Thesis (PhD (Ancient Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this study the conceptualization of love or affecion in the Old Testament is investigated. The most prototypical Biblical Hebrew lexeme for affection, namely אהב , forms the focus of the study. It is hypothesized that the analysis of אהב in terms of its valency and the conceptual frames associated with each of its valency patterns will contribute to a more informative lexicographical description of אהב . Since אהב forms part of a much larger semantic field of lexemes that can convey the attitude of affection, it is neccessary to study these lexemes as well. While the first chapter introduces the topic under investigation, i.e. a study of lexemes of affection, the second chapter aims at demarcating the list of lexemes of affection that needs to be considered. This list amounts to fifteen lexemes in total; fourteen of which can belong to the domain of affection, and one antonym. In Chapter 3 the methodology of the current study is explained. The researcher advocates a Cognitive Linguistic approach. Renier de Blois employed Cognitive Linguistics for his model which is aimed towards compiling the Semantic Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew. While his model is used as starting point in the present study, some more areas of Cognitive Linguistics are identified that could assist us to refine the model of De Blois. These areas include prototype theory, semantic potential, the notion of radial networks, as well as conceptual frames. Chapter 4 consists of a detailed study of אהב in all its occurrences in the Old Testament, while the remainder of the lexemes of affection as well as its antonym are studied in Chapter 5. In the concluding chapter, Chapter 6, an exposition of the findings is given. This thesis ends with a concise summary of אהב in which all conceptual frames and scripture references where the אהב appear are given. This is followed by a schematic presentation of the lexemes of affection as they occur in relation to the prototypical sense(s) of אהב. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie word die konseptualisering van liefde of affeksie in die Ou Testament ondersoek. Die mees prototipiese Bybels-Hebreeuse lekseem vir affeksie, naamlik אהב , is die fokus van die studie. Dit word veronderstel dat die analise van אהב in terme van die lekseem se valensie en die konseptuele raamwerke wat met die valensie patrone geassosieer word, sal bydra tot „n meer informatiewe leksikografiese beskrywing van אהב . Aangesien אהב deel vorm van „n veel groter semantiese veld van lekseme wat die houding van affeksie beskryf, is dit nodig dat hierdie lekseme ook bestudeer word. Terwyl die eerste hoofstuk die tema van die huidige ondersoek inlei, naamlik die bestudering van lekseme van affeksie in die Bybels-Hebreeuse teks, is die tweede hoofstuk daarop gerig om die lys van lekseme van affeksie vir die ondersoek af te baken. Hiedie lys bestaan uit vyftien lekseme altesaam; veertien lekseme wat deel uitmaak van die domein van affeksie, en een antoniem. In Hoofstuk 3 word die metodologie van die huidige studie uiteengesit. Die navorser staan „n Kognitiewe Linguistiese benadering voor. Renier de Blois het Kognitiewe Linguistiek aangewend vir sy model wat daarop gerig is om die Semantic Dictionary for Biblical Hebrew saam te stel. Alhoewel sy model as beginpunt vir die huidige studie gebruik word, is daar sommige areas binne die veld van Kognitiewe Linguistiek wat aangewend sou kon word om De Blois se model te verfyn. Hierdie areas sluit prototipe teorie, semantiese potensiaal, die idee van straalvormige netwerke, asook konseptuele raamwerke in. Hoofstuk 4 bestaan uit „n gedetailleerde studie van אהב in al sy voorkomste in die Ou Testament, terwyl die res van die lekseme van affeksie sowel as die antoniem in Hoofstuk 5 bestudeer word. In die slot hoofstuk, Hoofstuk 6, is daar „n uiteensetting van die bevindinge. Die tesis eindig met „n kort opsomming van אהב waarin al die konseptuele raamwerke en skrifverwysings waarbinne אהב voorkom, gegee word. Daarna volg „n skematiese voorstelling van die lekseme van affeksie na aanleiding van hul voorkomste in verhouding tot die prototipiese betekenis(se) van אהב.

