Since the introduction of synchronized sound at the end of the 1920s the film musical has had a special place in American film. But even with that special place the interest in the film musical has varied a lot during the 20th century. From the high interest during the  “Golden Age” in the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, through low interest in the following decades and then renewed interest in musicals with the animated film musicals from Disney in the 1990s. But what has happened after the millennium? Has there been any development in the American film musical genre or is it just more of the same? This thesis tries to answer the question by analyzing three successful film musicals from the period 2001-2013, Moulin Rouge! (Baz Luhrmann, 2001), The Phantom of the Opera (Joel Schumacher, 2004), and Les Misérables (Tom Hooper, 2012) and comparing them to classical traditional musicals. According to this thesis there is a split answer, some areas of the classical  American film musical have developed while other areas still remains the same.

Orientador: Adalberto Luis Vicente / Resumo: O distanciamento entre a justiça em sentido ético e a lei jurídica é fruto da racionalidade iluminista e engendrou o legalismo, notadamente no contexto francês da primeira metade do século XIX, consolidando socialmente a concepção de justiça legalista, isto é, a ideia da lei jurídica como lídima expressão do justo. Contudo, esse fetichismo legal torna-se questionável ao se constatar que a lei não somente contradiz o justo, como também engendra injustiças. Tal questão aparece nas obras política e literária de Victor Hugo por meio da querela entre o direito – expressão de uma ideia de justiça enquanto ideal – e a lei, expressão de uma sociedade iníqua e, assim, reprodutora de desigualdades. As consequências desse embate são denunciadas na obra hugoana nos discursos político e narrativo e, em Les Misérables (1862), é assinalado o ananké – necessidade ou fatalidade – das leis como uma imposição da vida em sociedade. Diante disso, considerando a importância das personagens na relação entre história e narrativa, o presente trabalho busca demonstrar como se dá, estrutural e tematicamente em tal obra, a reação à concepção de justiça legalista por meio da trajetória – construção, ação e transformação – das personagens Myriel, Enjolras, Jean Valjean e Javert. O bispo Myriel revela, por meio de suas ações, uma concepção de justiça fundamentada na equidade. As transformações na comunidade em que vive, assim como as da narrativa, resultam dessa concepção, na medida em que ele busca repara... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Résumé: La distance qui sépare la justice au sens éthique de la loi juridique est un fruit de la rationalité des Lumières et elle a engendré le légalisme, notamment dans le contexte français de la première moitié du XIXe siècle, en consolidant socialement la conception de justice légaliste, c’est-à-dire, l’idée de la loi juridique comme expression légitime du juste. Cependant, ce fétichisme légal devient questionnable lorsqu’on constate que la loi non seulement contredit le juste, mais engendre également des injustices. Cette question apparaît dans les œuvres politique et littéraire de Victor Hugo à travers la querelle entre le droit – expression d’une idée de justice en tant qu’idéal – et la loi, expression d’une société inique et qui produit donc des inégalités. Les conséquences de ce conflit sont dénoncées dans l’œuvre hugolienne à travers les discours politique et narratif et, dans « Les Misérables » (1862), l’ananké – nécessité ou fatalité – des lois est signalé, au niveau thématique et structurel, en tant qu’imposition de la vie en société. Ainsi, en considérant l’importance des personnages dans le rapport entre l’histoire et le récit, ce travail cherche à démontrer la réaction à la conception de justice légaliste à travers la trajectoire – construction, action et transformation – des personnages Myriel, Enjolras, Jean Valjean et Javert. L’évêque Myriel révèle, par le biais de ses actions, une conception de justice basée sur l'équité. Les transformations de la communauté où il ... (Résumé complet accès életronique ci-dessous) / Mestre

This study examines some of the literary topoi in Victor Hugo’s work Les Misérables, to see how these topoi resemble the topoi present in the typical stories of the devil. The study also poses the question of whether the theme “selling your soul to God” qualifies as a topos. The study uses the definition of a “topos” according to the article “Comment repérer et définir le topos” (2016) (“How to spot and define the topos” [2016]). The result of this study indicates that Hugo on the one hand uses many of the same topoi which can be found in the stories of the devil, but on the other hand one could argue that Hugo uses them in a reverse way. The question of whether the theme “selling your soul to God” qualifies as a topos is not possible to answer without further studies.

