Die gevarieerde landskap van leksikografie stel aanleerders uit verskillende sosiale agtergronde in staat om ’n vreemde taal vanuit hul eie moedertaal aan te leer. Gevolglik is een van die maniere waarop taalverwerwing bevorder kan word, veral deur die ontwikkeling van aanleerderwoordeboeke, meer spesifiek vreemdetaalwoordeboeke wat volwassenes bemagtig om die vreemde taal aan te leer om beide resepsie en produksie van die taal te bemeester. Die ontwerp en samestelling van ’n woordeboek is ’n komplekse saak, want onder andere moet die verskille tussen kultuurgroepe, die vlak van die aanleerder se vermoë om ’n taal aan te leer, die aanleerder se kennis van die betrokke taal en die beskikbaarheid van leermateriaal en bronne in ag geneem word. Hierby moet ook vertaalekwivalente in beide tale vir resepsie en produksie verskaf word. Die doelwit van hierdie studie is om ’n raamwerk daar te stel vir die kriteria van ’n tweerigtingaanleerderwoordeboek met Afrikaans en Frans as taalpaar. Die hipotese is dat dit moontlik is om ’n doeltreffende raamwerk vir die kriteria vir ‘n tweerigting-aanleerderwoordeboek met Afrikaans en Frans as taalpaar te ontwikkel. Die motivering vir hierdie studie is deels gegrond op die gebrek aan aanleerderwoordeboeke met Afrikaans en Frans as taalpaar. Die Afrikaanssprekende moet tans Frans deur middel van Engels aanleer vanweë die gebrek aan leermateriaal. Die navorser se persoonlike ervaring met die aanleer van Frans as vreemde taal het die ondersoek verder geïnspireer. Kriteria vir ’n tweerigtingaanleerderwoordeboek met Afrikaans en Frans as taalpaar is vasgestel aan die hand van ’n literatuuroorsig. Die geïdentifiseerde kriteria is in detail bespreek en aan die hand van praktiese voorbeelde eksemplaries toegelig.

No description available.

Orientador: Cristina Martins Fargetti / Banca: Clotilde de Almeida Azevedo Murakawa / Banca: Odair Luiz Nadin / Banca: Angel Corbera Mori / Banca: Antonio Carlos Silvano Pessotti / Resumo: Esta tese de doutorado apresenta os resultados da pesquisa sobre toponímia indígena na região de Uiramutã - Roraima, tomando por base principalmente Dick (1990) para fundamentar a descrição. A pesquisa busca nos topônimos e nas narrações dos mitos de Uiramutã, estratos linguísticos que mostram que os indígenas se encontram em um mundo repleto de conceitos e valores espirituais, indicando uma sobreposição linguístico-cultural nos nomes locais, especialmente naquelas comunidades que possuem topônimos anteriores. Mostramos aqui que o ato de nomear os acidentes geográficos e humanos é motivado por fatos históricos, sociais, culturais, conhecimentos de cosmovisão e elementos subjetivos do denominador, de modo a ter a importante função de batismo do lugar. A investigação se justifica pela necessidade de mais pesquisas na área de toponímia indígena em Roraima, onde estudos dessa natureza ainda são incipientes. A metodologia se deu pela pesquisa de campo com base em entrevistas e narrativas orais coletadas com informantes mais idosos das comunidades. O corpora constitui-se de 53 acidentes humanos (AH), incluindo a sede do município, e 68 acidentes físicos (AF) da região de Uiramutã, na Terra Indígena Raposa Serra do Sol (TIRSS), em Roraima. Os resultados mostram que a motivação volta-se principalmente para as taxes Zootopônimo, Mitotopônimo, Fitotopônimo e Ergotopônimo, indicando as preferências dos indígenas Makusi pelas coisas de seu mundo físico, comunidades Prododó e Barreirinha ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This dissertation presents the result of the research on indigenous toponymy of Uiramutã - Roraima, based mainly on Dick (1990). The research analyzes linguistic strata that shows how indigenous people find themselves in a world full of spiritual concepts and values indicating a linguistic-cultural overlap in local names, especially in those communities that have previous toponym. We show here that the act of naming physical and human accidents is motivated by historical, social, cultural, worldview knowledge, and subjective elements of the denominator, in order to have the important baptismal function of the place. This investigation is justified by the need of more research on indigenous toponymy in Roraima, where it is still incipient. The methodology consisted on a fieldwork documentation and analysis of interviews and oral narratives, collected from older informants from the communities. The corpora analyzed consisted of 62 human accidents (AH), including the city headquarters, and 72 physical accidents (AF) of the Uiramutã Region, in Raposa Serra do Sol, an Indigenous Land (TIRSS), in Roraima. The results show that motivation turns mainly to the Zootoponym, Mitotoponym, Phytotonym and Ergotoponym taxes, indicating the preferences of the Makusi people of Uiramutã for the things of their physical and spiritual world. The syntagmatic composition of the toponymys has a [SN (N)] structure in Portuguese, with a postposition in the Indigenous Language. It was shown that topony... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Thesis. 1978. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Psychology. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND HUMANITIES. / Vita. / Bibliography: leaves 112-118. / Ph.D.

