels and subcutaneous adipocyte size in vivo.

Teneurin C-terminal Associated Peptide (TCAP)-1 is postulated to play a critical role in cellular defense mechanisms as it is highly neuroprotective against alkalotic and hypoxic stress. Optimization of metabolic pathways is recognized as an essential survival tactic by alleviating energy deficits and meeting the demands to cope with the stressors. The aim of this research was to delineate the mechanism through which TCAP-1 confers protection. My findings show that TCAP-1 increases the overall expression of GLUT1 and enhances overall expression and membrane localization of GLUT3. With respect to metabolic parameters, chronic TCAP-1 application led to increased intracellular [ATP] with decreased intracellular [lactate], both in a dose-dependent manner, but did not alter tumourgenic glycolytic enzyme expression or mitochondrially associated apoptotic protein expression. Contrastingly, acute TCAP-1 led to decreased intracellular [ATP]. Indicative of increased cellular ATP production and physiological energy expenditure, TCAP-1 reduced serum insulin levels and subcutaneous adipocyte size in vivo.

A leptina é um hormônio peptídico multifuncional, produzido principalmente pelo tecido adiposo, possuindo receptores (Ob-Rs) nos órgãos reprodutivos, hipotálamo e hipófise. Os glicocorticóides, como o cortisol, também influenciam diretamente a produção de leptina. A importância desses dois hormônios na atividade reprodutiva tem sido descrita por diversos autores, que observaramo envolvimento de ambos, na melhoria dos índices reprodutivos, seja por sua influência direta no eixo hipotalâmico-hipofisário-gonadal, na maturação dos oócitos ou na preparação uterina para receber o concepto. No entanto, quando em excesso na circulação, podem influênciar negativamente o sistema reprodutivo. Marcadores como a leptina e seu receptor funcional de cadeia longa, estão sendo estudados no endométrio de espécies como humanos, bovinos e suínos, apresentando resultados que correlacionam a diminuição destes, com a infertilidade ou perda embrionária, porém até o momento não foi possível encontrar estudos que abordassem esse tema em equinos. Neste estudo foram avaliados: 1) a presença de leptina (Ob) e seu receptor (Ob-Rb) no endométrio de éguas, observando a influência da obesidade e do ciclo estral nesses marcadores e 2) em uma condição de manejo adverso e estressante, a influência do cortisol intrafolicular, nos níveis de leptina no fluido folicular (FF) e nos marcadores de Ob e Ob-Rb no endométrio durante as fases do ciclo estral. Os resultados demonstraram que existe a presença da leptina e seu receptor (Ob-Rb) no endométrio de equinos, com imunomarcação no epitélio luminal e glandular em todas as fases do ciclo estral avaliadas, apresentando, no entanto, uma marcação imunológica mais intensa nos Ob-Rb (142.68±4.97, P< 0,0001) no epitélio glandular durante o diestro em éguas de escore corporal moderado. Não foi possível observar a influência do aumento do cortisol intrafolicular (FF) nas variáveis avaliadas, pois o cortisol se manteve dentro dos valores fisiológicos para a espécie, no entanto pode-se verificar uma correlação positiva entre os níveis intrafoliculares de cortisol e leptina, estando o cortisol aumentado 8 (30.1±0.07ng/ml, P< 0,05) nos folículos mais próximos a ovulação. Pode-se perceber também, que a marcação imunológica do receptor de leptina no epitélio glandular foi mais intensa (144.52±3.17, P< 0,0001) nos animais que apresentavam folículos até 22 mm, estando a imunomarcação de ambos Ob e Ob-Rb correlacionado de forma negativa (r: -0.7836; P < 0.0001, r:- 0.7343; P < 0.0001), com os níveis de cortisol no FF. / Leptin is a multifunctional peptidic hormone, mainly produced by adipose tissue, having receptors (Ob-Rs) in the reproductive organs, hypothalamus and pituitary. Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, also directly influence leptin production. The importance of these two hormones in reproductive activity has been described by several authors, who observed the involvement of both, in the improvement of reproductive indices, either by their direct influence on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, oocyte maturation or the uterine preparation to receive the concept. However, when in excess in circulation, they can negatively influence the reproductive system. Markers such as leptin and its long-chain functional receptor are being studied in the endometrium of species such as humans, cattle and pigs, presenting results that correlate the decrease of these with infertility or embryonic loss, but to date it has not been possible to find studies to address this issue in horses. In this study we evaluated: 1) the presence of leptin (Ob) and its receptor (Ob-Rb) in the endometrium of mares, observing the influence of obesity and estrous cycle on these markers and 2) in an adverse and stressful management condition, the influence of intrafollicular cortisol, leptin levels in the follicular fluid (FF), and the Ob and Ob-Rb markers in the endometrium during the estrous cycle phases. The results showed that leptin and its receptor (Ob-Rb) are present in the equine endometrium, with immunostaining in the luminal and glandular epithelium in all stages of the estrous cycle evaluated, however, showing a more intense immunological labeling in Ob -Rb (142.68 ± 4.97, P <0.0001) in the glandular epithelium during the diestrous in mares of moderate body score. It was not possible to observe the influence of intrafollicular cortisol (FF) on the variables evaluated, because cortisol remained within the physiological values for the species, however a positive correlation can be observed between intrafollicular cortisol and leptin levels, being the 10 cortisol increased (30.1 ± 0.07ng/ml, P <0.05) in the follicles closest to ovulation. It can also be noticed that the immunological labeling of the leptin receptor in the glandular epithelium was more intense (144.52 ± 3.17, P <0.0001) in the animals that presented follicles up to 22 mm, and the immunostaining of both Ob and Ob-Rb correlated negatively (r: -0.7836; P <0.0001, r: - 0.7343; P <0.0001), with cortisol levels in FF.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-06-28. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:25:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 Publico-091.pdf: 651136 bytes, checksum: 35401eae81afb55be34c6f47a332e47e (MD5) / Objetivo: Estudar o efeito da obesidade na regulação do sistema calicreína-cininas por meio da expressão dos receptores B1 e B2 de cininas em humanos e camundongos, e as alterações na síntese e funcionalidade dos receptores em tecidos murinos. Métodos: Foram coletados tecido adiposo branco humano e diferentes tecidos de camundongo. Desses tecidos foi extraído o RNA e analisada a expressão dos receptores de cinina por meio da reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real. Tecidos como estômago e aorta de camundongos ob/ob e selvagens foram utilizados para extração de proteínas e estudos fisiológicos. Por Western Blotting estudou-se a quantidade de receptor produzida nos animais. O fundus de estômago e aorta abdominal foram utilizados para se obter registros de contrações isométricas para determinação da potência e eficácia dos agonistas em camundongos obesos e magros. Foram aplicadas doses crescentes cumulativas dos agonistas peptídicos dos receptores B1 e B2, bradicinina e des-Arg9-bradicinina. Resultados: Nos experimentos de PCR em tempo real, a expressão gênica dos receptores B1 e B2 de cininas foi mostrada alterada em alguns tecidos dos animais deficientes na produção do hormônio leptina em relação ao controle. Nos tecidos: adiposo branco, aorta, fígado, hipotálamo e estômago, a expressão do receptor B1 apresentou-se aumentada, porém em tecido cardíaco e tecido adiposo marrom, essa estava diminuída. O receptor B2 teve expressão diminuída em tecido adiposo branco e hipotálamo. Nos demais tecidos estudados não houve alteração da expressão do receptor B2. Em humanos, esses receptores apresentaram-se alterados em indivíduos obesos. O estudo foi realizado em tecido adiposo humano de duas regiões de depósito diferentes, visceral e subcutâneo. Foi observada diferença na expressão do mesmo tecido, porém de regiões distintas. Nos tecidos dos camundongos obesos a resposta aos agonistas dos receptores B1 e B2, bradicinina e