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The diploma thesis is focused on the grammar teaching in the context of a literary work. The aim of the thesis is to introduce possible positives coming out of the combination of the two relatively remote parts of the foreign-language teaching that are grammar as a language component and the development of a reading skill thanks to the presence of the literary text. The theoretical part firstly deals with the phenomena of presence of a literary text in an educational process. Second part focuses on grammar and especially the way of teaching it with the help of a literary text. The last part states the reasons of the choice of a particular novel - Les Misérables. The practical part of the work deals with worksheets where we want to demonstrate how to work with the text in favour of both - grammar and reading skill - in the same time. Key words: grammar, reading, literary text, V. Hugo, Les Misérables, language components, language skills

From the 1820s, forçats were widely portrayed in French culture across a variety of fictional and non-fictional genres. This thesis analyses this ‘convict tradition’, and relates it to the emergence of industrial literature in France, with its resolutely reader-centred approach. It argues that convicts acquired a central cultural importance in the nineteenth century because they embodied a form of transgressive individualism which fascinated bourgeois readers. Convicts functioned as screens onto which readers could project their own forbidden desires. The study analyses canonical novels by Sand, Balzac, Hugo and Zola alongside a large corpus of non-fiction, including biographies, penological or philanthropic texts, physiologies and travel literature. The circulation of stereotypes and stylistic tropes between these different genres shows the constant interaction between mainstream and elite writing, and the influence of literary representations on the perception of criminals, which shaped political decisions and penal policy. The first chapter of the study suggests that convicts gave a face to nineteenth-century concerns about the proliferation of the criminal classes, thereby allowing readers to explore these fears. At the same time, descriptions of crime were a source of scopophilic pleasure, allowing readers to indulge repressed transgressive desires, while partaking in a potentially subversive celebration of carnivalesque disorder. Chapter 2 shows how these dynamics inform Balzac’s writing in his ‘Vautrin cycle’, drawing readers into a game of open secrets and deferred recognition, which mirrors contemporary concerns about urban illegibility and illegitimate social promotion. Chapter 3 explores a competing tradition which portrayed convicts as sublime, betraying the ambiguity of nineteenth-century attitudes to imprisonment, which could be a sign of infamy or of martyrdom. Sublime convicts reassured readers about the human ability to overcome trials, and to attain salvation through spiritual means (ataraxia) or physical resistance (escape). These differing traditions show that narratives tended to be centred upon their readers’ concerns, which may explain why criminals themselves were discouraged from writing. Chapter 4 presents the obstacles to convict self-expression as well as various attempts by inmates to ‘write back’, culminating with Genet’s and Charrière’s subversive reappropriation of literary discourse. Chapter 5 examines the ways in which the interplay between political events, commercial imperatives, literary evolutions (the rise of the detective novel) and new cultural practices like the cinema changed twentieth-century representations of convicts. This thesis analyses a large corpus of understudied material and fills a gap in existing scholarship, but more importantly it uses convicts to explore nineteenth-century reading practices, and to probe cultural fault lines in post-revolutionary French society. Convicts exemplify the ambiguity of nineteenth-century attitudes to social marginality, and highlight the conflicted nature of bourgeois identity. Their portrayal also draws attention to the important structural changes undergone by the literary field from the 1830s onwards, which paved the way for the advent of mass culture in the twentieth century.