The purpose of this study is to propose a lexical analysis of inflection and cliticization in Spanish within the framework of Categorial Grammar, and to show how morphology and syntax interplay with one another in this language. I postulate that inflectional suffixes and clitics are syntactic expressions in their own right; inflectional suffixes are the instantiation of the grammatical relation, subject, whereas certain clitics, i.e. DAT and ACC clitics, are of the object. In this regard, inflection and cliticization can be conceived as functions from one set of syntactic expressions into another. I assume that inflectional suffixes and clitics are stored in the lexicon assigned to categories which specify their syntactic (and semantic) properties. These elements are combined to form complex expressions by two kinds of operations: (1) Function/argument application, and (2) Functional Composition. Three lexical rules are proposed in order to account for the distribution of the morphological properties at issue: (1) Inflection, (2) Cliticization, and (3) Complex Verb Formation. These rules make an explicit statement of what syntactic processes take place as morphologically complex expressions are formed. One consequence of my analysis is the redefinition of nominals commonly referred to as "subject NP" and "object NP" (doubled by a clitic) as elements which mark a referential contrast. This way, the formal variation as to the presence or absence of these nominals in Spanish sentences has a coherent explanation. Two rules of nominal adjunction are proposed in order to account for "clitic doubling" and "subject doubling". These two rules apply under certain conditions. With a lexical treatment of inflection and cliticization proposed, all the word formation processes in the Spanish language are now relegated to one single component, the lexicon. Morphology in Spanish, thus, has a clearly delineated domain of its own as an integral part of the lexicon. Furthermore, inflection and cliticization are morphological processes which, at the same time, construct syntactically complex expressions. This direct interplay between morphology and syntax is what uniquely characterizes the so-called "pro-drop" languages, of which Spanish is one, and distinguishes them from the "non-pro-drop" languages.

No description available.

<p>U radu se razmatra status aktuelnih pozajmljenica u<br />srpskom jeziku iz perspektive leksikologije i<br />leksikografije. Za potrebe ovog razmatranja prikupljen je<br />korpus od 1000 pozajmljenica ekscerpiranih iz<br />relevantnih &scaron;tampanih medija. Prvi dio rada, nakon<br />osnovnih, uvodnih napomena o predmetu i cilju<br />istraživanja, bavi se teorijskim postavkama koje se ticu<br />pozajmljenica u leksikolo&scaron;koj i leksikografskoj literaturi.<br />U narednom segmentu rada obja&scaron;njava se metodologija<br />primijenjena u radu, te se opisuju izvori za ekscerpciju<br />leksike. Zatim slijedi analiticki dio u kome se analizira<br />ekscerpirana leksika na fonolo&scaron;kom, morfolo&scaron;kom,<br />tvorbenom, leksikolo&scaron;kom, semantickom i pravopisnom<br />nivou. Time se pokazuje adaptiranost pozajmljenica na<br />razlicitim jezickim nivoima, i odnos savremene srpske<br />leksikografije prema ovom znacajnom segmentu aktuelne<br />leksike srpskog jezika. Posebni dijelovi rada izdvojeni su<br />za osvrt na problem vi&scaron;eclanih leksema, i zatim za<br />strukturu rjecnika. Razmatranje se zavr&scaron;ava zakljucnim<br />napomenama, u kojima se daje pregled cjelokupnog rada,<br />i skrece se pažnja na otvorena pitanja. Najobimniji dio<br />rada je rjecnik aktuelnih pozajmljenica u srpskom jeziku.<br />U ovom istraživanju se pokazalo da relevantna<br />leksikolo&scaron;ka i leksikografska literatura, kao ni<br />leksikografska praksa ne obuhvataju u dovoljnoj mjeri<br />vrlo slojevit i kompleksan nanos strane leksike u<br />savremenom srpskom jeziku.</p> / <p>The thesis discusses the position of the current<br />loanwords in the Serbian language from the lexicological<br />and lexicographical point of view. The corpus of 1,000<br />loanwords excerpted from the relevant press has been<br />collected for this study. After some basic and introductory<br />comments on the subject and the goal of the research, the<br />first part of the thesis deals with theoretical statements<br />concerning loanwords in lexicological and<br />lexicographical literature. The following segment of the<br />study explains the methodology applied in practice and<br />describes the sources of the excerpted lexis. The next is<br />the analytical part where the excerpted lexis is analysed<br />on the levels of phonology, morphology, word formation,<br />lexicology, semantics and ortography. It is used to show<br />the adaptibility of loanwords to different linguistic levels<br />and approach of the contemporary Serbian lexicography<br />towards this significant segment of the current lexis in the<br />Serbian language. Some specific parts of the thesis have<br />been selected as the review of the issue of composite<br />lexemes, as well as the structure of the lexicon. The study<br />is ended with the concluding notes where the overview of<br />the complete thesis is given and the attention is drawn to<br />the open questions. The most extensive part is the lexicon<br />of the current loanwords in the Serbian language. This<br />research has shown that relevant lexicological and<br />lexicographical practice do not adequately comprise quite<br />layered and complex accumulation of foreign lexis in the<br />contemporary Serbian language.</p>