des-Arg9-bradicinina, respectivamente, foi mostrada diminuida. Em fundus de estômago foi observada diminuição significativa na resposta ao agonista BK em animais obesos e tratados com dieta hiperlipídica. Tais efeitos podem ser devido às conseqüências do aumento excessivo de peso, como inflamação crônica apresentada nesses animais, ou mesmo devido a diabetes tipo II, a qual consiste em uma patologia diretamente relacionada à obesidade, sugerida neste trabalho como fator capaz de alterar a ação do sistema calicreína-cininas em determinados tecidos. Conclusão: Análises de expressão gênica mostraram que a obesidade afeta os receptores de cinina em diversos tecidos de camundongo, assim como em humanos. Análises fisiológicas funcionais mostraram diminuição na resposta ao agonista de B1 em animais obesos. Os dados deste trabalho sugerem que a obesidade afeta a modulação do sistema calicreína-cininas em modelo murino e humano. Dessa forma, uma possível interação entre obesidade e sistema calicreína-cininas poderia estar envolvida nesta patologia, assim como ser um fator para desenvolvimento a sindrome metabólica. / Objectives: To study the effect of obesity on the kallikrein-kinin system through the expression of receptors B1 and B2 on humans and mice, and alterations in the synthesis and functionality of the receptor in murine tissues. Methods: white human adipose tissue and different kinds of mice tissues were collected. RNA was extracted and the kinin receptors expression analyzed through a real-time polymerase chain reaction. Tissues and organs such as stomach and aorta were used for protein extraction and physiological studies. By Western Blotting, receptor quantitation was studied. Stomach fungus and abdominal aorta were used to register isometric contractions to determine the potency and effectiveness of the agonists on obese and control mice. Increasing accumulating doses of bradykinin and des-Arg9-bradykinin, B2 and B1 receptors agonists respectively, were applied. Results: In the real-time PCR experiments, the gene expression of the B1 and B2 receptors were altered in some tissues of the animals deficient for leptin, when compared to the control. In the white adipose tissue, aorta, liver, hypothalamus and stomach, the B1 receptor expression was increased, but in cardiac tissues and brown adipose tissue, it was decreased. The expression of B2 receptor was decreased in white adipose tissue and hypothalamus. In the other studied tissues, no changes was detected in the B2 receptor expression. In humans, these receptors were altered in obese individuals. The study was performed in human adipose tissue from two different regions of depots, visceral and subcutaneous. There was a tendency of different expression in the same tissue, but from different areas. In tissues from obese mice the response to the B2 and B1 agonists, bradykinin and des-Arg9-bradykinin, respectively, had a decreasing tendency. A significant decrease was observed in stomach fundus in response to the BK agonist. Such effects can be due to the increased weight and its consequences, such as chronic inflammation or diabetes type II, which is a pathology directly related to obesity. Conclusion: expression and functional analysis show that obesity affects kinin receptors in many different mouse tissues as well as in humans. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

A leptina é um hormônio peptídico multifuncional, produzido principalmente pelo tecido adiposo, possuindo receptores (Ob-Rs) nos órgãos reprodutivos, hipotálamo e hipófise. Os glicocorticóides, como o cortisol, também influenciam diretamente a produção de leptina. A importância desses dois hormônios na atividade reprodutiva tem sido descrita por diversos autores, que observaramo envolvimento de ambos, na melhoria dos índices reprodutivos, seja por sua influência direta no eixo hipotalâmico-hipofisário-gonadal, na maturação dos oócitos ou na preparação uterina para receber o concepto. No entanto, quando em excesso na circulação, podem influênciar negativamente o sistema reprodutivo. Marcadores como a leptina e seu receptor funcional de cadeia longa, estão sendo estudados no endométrio de espécies como humanos, bovinos e suínos, apresentando