De la fin du XIXe siècle aux premières décennies du XXe siècle, la Corée connaît un engouement sans précédent pour la découverte de l’Occident. L’acte de traduire en Corée fut un véritable acte d’accueil dans un pays à l’histoire complexe, en recherche d’identité culturelle voire nationale. Si l’on devait dessiner une frise imaginaire de l’histoire littéraire coréenne, nous serions interpellés par une sorte d’ellipse temporelle entre le passage de la littérature ancienne à la littérature moderne et contemporaine. En effet, sans l’introduction d’œuvres étrangères notamment françaises en Corée, et donc sans la traduction-création, la littérature moderne aurait probablement émergé difficilement. C’est donc grâce au transfert culturel d’une littérature européenne dite classique que la littérature moderne s’est façonnée dans le paysage littéraire coréen, résultat fulgurant d’un besoin d’évolution impulsé par un désir fort de rattraper et réveiller les esprits d’un peuple longtemps bridé par une conjoncture géopolitique particulière. La littérature en traduction de cette période est le point culminant d’une pensée littéraire, d’une notion sur la littérature elle-même qui, du système d’écriture jusqu’au transfert terminologique, n’a cessé de questionner ce qu’est la littérature. Cette étude propose de retracer ces enjeux à la fois comparatifs, historiques et littéraires par le biais des œuvres romanesques françaises du XIXe siècle en traduction publiées dans les revues et dans un journal et d’examiner, des versions des Misérables à celles du Comte de Monte-Cristo, un ensemble de romans français en traduction qui tous participent à l’acte de lire, traduire, écrire. / From the late nineteenth century to the first decades of the twentieth century Korea experienced an unprecedented craze for the discovery of Western culture. The act of translating in Korea was a real act of welcome in a country with a complex history and in search of a cultural or even a national identity. If we were to draw an imaginary frieze of Korean literary history, we would be challenged by a sort of temporal ellipse between the passage from ancient literature to modern and contemporary literature. Because, in fact, without the introduction of foreign works, especially French ones into Korea, and therefore without the process of translation-creation, modern Korean literature would most likely only have emerged with considerable difficulty. It is therefore thanks to the cultural transfer of classical European literature that modern literature has shaped itself in the Korean literary landscape, a result of a need for evolution driven by a strong desire to catch up and awaken the spirits of a people long constrained by a particular geopolitical situation. The translation literature of this period is the culmination of a literary idea, a notion about literature itself, which, from the writing system to terminological transfer, has constantly questioned what literature is. This study proposes to trace these issues - at once comparative, historical and literary - through translations of French fictional works of the nineteenth century published in magazines and in newspapers and to compare versions of “Les Misérables”, and those of “Le Comte de Monte-Cristo”, French novels in translation that all entail the act of reading, translating, writing.

Cette thèse a pour objet l’ensemble des manifestations festives que donnent à lire trois romans de Victor Hugo : Notre-Dame de Paris, Les Misérables et Quatrevingt-treize. Son hypothèse générale est que la fête, lorsqu’elle est envisagée comme rite collectif, prend en charge les différentes tensions qui, au XIXe siècle, escortent l’évolution des statuts du citoyen, du devenir historique et des rapports entre le peuple et le pouvoir. La récurrence de certains motifs tend à montrer que la thématisation et l’écriture de la fête chez Hugo sont soumises à deux lois. La première consiste en la cohabitation sociale du sublime et du grotesque. La deuxième repose sur le détournement des ressources scripturales, formelles, rhétoriques du carnavalesque vers un tableau sinistre et funèbre. L’étude sociocritique de ces différentes scènes met en lumière les relations que les romans hugoliens entretiennent avec l’imaginaire social de la Révolution française, de la Restauration et du Second Empire, tout particulièrement à l’égard des débats sur la misère, sur le sens du pouvoir et sur la notion de progrès. / This thesis focuses on the festive events in three novels by Victor Hugo : Notre-Dame de Paris, Les Misérables and Quatrevingt-treize. Its general hypothesis is that the festival, when considered as a collective rite, takes charge of the different tensions in the nineteenth century that escort the evolution of the status of the citizen, of the historical future and of the relationship between the people and the power. The recurrence of certain motifs tends to show that the thematization and the writing of the festival in Hugo’s work is subject to two laws. The first consists in the social cohabitation of the sublime and the grotesque. The second is based on the detour of the scriptural, formal and rhetorical resources of the carnival towards a sinister and funereal picture. The sociocritical study of these different scenes highlights the links that novels maintain with the social imaginary of the French Revolution, the Restoration and the Second Empire, particularly with regard to the debates on misery, the meaning of power and the notion of progress.