The purpose of this study has been to examine the unit manager’s perspective on making Lex Sarah-notifications. The study has been carries out by six semi structured interviews with persons in leading positions of the elderly from three different municipalities. They were asked about different circumstances that affects the problems with Lex Sarah. The results indicates that the unit manager’s act on elder abuse from the complex mechanisms that exist within the organization. The study results shows that the unit manager’s in the daily tasks are doing their work and solve problems regarding the risk of elder abuse that occur over time, but circumstances will determine if its documented prescribed by a Lex Sarah. The conclusion is that the unit manager’s of the elderly is limited by the circumstances and processes within the organization and that it affects them to lift up and report abuse among the elderly.

Sammanfattning Sedan lång tid tillbaka har den svenska kollektivavtalsmodellen varit utgångspunkt för reglering av löner och andra allmänna anställningsvillkor på vår arbetsmarknad. Arbetsmarknadens parter, dvs. fackföreningar och arbetsgivare har genom träffande av kollektivavtal kommit överens om vilka villkor som ska tillämpas. Hösten 2004 inträffade dock en händelse vars följder har inneburit ett ifrågasättande av avtalsmodellens förenlighet med EU:s nationalitetsdiskrimineringsförbud och de EG-rättsliga bestämmelserna om fri tjänsterörlighet. De svenska fackförbunden Byggnads och Elektrikerförbundet vidtog stridsåtgärder mot ett lettiskt byggbolag, Laval un Partneri Ltd, som med utstationerade lettiska arbetare utförde en ombyggnation av en skola i Vaxholm. Stridsåtgärderna syftade till att förmå det lettiska bolaget att teckna svenskt kollektivavtal. Tvisten mellan parterna kom dock att handla om så mycket mer än ett skolbygge. Till syvende och sist gällde frågan om den fria tjänsterörligheten inom EU ska överordnas strejkrätten, en grundläggande mänsklig fri- och rättighet. EG-domstolen meddelade i december 2007 domslutet i Vaxholmstvisten, det s.k. Laval-målet. Domen innebar ett underkännande av de vidtagna stridsåtgärderna, och lex Britannia, den bestämmelse i MBL som givit fackföreningarna rätt att vidta stridsåtgärder för att tilltvinga sig svenskt kollektivavtal, bedömdes som diskriminerande. Domslutet innebär att den svenska arbetsrätten nu måste anpassas till EG-rättens bestämmelser om fri rörlighet för tjänster på den inre marknaden. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka tänkbara förändringar av svensk arbetsrätt, som en anpassning till EG-rätten. De bestämmelser som kan komma att revideras är 42 § MBL, Britanniaprincipen och lex Britannia, samt utstationeringslagen. Andra lösningar är tänkbara, t.ex. införandet av en proportionalitetsprincip eller krav på undantag i det nya Lissabonfördraget för kollektivavtal och strejkrätt. / Abstract The national authorities in Sweden have entrusted management and labour with the task of setting, by way of collective negotiations, the wage rates and other terms and conditions of employment. The parties on the labour market, i.e. trade unions and employers have reached collective agreements, which prescribe the current terms and conditions. The autumn of 2004 something happened that has lead to questions about the role of the social partners and collective agreements, and whether the existing Swedish practice is compatible with rules of the EC Treaty on the freedom to provide services and the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of nationality. Byggnads and Elektrikerförbundet (Swedish trade unions) toke collective actions with the aim of having a Latvian company, Laval un Partneri Ltd, to sign a Swedish collective agreement. The company posted Latvian workers to Sweden for the construction of a school in Vaxholm. However, the dispute between the contending parties was about more than the construciton of a school. Finally the question concerned whether the freedom to provide services should be in a superior position, prior the fundamental right to strike. In December 2007 the Court of Justice delivered the judgement in the Vaxholm dispute (or case C-341/05 Laval). The Court judged that the rules of the EC Treaty precluded Byggnads from taking collective actions. The collective actions were with other words not allowed. Lex Britannia, the rule that gives Swedish trade unions the right to take collective actions to force foreign providers of services to sign a Swedish collective agreement, was found to give rise to discrimination. This means that the Swedish labour law is not compatible with the rules of the EC Treaty on the freedom to provide services. For that reason the Swedish labour law now has to amend. The purpose of this essay is to investigate conceivable changes of the labour law in Sweden, as an adjustment to the rules of the EC Treaty. 42 § MBL, which includes lex Britannia, and the Law on the posting of workers are some national regulations that can be amended. Several others changes could be done, e.g. introduction of a principle of proportionality in the Swedish labour law, or a demand from the Swedish government for an exception of collective agreements and collective actions in the Treaty of Lisbon.