In this dissertation, I propose a model of the Lexicon in order to have a satisfactory account of interactions between morphology and phonology. The model is a modification of Lexical Prosodic Phonology introduced in Inkelas (1989). The main point of this study is that there are three types of morphological operations defined by the number of prosodic domains constructed corresponding to one morphological domain. (1) Three types of morphological operations: (a) One that constructs two new prosodic domains; (b) One that constructs one new prosodic domain; and (c) One that does not construct any new prosodic domain. The first two types are cyclic, while the third one is noncyclic. The three types of morphology are referred to as compounding, cyclic affixation, and noncyclic affixation, respectively. Interaction between morphology and phonology in Japanese verbs provides arguments for the three-way distinction of morphology. Some rules apply only in compounding; some other rules take effect only in cyclic affixation; some rules take effect in all three morphological processes. Nonapplication of rules is due to either their structural description or their nonstructural property. In the former case, the structural description of a cyclic rule is not satisfied because of prosodic representation. In the latter case, a cyclic rule does not apply, even if the structural description is satisfied, because the domain is noncyclic.

University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities / Department of Portuguese

M.A. / The time between the rhyming of the Psalms in 1936 and the subsequent rhyming thereof in 2001 is approximately 70 years. From 1936 to 2001 society has undergone drastic change. Such societal change normally influences language use and structure and brings about incremental and subtle changes in the language, resulting in new meaning being given to words and phrases in the new societal context. Such changes are mostly found in the lexicon of the relevant language. The lexicon is the medium of transmitting meaning, and if the meaning of the lexical item has changed in subsequent generations to the extent that the speakers of one generation do not understand the previous generation, it has become indicative of extensive modification of the language. The singing of the Psalms is historically associated with the accuracy of meaning transmitted by the Scripture by means of user-friendly language usage. Standardised use of language is always linked to aging and closely linked to the progress of time. The renewing of an aging language is important for subsequent generations to facilitate meaningful interpretative singing of the Psalms. However, the renewal of the religious register of the Psalms should always meet the rigorous test of accuracy to the Scripture as Calvin laid it down as a primary prerequisite during the Reformation. Because of the aging of language, as is the case with Afrikaans, the 1936 rhyming of the Psalms was done to facilitate the changes in the normal use of the language and to bring it closer to the la nguage then in use. In this way the standardisation of the language used in the rhyming of the Psalms was established, in accordance with the normal use of standard Afrikaans. During the past 70 odd years the religious register of Afrikaans aged again and resulted in the need for a new rhyming of the Psalms in accordance with the changed register of the language. This resulted in the 2001 rhyming of the Psalms and other Scripture-related hymns, attempting to bridge the gap between the register of formal religion and contemporary language. Using the DE-method, the psalmographer eliminated lexical items with a low frequency of use from the religious register as understanding of and access to these items by the user of the Psalm have become limited. Lexical items with a high frequency of use were selected and these words have moved into the current religious register. Changes in a language are subject to social forces and tensions. The forces of the changing modern society have led to the need to establish a new rhyme to the Psalms. Thus the formal reformative religious register was removed from the Psalms and replaced by the 2001 rhyme, which is representative of current language usage. The use of the new register is successful in the effective transfer of meaning as the essence of the Scripture was retained. Notwithstanding the loss of the archaic expressions of the 1936 rhyme in the 2001 version, the presence and expansion of meaning of core information is very much evident in the 2001 rhyme. By elimination of the great amount of archaic lexical expressions from the 1936 rhyme from the 2001 version, a clear movement in the reformative religious register of Afrikaans was executed. The social influence of the unsatisfactory acquisition of lexical items by the younger generation, pushing out the older form from the register, is very much evident in the register of the Psalms. The 2001 rhyme accelerates the process of elimination of such archaic und inaccessible lexical items from the register. The empirical study indicates the fact that many such archaic forms are already passive in especially the older generation and that active use of such archaic items has disappeared. The study furthermore indicates that Afrikaans contains enough synonyms to facilitate an effective transfer of meaning in such a new rhyme. These synonyms are established and standardised lexical items functioning as common language since the new translation of the Bible in Afrikaans (1983). The changes in language are subject to linguistic forces. Simplification is the most prominent linguistic force that manifests itself in the 2001 rhyme of the Psalms. Simplification makes it easier to understand the core content of the psalms and makes it accessible to all speakers of Afrikaans. Simplification is not only the decrease of lexical items in the language but includes adding difficult or expanded forms that bring balance to the process of change in the language. This adds value to the lexicon, as the items chosen for the rhyme are taken from the language register in its current form. The process is also in a sense held back by the fact that some items from the 1936 rhyme are still used in the 2001 version, putting a constraint on the development of the relevant lexicon. The modification of a language through simplification is mainly the result of reduction and expansion. The skills of the psalmographer resulted in both expansion and reduction as linguistic elements being present in the 2001 rhyme. The empirical study has shown tha t the psalmographer has not used the available synonyms. Instead, the psalmographer has used a total new approach by using a selection of techniques in the 2001 rhyme. These techniques focus on a tight use of specific rhyme patterns evident in the Psalms and its concomitant language usage resulting in extending the understanding of the psalms by the reader. This has also led to the effective communication by means of the reformative religious register. The psalmographer succeeded in creating a unique psa lm register and treasure. By virtue of their imbedded sacral element religious registers are strongly preservative factors preventing the acceptance and change of common language. Acceptance of the 2001 rhyme has already taken place as the rhyme is based on sound Scriptural principles, convincing the reformist reader of the Psalms of its truthfulness and credibility. The use of the accepted common language as already manifested in the new translation of the Bible (1983) also contributes to the acceptance of the 2001 rhyme. This is further reinforced by the appearance of common language usage in authoritative dictionaries presenting such lexicon items as standardised Afrikaans in a rapidly changing society. Intense language transformation is present in the Afrikaans lexicon. Observing the presence of intense change in the most conservative register of a language, that of religion emphasises the intensity of the social and linguistic powers at work in Afrikaans.

