This thesis provides an insight into battery modeling in electric vehicles which includes degradation mechanisms as in automotive operation in electric vehicles. As electric vehicles with lithium ion batteries increase in popularity there is an increased need to study and model the capacity losses in such batteries. If there is a good understanding of the phenomena involved and an ability to predict these losses there is also a foundation to take measures to minimize these losses. In this thesis a battery model for lithium ion batteries which includes heat dissipation is used as groundwork. This model is expanded with the addition of capacity losses due to usage as well as storage. By combining this with a simple vehicle model one can use these models to achieve an understanding as to how a battery or pack of several batteries would behave in a specific driving scenario. Much of the focus in the thesis is put into comparing the different factors of degradation to highlight what the major contributors are. The conclusion is drawn that heat is the main cause for degradation for batteries in electric vehicles. This applies for driving usage as well as during storage. As heat is generated when a battery is used, the level of current is also a factor, as well as in which state of charge region the battery is used.

Li-ion battery technology is currently the most efficient form of electrochemical energy storage. The commercialization of Li-ion batteries in the early 1990’s revolutionized the portable electronics market, but further improvements are necessary for applications in electric vehicles and load levelling of the electric grid. In this thesis, three new iron based electrode materials for positive electrodes in Li-ion batteries were investigated. Utilizing the redox activity of iron is beneficial over other transition metals due to its abundance in the Earth’s crust. The condensed phosphate Li2FeP2O7 together with two different LiFeSO4F crystal structures that were studied herein each have their own advantageous, challenges, and scientific questions, and the combined insights gained from the different materials expand the current understanding of Li-ion battery electrodes. The surface reaction kinetics of all three compounds was evaluated by coating them with a conductive polymer layer consisting of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), PEDOT. Both LiFeSO4F polymorphs showed reduced polarization and increased charge storage capacity upon PEDOT coating, showing the importance of controlling the surface kinetics for this class of compounds. In contrast, the electrochemical performance of PEDOT coated Li2FeP2O7 was at best unchanged. The differences highlight that different rate limiting steps prevail for different Li-ion insertion materials. In addition to the electrochemical properties of the new iron based energy storage materials, also their underlying material properties were investigated. For tavorite LiFeSO4F, different reaction pathways were identified by in operando XRD evaluation during charge and discharge. Furthermore, ligand involvement in the redox process was evaluated, and although most of the charge compensation was centered on the iron sites, the sulfate group also played a role in the oxidation of tavorite LiFeSO4F. In triplite LiFeSO4F and Li2FeP2O7, a redistribution of lithium and iron atoms was observed in the crystal structure during electrochemical cycling. For Li2FeP2O7, and increased randomization of metal ions occurred, which is similar to what has been reported for other iron phosphates and silicates. In contrast, triplite LiFeSO4F showed an increased ordering of lithium and iron atoms. An electrochemically induced ordering has previously not been reported upon electrochemical cycling for iron based Li-ion insertion materials, and was beneficial for the charge storage capacity of the material.