resultados que correlacionam a diminuição destes, com a infertilidade ou perda embrionária, porém até o momento não foi possível encontrar estudos que abordassem esse tema em equinos. Neste estudo foram avaliados: 1) a presença de leptina (Ob) e seu receptor (Ob-Rb) no endométrio de éguas, observando a influência da obesidade e do ciclo estral nesses marcadores e 2) em uma condição de manejo adverso e estressante, a influência do cortisol intrafolicular, nos níveis de leptina no fluido folicular (FF) e nos marcadores de Ob e Ob-Rb no endométrio durante as fases do ciclo estral. Os resultados demonstraram que existe a presença da leptina e seu receptor (Ob-Rb) no endométrio de equinos, com imunomarcação no epitélio luminal e glandular em todas as fases do ciclo estral avaliadas, apresentando, no entanto, uma marcação imunológica mais intensa nos Ob-Rb (142.68±4.97, P< 0,0001) no epitélio glandular durante o diestro em éguas de escore corporal moderado. Não foi possível observar a influência do aumento do cortisol intrafolicular (FF) nas variáveis avaliadas, pois o cortisol se manteve dentro dos valores fisiológicos para a espécie, no entanto pode-se verificar uma correlação positiva entre os níveis intrafoliculares de cortisol e leptina, estando o cortisol aumentado 8 (30.1±0.07ng/ml, P< 0,05) nos folículos mais próximos a ovulação. Pode-se perceber também, que a marcação imunológica do receptor de leptina no epitélio glandular foi mais intensa (144.52±3.17, P< 0,0001) nos animais que apresentavam folículos até 22 mm, estando a imunomarcação de ambos Ob e Ob-Rb correlacionado de forma negativa (r: -0.7836; P < 0.0001, r:- 0.7343; P < 0.0001), com os níveis de cortisol no FF. / Leptin is a multifunctional peptidic hormone, mainly produced by adipose tissue, having receptors (Ob-Rs) in the reproductive organs, hypothalamus and pituitary. Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, also directly influence leptin production. The importance of these two hormones in reproductive activity has been described by several authors, who observed the involvement of both, in the improvement of reproductive indices, either by their direct influence on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, oocyte maturation or the uterine preparation to receive the concept. However, when in excess in circulation, they can negatively influence the reproductive system. Markers such as leptin and its long-chain functional receptor are being studied in the endometrium of species such as humans, cattle and pigs, presenting results that correlate the decrease of these with infertility or embryonic loss, but to date it has not been possible to find studies to address this issue in horses. In this study we evaluated: 1) the presence of leptin (Ob) and its receptor (Ob-Rb) in the endometrium of mares, observing the influence of obesity and estrous cycle on these markers and 2) in an adverse and stressful management condition, the influence of intrafollicular cortisol, leptin levels in the follicular fluid (FF), and the Ob and Ob-Rb markers in the endometrium during the estrous cycle phases. The results showed that leptin and its receptor (Ob-Rb) are present in the equine endometrium, with immunostaining in the luminal and glandular epithelium in all stages of the estrous cycle evaluated, however, showing a more intense immunological labeling in Ob -Rb (142.68 ± 4.97, P <0.0001) in the glandular epithelium during the diestrous in mares of moderate body score. It was not possible to observe the influence of intrafollicular cortisol (FF) on the variables evaluated, because cortisol remained within the physiological values for the species, however a positive correlation can be observed between intrafollicular cortisol and leptin levels, being the 10 cortisol increased (30.1 ± 0.07ng/ml, P <0.05) in the follicles closest to ovulation. It can also be noticed that the immunological labeling of the leptin receptor in the glandular epithelium was more intense (144.52 ± 3.17, P <0.0001) in the animals that presented follicles up to 22 mm, and the immunostaining of both Ob and Ob-Rb correlated negatively (r: -0.7836; P <0.0001, r: - 0.7343; P <0.0001), with cortisol levels in FF.