Les travaux portant sur l'amalgamation lexicale (ou « mot-valisation » pour reprendre une formulation de Fradin & al., 2009 : 36), ont permis d'établir une description assez précise du phénomène, tout en rendant compte des différentes structures morpho-phonologiques que peuvent revêtir les amalgames. Pourtant, aucune tentative d'élaboration de règles d'amalgamation n'a jusqu'alors été proposée en français. Cette thèse vise à évaluer la possibilité et les moyens d'élaborer un modèle de description systématique du procédé permettant la formulation de règles de construction des amalgames lexicaux en français. Cette approche recourt à la Théorie de l'optimalité pour envisager la production d'une grammaire des amalgames, à l'image des études précédemment conduites par Bat-El (1996), Piñeros (2004) ou Hong (2005). / Studies on lexical blending in French, have established a fairly accurate description of the phenomenon, while reflecting the different morpho-phonological structures of blends. However, no attempt at developing rules of blending has been proposed previously in French. This thesis aims at assessing the opportunity and the means to develop a model of systematic description of the process, in order to formulate rules for constructing lexical blends in French. Our approach uses Optimality Theory, among other theories, to identify a prototype of lexical blend and to consider the making of a grammar of blending, like previous studies conducted by Bat-El (1996), Piñeros (2004) and Hong (2005) have.