<p>Background: A spin-off is strategic instrument used to restructure an organisation and thereby maximize shareholder value. Theory and advocates argue that engaging in spin-offs will generate improved financial performance of the parent company as well as for the divested unit. Previous studies on the topic have primarily focused on the perspective of the parent com-pany and little attention has been given to the post spin-off performance of the divested unit, in particular on the Swedish market. Consequently this study will focus on the performance of divested units of spin-offs performed on the Swedish market.</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the financial performance of the divested unit prior versus post the spin-off event in order to find poten-tial performance alterations.</p><p>Method: The study is conducted through an inductive approach based on quanti-tative data. In order to fulfil the purpose of comparing the financial per-formance, four financial ratios are used; Return on Assets, Market-to- book ratio, Sales Growth and Share Price. Statistical sign-tests are subse-quently conducted in order to find possible significant alterations in the financial performance.</p><p>Results: The results of the statistical tests all show unified findings in which no statistical significant change in performance post the spin-off event can be found. However negative tendencies are found for Return on Assets and positive tendencies were found for the variables M/B ratio and Sales Growth. The fourth variable, Sales Growth does not show a tendency in any direction. Similar results were found when classifying the sample into relative size and timing of the spin-off event.</p><p>Conclusion: Spin-offs on the Swedish market do not on average perform better as stand alone units. Vague positive tendencies could however be found on the variables connected to market expectations, and negative tendencies could be found for the variables measuring efficiency and profitability.</p>

<p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Sedan lång tid tillbaka har den svenska kollektivavtalsmodellen varit utgångspunkt för reglering av löner och andra allmänna anställningsvillkor på vår arbetsmarknad. Arbetsmarknadens parter, dvs. fackföreningar och arbetsgivare har genom träffande av kollektivavtal kommit överens om vilka villkor som ska tillämpas. Hösten 2004 inträffade dock en händelse vars följder har inneburit ett ifrågasättande av avtalsmodellens förenlighet med EU:s nationalitetsdiskrimineringsförbud och de EG-rättsliga bestämmelserna om fri tjänsterörlighet.</p><p>De svenska fackförbunden Byggnads och Elektrikerförbundet vidtog stridsåtgärder mot ett lettiskt byggbolag, Laval un Partneri Ltd, som med utstationerade lettiska arbetare utförde en ombyggnation av en skola i Vaxholm. Stridsåtgärderna syftade till att förmå det lettiska bolaget att teckna svenskt kollektivavtal. Tvisten mellan parterna kom dock att handla om så mycket mer än ett skolbygge. Till syvende och sist gällde frågan om den fria tjänsterörligheten inom EU ska överordnas strejkrätten, en grundläggande mänsklig fri- och rättighet.</p><p>EG-domstolen meddelade i december 2007 domslutet i Vaxholmstvisten, det s.k. Laval-målet. Domen innebar ett underkännande av de vidtagna stridsåtgärderna, och lex Britannia, den bestämmelse i MBL som givit fackföreningarna rätt att vidta stridsåtgärder för att tilltvinga sig svenskt kollektivavtal, bedömdes som diskriminerande. Domslutet innebär att den svenska arbetsrätten nu måste anpassas till EG-rättens bestämmelser om fri rörlighet för tjänster på den inre marknaden.</p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka tänkbara förändringar av svensk arbetsrätt, som en anpassning till EG-rätten. De bestämmelser som kan komma att revideras är 42 § MBL,</p><p>Britanniaprincipen och lex Britannia, samt utstationeringslagen. Andra lösningar är tänkbara, t.ex. införandet av en proportionalitetsprincip eller krav på undantag i det nya Lissabonfördraget för kollektivavtal och strejkrätt.</p> / <p>Abstract</p><p>The national authorities in Sweden have entrusted management and labour with the task of setting, by way of collective negotiations, the wage rates and other terms and conditions of employment. The parties on the labour market, i.e. trade unions and employers have reached collective agreements, which prescribe the current terms and conditions. The autumn of 2004 something happened that has lead to questions about the role of the social partners and collective agreements, and whether the existing Swedish practice is compatible with rules of the EC Treaty on the freedom to provide services and the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of nationality.</p><p>Byggnads and Elektrikerförbundet (Swedish trade unions) toke collective actions with the aim of having a Latvian company, Laval un Partneri Ltd, to sign a Swedish collective agreement. The company posted Latvian workers to Sweden for the construction of a school in Vaxholm.</p><p>However, the dispute between the contending parties was about more than the construciton of a school. Finally the question concerned whether the freedom to provide services should be in a superior position, prior the fundamental right to strike.</p><p>In December 2007 the Court of Justice delivered the judgement in the Vaxholm dispute (or case C-341/05 Laval). The Court judged that the rules of the EC Treaty precluded Byggnads from taking collective actions. The collective actions were with other words not allowed. Lex Britannia, the rule that gives Swedish trade unions the right to take collective actions to force foreign providers of services to sign a Swedish collective agreement, was found to give rise to discrimination. This means that the Swedish labour law is not compatible with the rules of the EC Treaty on the freedom to provide services. For that reason the Swedish labour law now has to amend.</p><p>The purpose of this essay is to investigate conceivable changes of the labour law in Sweden, as an adjustment to the rules of the EC Treaty. 42 § MBL, which includes lex Britannia, and the Law on the posting of workers are some national regulations that can be amended. Several others changes could be done, e.g. introduction of a principle of proportionality in the Swedish labour law, or a demand from the Swedish government for an exception of collective agreements and collective actions in the Treaty of Lisbon.</p>