Ce mémoire est consacré à l'étude de deux matériaux d'électrodes négatives pour batteries Li-ion : NiSb2 et TiSnSb. Ces matériaux de conversion possèdent des capacités presque deux fois supérieures à celle du graphite, actuellement utilisé, mais ils souffrent i) d'une faible cyclabilité causée par les variations volumiques caractéristiques de ce type d'électrode et ii) d'une grande perte de lithium irréversible lors de la 1ère insertion due à la réactivité de surface avec l'électrolyte. Les mécanismes réactionnels avec le lithium ont été étudiés en profondeur par diffraction des rayons X, spectrométrie Mössbauer (119Sn et 121Sb). Les études in situ et ex situ en spectroscopie d'absorption X ont permis d'identifier la formation de nanoparticules de métal de transition très réactives et dont l'instabilité est probablement à l'origine des phénomènes de relaxation observés dans l'électrode à l'état déchargé. L'amélioration des performances a été réalisée grâce à l'élaboration d'électrodes composites contenant des fibres de carbone et de la CMC. Cette formulation d'électrodes permet d'atteindre une cyclabilité de 250 cycles pour TiSnSb à régimes variables entre 4C et C. L'ajout de FEC dans l'électrolyte apparait également comme une solution pour augmenter la durée de vie des électrodes.L'interface électrode/électrolyte a été analysée par Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire, Spectroscopie Photoéletronique à rayonnement X et spectroscopie infrarouge. Li2CO3 est l'espèce majoritairement formée lors de la réduction de l'électrolyte en 1ère décharge (lié à la création de nouvelles surfaces lors de la réaction et à expansion volumique). Lors de la charge, une restructuration (ou fragmentation) de la SEI (couche de passivation) est probable à cause de la contraction de l'électrode. L'épaisseur de la couche de SEI à l'interface continue de croitre après 15 cycles. / The thesis is devoted to the study of two negative electrode materials for Li-ion batteries: NiSb2 and TiSnSb. These conversion type materials have high capacities greater than graphite electrode used in current devices. However, these compounds suffer from i) a low cyclability caused by volumetric variations which are characteristic of this type of electrode, and ii) a loss of lithium (irreversible process) during the 1st insertion due to the reduction of the liquid electrolyte on the surface of active material.The mechanisms have been studied by X-Ray Diffraction, Mössbauer Spectroscopy (119Sn and 121Sb). The in situ and ex situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy analysis have allowed identifying both the formation of highly reactive Ti and Ni nanoparticles and a relaxation effect in the discharged electrode at 0V. The improvement of performances is based on the composite electrodes formulation using carbon fibers as conductive additive and Carboxymethyl cellulose CMC as binder. A cyclability of 250 cycles at C and 4C rate is reached for TiSnSb electrodes. The addition of Fluoro Ethylene Carbonate (FEC) in the electrolyte is another way to increase the life span of electrodes.The electrode/electrolyte interface has been analyzed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Infrared Spectroscopy. During the discharge, among the species produced from the reduction of electrolyte Li2CO3 is in the majority because new surfaces are created (volumetric expansion). On charge, a fragmentation of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) deposited on the surface of the active material grains is observed. Moreover, first XPS investigations have shown that the SEI thickness continuously increases on cycling.

In English The thesis deals with research of novel antimicrobial peptides (AMP) Halictines (HAL-1, GMWSKILGHLIR-NH2 a HAL-2, GKWMSLLKHILK-NH2) and their structural analogs isolated from the venom of the wild bee Halictus sexcinctus. The structure and antimicrobial activity of these peptides had been described earlier [1]. The goal of this diploma thesis is to find peptide which is strongly toxic only for cancer cells and nontoxic for normal cells. Using of the fluorescent marked peptides we aimed to acquire the information about mechanism of action of the studied peptides on the cells. Using the MTT test (determination of valuation IC50), the toxicity of HAL-1 and HAL-2 and their analogs against 2 normal cell lines (Human umbilical vein endothelial cells, HUVEC, and normal rat intestinal cells, IEC) and against 2 cancer cell lines (cancer cells of suppository uterine, HeLa-S3 and cancer cells of human colorectal carcinoma, CRC SW 480) was determined. First we tested antimicrobial peptides with antimicrobial activity and low hemolytic activity. For verification the toxicity of less active analogs was also determined. We found out that the HeLa-S3 cells are the most sensitive to these peptides. The most toxic peptides (HAL-1/9, HAL-1/18, HAL-2/2) kill 50% of cells in the concentration 2,5 - 10 µM. To obtain...