The Diploma Thesis "Austriacisms in the work of Christine Nöstlinger and their position in Austrian German in present time" deals with austriacisms from the theoretical and practical point of view. It focuses on the conception of austriacisms from different points of view according to linguistic experts, the analysis of the terms from the novel of Nöstlinger and most importantly on the practical sociolinguistic research. The results of this research have shown that the hypothesis was proven. The hypothesis lies in the fact that the informants know autriacisms and that they actively use them. Austriacisms are a consistent and living part of the present colloquial German language. These expressions are not considered to be an archaism and the informants are proud that this variety of the German language has enriched the standard language. The usage of austriacisms is considered to be a part of the Austrian history and culture. Key words: austriacism, lexicology, sociolinguistics, Austrian literature, sociolinguistic research Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

TITLE: Words of Old Church Slavonic Origin in Contemporary Russian Language AUTHOR: Jitka Peschel DEPARTMENT: Department of Russian studies and didactics SUPERVISOR: doc. PhDr. Lilia Nazarenko, CSc. ABSTRACT: This diploma thesis researches words of Old Church Slavonic origin in contemporary Russian language. The aim is to provide a comprehensive analysis of these words in the Russian language. The diploma thesis is divided into three parts. The first part describes the origin of the Old Church Slavonic language, its arrival in Russia, its influence on the Russian language, the penetration of the Old Church Slavonic words in the Russian language, as well as the development of the Russian standard language. The other two parts are dedicated to words of Old Church Slavonic origin in contemporary Russian language. The second part analyses the phonetic, morphological, semantic and stylistic aspects of these words. The third part is focused on the differences in meaning of Old Church Slavonic words having Russian equivalents and semantic processes by which words of Old Church Slavonic origin passed. The appendix includes a list of words occurring in the thesis. KEYWORDS: lexikology, loanword, Old Church Slavonic, Russian language

O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar o léxico que enaltece a cidade do Rio de Janeiro, conhecida como cidade maravilhosa, em vinte e duas canções compostas entre as décadas de 1930 e 1960. Parte-se do pressuposto de que os sentidos que cada palavra possui só são revelados quando estudados dentro de um determinado contexto, seja histórico, político, social e geográfico. O léxico, quando atualizado no discurso, reflete o pensamento de um indivíduo ou de um grupo, que nada mais é do que a materialização da ideologia determinada pelos enunciadores ao fazerem suas escolhas lexicais. Ao optarem por essa ou aquela palavra, eles indicam suas crenças, valores e experiências acumuladas ao longo da vida. Utilizam-se como bases teóricas para os estudos do léxico POTTIER (1972), VILELA (1979), BIDERMAN (2001) e VAN DIJK (1997; 2003; 2004; 2012; 2013) de modo a analisar as relações entre discurso, cognição, sociedade e contexto. A partir disso é feita a organização das unidades lexicais lexias em campos semânticos para que se identifiquem subtemas relacionados à composição do tema cidade maravilhosa. Foram encontradas, nas letras das canções, temáticas relacionadas à figura feminina, à música, aos espaços urbanos e à cidade do Rio de Janeiro idealizada como a própria mulher. Os campos semânticos mostram que esses temas influenciaram a composição ideológica cidade maravilhosa e que, por meio da interface cognitiva, criaram a contextualização deste espaço brasileiro. / The objective of this research is to analyze the lexicon that emblazons Rio de Janeiro, known as the wonderful city, through twenty-two songs written during the so-called Golden age of radio. To accomplish such task, one begins with the assumption that the sense each word has, reveals itself when studied within a given context, being it historical, political, social or geographical. Lexicon, when applied in discourse, reflects individual or collective thought, which is nothing more than the materialization of the ideology that is determined by enunciators, once their lexical choices have been made. By selecting a word over another, beliefs, principles and lifetime experiences are conveyed. This research has, as its theoretical basis, Pottier (1972) and Van Dijk (1997; 2003; 2004, 2012) for the analysis of the relationship between discourse, cognition, society and context. From this point forward, the lexical units are divided lexias into semantic fields to identify subthemes related to the larger theme wonderful city. Lastly, themes linked to women, music, urban spaces, and the notion of Rio de Janeiro being idealized as the woman itself are found in the lyrics of the songs in question. The semantic fields indicate that such themes have deeply influenced the ideological constitution of the term wonderful city and thus, through a cognitive interface, have shaped the contextualization of this Brazilian space.