Background: A spin-off is strategic instrument used to restructure an organisation and thereby maximize shareholder value. Theory and advocates argue that engaging in spin-offs will generate improved financial performance of the parent company as well as for the divested unit. Previous studies on the topic have primarily focused on the perspective of the parent com-pany and little attention has been given to the post spin-off performance of the divested unit, in particular on the Swedish market. Consequently this study will focus on the performance of divested units of spin-offs performed on the Swedish market. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the financial performance of the divested unit prior versus post the spin-off event in order to find poten-tial performance alterations. Method: The study is conducted through an inductive approach based on quanti-tative data. In order to fulfil the purpose of comparing the financial per-formance, four financial ratios are used; Return on Assets, Market-to- book ratio, Sales Growth and Share Price. Statistical sign-tests are subse-quently conducted in order to find possible significant alterations in the financial performance. Results: The results of the statistical tests all show unified findings in which no statistical significant change in performance post the spin-off event can be found. However negative tendencies are found for Return on Assets and positive tendencies were found for the variables M/B ratio and Sales Growth. The fourth variable, Sales Growth does not show a tendency in any direction. Similar results were found when classifying the sample into relative size and timing of the spin-off event. Conclusion: Spin-offs on the Swedish market do not on average perform better as stand alone units. Vague positive tendencies could however be found on the variables connected to market expectations, and negative tendencies could be found for the variables measuring efficiency and profitability.