This degree project studies the future regulations for the installation of electronic flight bags (EFB) with focus on the hardware and its safety implications in which the task was given by Bromma Air Maintenance (BAM). The aim is to ease the operator to handle issues dealing with EFB; such as lithium battery fire in the cockpit, placement of EFB in the cockpit, etc. This also addresses flight safety, flight controls, emergency evacuation and solutions in dealing with such issues. Flight safely is a vital factor to be considered since it jeopardizes lives. As recent reports indicate an increase in lithium battery powered devices incidents on aircrafts, this paves the way to find new solutions and procedures to mitigate them. By studying the current regulations, Acceptable Means of Compliance (AMC), Advisory Circular (AC) regarding the usage/installation of EFB and future regulation draft (NPA) this study analyzed the changes, which indicated that there were not many significant changes made to the future regulation (new AMC). Although many chapter of the current AMC have been removed and introduced into a new section under AMC & GM (Guidance Material). Different placement of the EFB in cockpit has also been studied in this degree project, which has shown that depending on the placement choice of the aircraft operator there are advantages and disadvantages. This follows by studying the lithium (Li-ion) batteries: technology, mitigation of fire and procedures for lithium battery fire while also studying the recent incidents regarding lithium batteries fire and explosion in commercial and cargo flights. The solutions consist of using the latest technology to propose a new approach to charge the batteries, and store the burning batteries as well. This lead to a smart inductive charger and a smart fire contamination bag to be integrated into the procedures. / Detta examensarbete studerar de framtida installationskrav för Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) med fokus på hårdvaran och dess påverkan på säkerheten. Rapporten kan användas som manual som tydliggör vilka procedurer och rekommendationer operatören kan ta hänsyn till vid installation och användning av EFB. I flygbranschen har de flesta flygbolag redan börjat använda surfplattor istället för dokument och manualer. EFB är ett elektroniskdisplaysystem som i första hand används i flygplanets cockpit. EFB:s funktion är att förse piloten med en mängd olika data om flygplanet t.ex. prestanda, balans och vikt beräkningar, bränsle mm. Displayen är en ersättning av det traditionella ”Flight Bag” som för i tiden var i pappersform och innehöll alla kartor och manualer skriftligt. Som alla andra teknologier har EFB sina begränsningar såsom batteriproblem, påverkan på säkerheten och ”Flight Controls” i flygplanets cockpit. Genom studier och sammanfattning av skillnaden mellan nuvarande och framtida regelverk har man kommit fram till att inga märkbara förändringar har skett. Fältstudien var till nytta för att analysera vilka säkerhetsproblem varje installationstyp har. Utrustningar som smart induktiv laddare och smart brandskyddsväska har fåtts som resultat i arbetet. Dessa utrustningar är till att motverka faror som är möjliga att ske under användning av EFB i cockpit.