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral estudar o vocabulário do charque no Sul do Brasil, propondo uma discussão sobre as influências e contribuições desse léxico na formação e expansão da variedade do português brasileiro. Para a realização deste estudo, de caráter exploratório e descritivo, são utilizados documentos manuscritos e impressos, antigos e modernos, material oral, dicionários de Língua Portuguesa e atlas linguísticos. A metodologia empregada parte da Filologia, por meio de edições facsimilar e/ou semidiplomática dos documentos escritos, das quais emerge o vocabulário do charque, culminando num estudo lexicográfico. Os atlas linguísticos e suas metodologias são utilizados como base comparativa à pesquisa de campo realizada, permitindo a análise do uso da lexia charque nas comunidades investigadas. Os objetivos específicos deste estudo são definir um glossário a partir do vocabulário charque selecionado dos documentos, dos atlas e da pesquisa de campo, e desenvolver uma análise diacrônica do conteúdo deste glossário, comparando as acepções das lexias listadas às encontradas em dicionários dos séculos XVIII, XIX, XX e XXI. O exame desses dados é feitos à luz de estudos filológicos, lexicográficos e lexicológicos. A partir desta pesquisa, será possível suscitar uma discussão sobre o grau de influência do dialeto caipira paulista no sul do Brasil, considerando os movimentos bandeirante, monçoeiro e tropeiro com a economia do charque. / This research seeks to study the charque jerked beef vocabulary in southern Brazil, proposing a discussion over influences and contributions of such lexicon and in forming and expanding the variety of Brazilian portuguese. For this study, which was both exploratory and descriptive, it was used manuscripts and printed documents, both ancient and modern, oral material, portuguese dictionaries as well as linguistic atlases. The methodology employed starts off from philology, through facsimile and/or semidiplomatic editings of written documents, from which the charque vocabulary arises, reaching its lexicographic study. The linguistic atlases and their methodologies are the basis for a field research, analyzing the lexia charque in the investigated communities. From the list of the charque vocabulary, collected in the documents, atlases and field research, the study aims, specifically, to compose a glossary and to develop a diachronical analysis of its content, comparing the meaning of the listed lexia to those found on dictionaries from 18th, 19th, 20th and 21st century. The analysis of these data is made in light of philological, lexicographical and geolinguistical studies. This research can also raise a discussion about the level of influence of the dialeto caipira rustic dialect of São Paulo in southern Brazil, considering the bandeirante, monçoeiro and tropeiro muleteer movement with the charque economy.

Tendo em vista que a análise de unidades lexicais neológicas tem muito a contribuir para os estudos de formação de palavras, procuramos, neste trabalho, com base nos modelos teóricos de Bybee (1988) e Langacker (1987, 1991) descrever um aspecto da formação de palavras no português brasileiro: os chamados nominais (substantivos abstratos derivados de verbos). Abordamos as tendências e restrições de uso de cada sufixo nominalizador (enfatizando -ção, -mento, -agem, -da e -nc(i)a) bem como da chamada derivação regressiva. Também descrevemos certas características semânticas (polissemia, especialização semântica etc.), sintáticas (exigências sintáticas, uso de verbos-suporte etc.) e discursivas (emprego em textos mais ou menos formais, mecanismos de coesão textual etc.) desse tipo de formação. Em seguida, buscamos mostrar como os sufixos nominalizadores e os nominais são descritos nos dicionários de língua do português brasileiro. A partir de uma base de dados de formações neológicas coletadas em textos jornalísticos entre os anos de 1993 e 2000, analisamos cerca de 170 nominais neológicos, com a finalidade de verificar se tais formações obedecem às tendências e restrições de uso descritas, e se é possível detectar tendências novas. Observamos que: o sufixo -ção, o mais freqüentemente empregado, tem se unido a verbos da segunda conjugação, fenômeno não-atestado em períodos anteriores da língua; os sufixos -ção e -agem vêm apresentando conotações familiares ou jocosas, com destaque para o chamado -ção iterativo; as