Teisingo užsienio teisės taikymo teismų praktikoje aktualumą lemia tai, jog tarptautinės privatinės teisės dalykai Lietuvos teisės praktikoje ir doktrinoje yra palyginti naujas reiškinys, teismų praktika šioje srityje nėra gausi ir nusistovėjusi, teisėjams trūksta ne tik praktinės patirties, bet ir teorinių žinių. Šio darbo tyrimo objektas yra užsienio teisės taikymo teismuose teoriniai ir praktiniai aspektai. Darbe pateikiamos užsienio teisės ir užsienio teisės taikymo sampratos, nagrinėjami užsienio teisės taikymo teisiniai pagrindai, užsienio teisės turinio nustatymo aspektai bei užsienio teisės taikymo apribojimai. Atliekama analizė remiasi Lietuvos Aukščiausiojo Teismo, kaip kasacinės instancijos, Civilinių bylų skyriaus teisėjų kolegijų nutartimis, kuriose yra išanalizuoti pirmosios ir apeliacinės instancijos teismų sprendimai, vienaip ar kitaip susiję su užsienio teisės taikymu, išryškinant dažniausiai kylančius probleminius aspektus, nes kaip rodo atliktos analizės rezultatai, Lietuvos teismai ne visuomet teisingai išaiškina ir taiko įstatymų normas, reglamentuojančias užsienio teisės taikymą. Darbe neapsiribojama tik teismų praktikoje pasireiškusiais užsienio teisės taikymo aspektais, tačiau siekiant nuoseklumo ir darant prielaidą, kad teismų praktika šioje srityje neišvengiamai bus gausesnė, aptariami ir tie klausimai, kurie galėtų kilti teismų praktikoje netolimoje ateityje arba be kurių išaiškinimo nustatytųjų problemų analizė nebūtų pakankamai aiški ir išsami. / The relevance of the legitimate application of foreign law is determined by the fact that the matters of the international private law are comparatively new in the doctrine and practice of the Lithuanian law, the court practice in this field is not numerous and settled, and the judges face the lack of practice and theoretical knowledge. In this work the object of the analysis is the theoretical and practical aspects of the application of foreign law in courts. The definitions of foreign law and the application of foreign law are presented, and the legal grounds of the application of foreign law, the aspects of the determination of the content of foreign law, and the limitations of the application of foreign law are analysed in this work. The analysis is based on the rulings, passed by the Civil Division of the Supreme Court of Lithuania, as a court of cassation, reviewing the decisions and rulings of the courts of the first and appeal instances, which are in one or another way related to the application of the foreign law, highlighting the frequently appearing problematic aspects, as the results of the analysis show that the Lithuanian courts do not always correctly explain and apply the legal norms, which regulate the application of foreign law. The analysis is not limited to the aspects of the application of foreign law, found in the court practice. Reaching for consistency and making the assumption that the court practice in this field shall definitely become more numerous... [to full text]

Šis magistro darbas skirtas nuosekliai arbitruotinumo koncepcijos analizei ir pasaulinių tendencijų, susijusių su šiuo arbitrų jurisdikcijos ribojimo statusu bei kaita įvairiose pripažintų teisinių tradicijų valstybėse, nustatymui bei palyginimui su Lietuvoje esančiu reglamentavimu ir praktika. Remiantis bene daugiausia patirties nagrinėjamu klausimu turinčių valstybių (JAV, Prancūzijos, Belgijos) teismų sprendimais teisės aktais bei doktrina yra išgryninama arbitruotinumo sąvoka bei pagrindžiamas išskyrimas į subjektyvųjį ir objektyvųjį arbitruotinumą. Autorius taip pat apžvelgia arbitruotinumo ir viešosios tvarkos santykį bei dėl šio santykio neapibrėžtumo kylančias problemas. Kitas svarbus klausimas – arbitruotinumo nustatymo teismuose bei arbitražo institucijose specifika. Priklausomai nuo to, kokie subjektai ir kokiame etape sprendžia klausimą dėl arbitruotinumo šiam klausimui spręsti gali būti skirtingų valstybių teisės normos. Galiausiai apžvelgiamos pagal Lietuvos teisės aktus ir teismų praktiką daugiausiai probleminių klausimų keliančios ginčų rūšys (su bankrotu, intelektine nuosavybe, konkurencine teise susiję ginčai bei ginčai kylantys iš vartojimo sutarčių ar darbo teisinių santykių) ir nustatoma kaip jų vertinimas skiriasi nuo to, kuris egzistuoja lyginamose užsienio valstybėse. / This master thesis is aimed at defining concepts of arbitrability and performing extensive analysis of global trends and changing contents of this legal institution, while comparing its current status in foreign states (the U.S., France, Belgium) to one in Lithuania. Author provides the definition of arbitrability within the scope of legal systems of mentioned foreign countries and also reveals existing different concepts. The grounds for division into subjective and objective arbitrability are also provided. The relation of arbitrability and public order is also discussed and covered in this work. The specifics of defining arbitrability in national courts as well as in arbitration institutions are analyzed as a substantive criteria for applying legal rules of different countries. Finally an overview of the most problematic issues under Lithuanian legal acts is provided (arbitrability of disputes related to bankruptcy, intellectual property, competition law, disputes arising from the consumer contracts and employment law disputes), while comparing how other foreign countries deals with the same questions and how they are being resolved.