Lithium-ion batteries are today finding use in automobiles aiming at reducing fuel consumption and emissions within transportation. The requirements on batteries used in vehicles are high regarding performance and lifetime, and a better understanding of the interior processes that dictate energy and power capabilities is a key to strategic development. This thesis concerns aging in lithium-ion cells using electrochemical tools to characterize electrode and electrolyte properties that affect performance and performance loss in the cells.   A central difficulty regarding battery aging is to manage the coupled effects of temperature and cycling conditions on the various degradation processes that determine the lifetime of a cell. In this thesis, post-mortem analyses on harvested electrode samples from small pouch cells and larger cylindrical cells aged under different conditions form the basis of aging evaluation. The characterization is focused on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements and physics-based EIS modeling supported by several material characterization techniques to investigate degradation in terms of properties that directly affect performance. The results suggest that increased temperature alter electrode degradation and limitations relate in several cases to electrolyte transport. Variations in electrode properties sampled from different locations in the cylindrical cells show that temperature and current distributions from cycling cause uneven material utilization and aging, in several dimensions. The correlation between cell performance and localized utilization/degradation is an important aspect in meeting the challenges of battery aging in vehicle applications.   The use of in-situ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging to directly capture the development of concentration gradients in a battery electrolyte during operation is successfully demonstrated. The salt diffusion coefficient and transport number for a sample electrolyte are obtained from Li+ concentration profiles using a physics-based mass-transport model. The method allows visualization of performance limitations and can be a useful tool in the study of electrochemical systems. / <p>QC 20140512</p>

論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學硏究院藝術學部,1994. / 參考文獻: leaves 170-180 / 李桂芳撰. / 緖論 --- p.1 / Chapter 上篇 --- 黎簡的時代、生平及交游 / Chapter 第一章 --- 槪說 --- p.7 / Chapter 第二章 --- 黎簡身處的時代與社會背景 --- p.13 / Chapter 第三章 --- 生平經歷 --- p.23 / Chapter 第一節 --- 專注修習詩文的年少時期 / Chapter 第二節 --- 耿直倔強和淡泊名利的性情 / Chapter 第三節 --- 面對理想與現實間之矛盾的中年時期 / Chapter 第四節 --- 體弱多病的晚年時期 / Chapter 第四章 --- 交游舉要 --- p.43 / Chapter 第一節 --- 賞識黎簡的前輩學者 / Chapter 第二節 --- 交往密切的同輩摯友 / Chapter 第三節 --- 傳頌與承接黎簡藝術造詣的後輩友人 / Chapter 下篇 --- 黎簡的山水繪畫藝術 / Chapter 第一章 --- 槪說 --- p.70 / Chapter 第二章 --- 藝術淵源 --- p.72 / Chapter 第一節 --- 現存黎簡最早的傳世畫蹟 / Chapter 第二節 --- 求問於古人的不斷探索 / Chapter 第三章 --- 具傳統文人意識的繪畫觀 --- p.111 / Chapter 第一節 --- 「士夫之致」與「詩書之味」 / Chapter 第二節 --- 從師法自然到求趣象外 / Chapter 第三節 --- 寓胸中奇氣於筆墨之間 / Chapter 第四節 --- 「要於作畫一通禪」 / Chapter 第四章 --- 畫風分析 --- p.126 / Chapter 第一節 --- 畫蹟討論 / Chapter 第二節 --- 綜論畫風特色之演變 / Chapter 第五章 --- 畫藝評價 / 附錄一黎簡的人物畫 / 附錄二 黎簡作品編年表 --- p.152 / 附錄三黎畫的眞僞問題 --- p.166 / 參考書目 --- p.170 / 附圖部份 --- p.181