Nos travaux de thèse ont pour but d’étudier la manifestation de la néologie dans un dictionnaire de langue française. Nous avons choisi de travailler à partir de la version électronique du "Nouveau Petit Robert" parce qu’il incarne un dictionnaire de référence. Nous avons étudié les mots nouveaux attestés entre 1990 et 2012 dans le "Nouveau Petit Robert Électronique" 2012. Nous avons sélectionné une période d’attestation récente, nous voulions observer l’influence qu’avait eu le développement des nouvelles technologies sur le lexique. Le corpus dont nous disposons se compose de 477 mots nouveaux attestés entre 1990 et 2012. Dans notre travail, nous avons mis en évidence les modes de formations de ces mots nouveaux ainsi que les domaines d’expérience auxquels ils sont rattachés. Nous avons aussi consacré une partie à la lexicographie où nous avons mis en lumière les particularités lexicographiques du "Nouveau Petit Robert Électronique" 2012 en comparant quelques extraits des mots du corpus avec deux autres dictionnaires : "Le Petit Larousse Illustré" 2016 et le "Wiktionnaire". Les modes de formation les plus performants des mots du corpus sont ceux relevant de la matrice interne avec un total de 266 mots et ceux relevant de la matrice externe qui regroupe 186 mots. Les mots du corpus appartenant à la matrice interne sont les plus nombreux, cela montre que le lexique se renouvelle par lui-même. Nous avons observé qu’il y avait un déclin des sciences humaines au profit de sciences techniques. / The purpose of this PhD thesis is to study how neology manifests itself in a french language dictionary. I have chosen to work on the electronic version of the "Nouveau Petit Robert", since it is the epitome of a reference dictionary. I studied the new attested words that were added between 1990 and 2012 in the "Nouveau Petit Robert Électronique" 2012. This fairly recent attestation period was chosen in order to observe the influence of new technologies on the lexicon.To build up our corpus it was necessary to enter the period between 1990 and 2012 as a search criteria. In doing so, the corpus of this study is now composed of 477 new attested words added between 1990 and 2012.This work intends to bring out the formation modes of these new words as well as the experience areas to which they are linked. A portion of this study was also dedicated to lexicography. In this section the lexicographical particularities of the "Nouveau Petit Robert Électronique" 2012 are highlighted by comparing a few words extracted from its corpus with the same words in two other dictionaries : "Le Petit Larousse Illustré" 2016 and the "Wiktionnaire".The most efficient formation modes for the corpus’ words are those pertaining to the internal matrix with a total of 266 words, as well as those pertaining to the external matrix with a total of 186 words.The corpus’words belonging to the internal matrix are the most numerous, and it indicates that the lexicon renews itself on its own.There is a distinct decline of the social sciences in favor of technical sciences to be observed.

Orientador: Cristina Martins Fargetti / Banca: Odair Luiz Nadin da Silva / Banca: Mateus Cruz Maciel Carvalho / Resumo: Este texto é um dos resultados das investigações que foram realizadas em nosso projeto de mestrado "Estudo etnográfico e terminológico das borboletas juruna para contribuições terminográficas". Tal projeto se mostra interdisciplinar por duas razões. Primeiramente porque apresenta os objetivos de compreender, documentar e descrever os papeis linguísticos, mítico-culturais e os demais saberes e práticas dos índios juruna em relação aos animais por nós conhecidos como "borboletas", para discutir qual a melhor forma de inserir esses "insetos" na microestrutura de um dicionário bilíngue Juruna/Português. Em segundo lugar, está o fato de nossos dados coletados sugerirem questões e reflexões críticas ao referencial de Teorias de outras áreas, como o perspectivismo cunhado por Viveiros de Castro (1996). Acresce que, para comprovar que nosso objeto de estudo configura uma área de especialidade entre os referidos indígenas brasileiros e cumprir nossos demais objetivos, nos embasamos na Terminologia Etnográfica de Fargetti (2018) em investigações da Etnoentomologia, como Costa Neto (2004) e também na teoria conceptual da metáfora de Lakoff e Johnson (2002)- tencionando, através deste último referencial, analisar se - dentro do universo linguístico cultural juruna- as construções linguísticas desse povo sobre 'borboletas' ou nas quais esses espécimes aparecem podem ser consideradas metafóricas. Pretendemos, também, abordar neste debate quais as modificações sofridas, em campo, durante no... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Résumé: Ce texte est l'un des résultats des recherches que nous avons menées au sein de notre projet de master "Étude ethnographique et terminologique des papillons juruna pour des contributions terminographiques". Un tel projet s'avère interdisciplinaire pour deux raisons. Premièrement, parce qu'il expose les objectifs de comprendre, documenter et décrire des rôles linguistiques, mythicoculturels et les autres savoirs et pratiques des indigènes juruna en ce qui concerne les animaux que nous appelons de "papillons", pour échanger sur la meilleure manière d'inscrire ces "insectes" dans la microstructure d'un dictionnaire bilingue Juruna/Portugais. En second lieu, puisque les données générant des questions et réflexions à l'égard du référentiel de théories d'autres domaines tels que le perspectivisme de Viveiros de Castro (1996).De plus, pour démontrer que notre objet d'étude est un domaine de spécialité de ces indigènes brésiliens, et afin d'accomplir les autres objectifs de cette étude, nous nous basons sur la Terminologie Ethnographique de Fargetti (2018), sur des recherches d'Ethnoentomologie - tels ceux de Costa Neto (2004), aindsi que sur la théorie conceptuelle de la métaphore de Lakoff et Johnson (2002) - pour analiser si, dans l'univers linguistique-culturel juruna, les constructions linguistiques de ce peuple à propos des "papillons", ou dans les constructions linguistiques dans lesquelles ces animaux apparaissent, peuvent être considérées métaphoriques.Nous avons auss... (Résumé complet accès életronique ci-dessous) / Mestre