Bakgrund Tidigare studier visar att vårdtagare inom äldreomsorgen utsätts för brister och missförhållanden av olika former. Den vanligaste formen av missförhållanden är försummelse av vårdtagaren. En av Socialstyrelsens uppgifter är att värna att god och jämlik vård bedrivs. God vård bedrivs genom att respektera och bevara vårdtagarens integritet. Syfte Syftet var att studera huruvida vårdpersonal uppmärksammat brister och missförhållanden på särskilt boende för äldre samt vilka typer av brister de i så fall uppmärksammat. Syftet var även att under­söka orsaker till eventuella brister och missförhållanden och personalens kunskap om Lex Sarah. Metod Studiespecifik enkätstudie med kvantitativ ansats. Resultat Av respondenterna hade 69 av 80 stycken uppmärksammat någon form av brist och missförhållande under de senaste sex månaderna. Brister i omsorgen gällande vårdtagarens tand- och munhygien samt personliga hygien var de brister som uppmärksammats mest. Respondenterna ansåg bland annat att tidsbrist och kunskapsbrist var troliga orsaker till de brister och missförhållanden som uppmärksammats. Slutsats Studien visar att brister och missförhållanden existerar och uppmärksammas inom äldreomsorgen. Orsaker till de rådande missförhållande är okunskap och tidsbrist hos vårdpersonalen. Det framkom att kunskap om Lex Sarah var hög. / Background Equal and good care is a right for every person in Sweden according to National Board of Sweden. Previous studies show that patients in geriatric care are exposed to abuses of various shapes. The most common form of abuse is neglect of the resident. To give good care the care workers need to respect and maintain the integrity of the resident.   Aim The aim of the study was to investigate if care workers in nursing homes observed any abuse against the elderly and what kind of abuse. The aim was also to find out what possible causes of the abuse could be and investigate the care workers knowledge of Lex Sarah.   Method Study-specific questionnaire with quantitative approach.   Result The result shows that 69 of the 80 respondents had noticed any kind of abuse or neglect in the last six months in their nursing home. The most common abuse or neglect was inadequate care of the teeth and hygiene among the elderly. The respondents think that lack of education and stressful situations may be the cause of the abuse and neglect.   Conclusion The study shows that abuse and neglect does exist in Swedish nursing homes. Causes of the current abuse is ignorance and lack of time among careworkers. The knowledge of Lex Sarah was high among the careworkers.

Zugl.: Berlin, Humboldt-Univ., Diss., 2008

Tesis (para optar al grado de magíster en derecho) / No autorizada por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo / Tres problemas surgen en torno a la noción de la lex mercatoria: su historicidad, su juridicidad y su aplicabilidad. La presente investigación se propone elucidar dichos problemas, mediante la elaboración de una estrategia argumentativa que permita, por una parte, reconocer los orígenes medievales de la lex mercatoria y, por otra, entender el proceso de codificación que hoy enfrenta la lex mercatoria, lo que supone defender su autonomía como sistema de normas jurídicas y evitar la objeción que la considera atentatoria contra los valores de previsibilidad y seguridad jurídica. Ambos aspectos han sido considerados, en el debate erudito sobre el tema, como incompatibles. Asimismo, se busca contrastar dichos problemas con la aplicación práctica de lex mercatoria. Se espera lograr una propuesta teórica novedosa, que muestre como meramente aparente dicha incompatibilidad argumentativa, ya que ella depende de una determinada concepción del derecho, la que aquí se sugiere reemplazar. A este respecto, el pluralismo jurídico ofrecerá el marco teórico que permita desarrollar dicha estrategia argumentativa