formas -nça e -ncia vêm adquirindo conotações divergentes, o que pode apontar para que não mais sejam analisadas como formas alomórficas do mesmo sufixo; entre outras observações. Por fim, propusemos uma forma de descrever esses nominais neológicos, a ser utilizada no Dicionário de Neologismos do Português Brasileiro Contemporâneo (Década de 90). / Bearing in mind that the analysis of neological lexical units has much to contribute to word-formation sdudies, we attempt, in the present work, based on the theoretical models of Bybee (1988) and Langacker (1987, 1991), to describe an aspect of Brazilian Portuguese word-formation: the so-called nominals (abstract nouns derived from verbs). We address the usage tendencies and restrictions of each nominalizing suffix (with emphasis on -ção, -mento, -agem, -da and -nc(i)a), as well as the so-called “regressive derivation". We also describe certain characteristics of this kind of word-formation, such as: semantic (polysemy, semantic specialization etc.), syntactic (valency, support-verbs etc.) and discursive (text formality, textual cohesion etc.). Then, we attempt to show how the nominalizing suffixes and the nominals are described in Brazilian Portuguese dictionaries. Based on a neologism database collected from journalistic texts published between 1993 and 2000, we analyze about 170 neological nominals, in order to verify if these formations follow the above described usage tendencies and restrictions, and if it is possible to detect new tendencies. We have observed, among other minor characteristics, that: the suffix -ção, the most frequent nominalizing suffix, can be combined with second-conjugation verbs, a phenomenon attested only very recently in the Portuguese language; the suffixes -ção and -agem have presented colloquial or playful connotations, especially the so-called iterative -ção; the forms -nça and -ncia are being used with diverging connotations, which can indicate that they should not be analyzed as allomorphic forms of the same suffix. Finally, we propose a way of describing these neological nominals, to be used in the Dicionário de Neologismos do Português Brasileiro Contemporâneo (Década de 90) (Dictionary of Neologisms of Contemporary (90’s) Brazilian Portuguese.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal analisar os neologismos da área da Informática, especialmente os estrangeirismos, por meio de um corpus constituído por uma publicação de grande circulação, especializada nessa área. A partir da análise dos processos de formação de termos, verificamos os processos vernáculos mais utilizados e o emprego de estrangeirismos de origem inglesa. Retomamos algumas polêmicas quanto às políticas linguísticas e à discussão da influência do estrangeirismo. Agrupamos por processos de formação os termos selecionados por um programa extrator de neologismos. Reconhecemos 745 neologismos, em quinze edições da revista analisada, correspondentes ao período de janeiro de 2007 a dezembro de 2008, sendo que 46,31% são constituídos de estrangeirismos; os 42,97% restantes correspondem à derivação, às siglas e às formações acronímicas. Nosso estudo demonstrou que a área da Informática é fortemente influenciada por uma cultura externa representada pelo estrangeirismo de língua inglesa, sendo que os termos não apresentaram nenhum tipo de marca especial dentro da publicação, como aspas ou itálico, nem explicações entre parênteses quanto ao seu significado. São usados como se já pertencessem ao universo léxico do português brasileiro, passíveis de sofrerem adaptações dentro dos padrões da língua portuguesa, como qualquer outro termo vernáculo. / This dissertation has as main objective to analyze the neologisms of the area of the Computer science, especially the foreign expressions, by means of a corpus constituted by a publication of great circulation, specialized in that area. Starting from the analysis of the processes of formation of terms, we verified the used vernacular processes, and the employment of foreign expressions of English origin. We retaked some polemics with relationship to the linguistic politics and the discussion of the influence of the foreign expression. We get process of formation into groups the terms selected in a program Extractor of Neologisms. We recognized 745 neologisms, in fifteen editions of the analyzed magazine, what corresponds to the period of January of 2007 to December of 2008, and 46,31% are constituted of foreign expressions; 42,97% correspond to the derivation and to the acronyms. Our study demonstrated that the area of Computer science is influenced strongly by an external culture represented by the English-speaking foreign expression, in which the terms didn\'t present any type of special graph inside of the publication, as quotation marks or italics, nor explanations among parentheses with relationship to its meaning. They are used as if they already belonged to the Brazilian Portuguese\'s lexical universe, and it´s possible of suffering adaptations inside of the patterns of the Portuguese language, as any other vernacular term.