柳立言. / 手稿本 (cops. 2-3 複印本) / Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學. / Shou gao ben (cops. 2-3 fu yin ben) / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 504-531). / Liu Liyan. / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue. / 提要 / 自序 --- p.1-5 / 前言 --- p.6-10 / Chapter 第一章 --- 北洋大臣職權的發展 --- p.11-94 / Chapter 第一節 --- 北洋大臣的前身与職權 --- p.12-19 / Chapter 1 --- 上諭給予的限制 / Chapter 2 --- 通商大臣的早期任務 / Chapter 第二節 --- 職權轉變的經過及原因 --- p.19-30 / Chapter 1 --- 總署的態度及天津地位的重要 / Chapter 2 --- 自強新政与天津 / Chapter 3 --- 外交活動的展開 / Chapter 第三節 --- 總理衙門与北洋大臣 --- p.30-42 / Chapter 1 --- 「奏而不咨」的原則与折衷方法 / Chapter 2 --- 總署与北洋大臣：通商、洋務 / Chapter 3 --- 總署与北洋大臣：外交 / Chapter 第四節 --- 總理衙門与北洋大臣：權力関係的轉変 --- p.42-57 / Chapter 第二章 --- 李鴻章的才性与外交觀念 --- p.94-143 / Chapter 第一節 --- 李鴻章對洋務与外交的接觸与承担 --- p.96-100 / Chapter 第二節 --- 李鴻章的才性 --- p.100-109 / Chapter 第三節 --- 李鴻章外交觀念的形成 --- p.109-121 / Chapter 第三章 --- 李鴻章与《中日修好條規》的締定 --- p.149-194 / Chapter 第一節 --- 中國朝廷与疆吏對日本的態度 --- p.151-157 / Chapter 第二節 --- 李鴻章与中日近代外交的序幕 --- p.157-172 / Chapter 1 --- 中日聯結的構想 / Chapter 2 --- 對日、西聯為一氣的預防 / Chapter 3 --- 中日自強新政的比較 / Chapter 第四章 --- 李鴻章与台灣事件 --- p.197-332 / Chapter 第一節 --- 台灣事件与中日交涉 --- p.203-218 / Chapter 1 --- 日本的預謀 / Chapter 2 --- 總署与柳原之交涉 / Chapter 第二節 --- 李鴻章对台灣事件的態度和政策 --- p.219-243 / Chapter 1 --- 李鴻章對「牡丹社事件」的態度 / Chapter 2 --- 李鴻章對日本出兵的反應 / Chapter 3 --- 李鴻章處理台案的原則 / Chapter 4 --- 李鴻章主和的原因 / Chapter 第三節 --- 李鴻章解決台案的經過 --- p.243-253 / Chapter 第四節 --- 對李鴻章策畧的評論 / Chapter 第五節 --- 台事对中國的刺激 --- p.260-268 / Chapter 1 --- 籌議海防 / Chapter 2 --- 台事後李鴻章对日本外交的設計 / Chapter 第五章 --- 李鴻章与「江華島事件」 --- p.333-379 / Chapter 第一節 --- 中國的宗藩¨Œ念与中、日交涉 --- p.337-343 / Chapter 第二節 --- 李鴻章与「江華島事件」的處理 --- p.343-362 / Chapter 1 --- 李鴻章對中、日、韓關係的了解 / Chapter 2 --- 李鴻章的不干涉態度与日韓《江華條約》 / Chapter 3 --- 李鴻章对中、日、韓関係的期望 / Chapter 第六章 --- 李鴻章与琉球事件 --- p.380-486 / Chapter 第一節 --- 日本逐步併吞琉球与中國的反應 --- p.385-396 / Chapter 第二節 --- 駐日使團的建議与李鴻章的反應 --- p.396-406 / Chapter 第三節 --- 總署与李鴻章對日本廢琉球為縣的對策 --- p.407-414 / Chapter 第四節 --- 李鴻章對分島及修約之議的态度 --- p.414-422 / Chapter 第五節 --- 議論紛紜 --- p.423-435 / Chapter 第六節 --- 球案对中國的影响 --- p.435-444 / 結論 --- p.487-501

by Lam Ho Cheung, Andrew. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 1-5 (3rd gp.)). / ABSTRACT --- p.I1-3 / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.II / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.III1-2 / Chapter CHAPTER ONE - --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- The Problem --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- The purpose of the thesis --- p.5 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO - --- PSYCHIATRIC OUTPATIENT SERVICE PROVISION / Chapter 2.1 --- Provision of psychiatric outpatient provision --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2 --- The problem of pattern of consultation --- p.13 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE- --- OBJECTIVES AND HYPOTHESIS SETTING / Chapter 3.1 --- Objectives --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2 --- Definition of essential terms --- p.30 / Chapter 3.3 --- Hypothesis setting --- p.32 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR - --- METHOD / Chapter 4.1 --- Research design and Data collection method --- p.36 / Chapter 4.2 --- Recording schedule design --- p.37 / Chapter 4.3 --- Setting --- p.39 / Chapter 4.4 --- Subjects --- p.40 / Chapter 4.5 --- Data Collection and Processing --- p.40 / Chapter 4.6 --- Data analysis --- p.43 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE - --- DESCRIPTIVE FINDINGS / Chapter 5.1 --- The overall pattern of consultations --- p.45 / Chapter 5.2 --- Diagnostic group of sex and age group --- p.53 / Chapter CHAPTER SIX - --- FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH DROP-OUTS OF PATIENTS / Chapter 6.1 --- Background of the drop-outs and the non-drop-outs group --- p.55 / Chapter 6.2 --- Univariate analysis of relationship between various variables and drop-outs --- p.55 / Chapter 6.3 --- Multiple logistic regression model of relationship between drop-outs and various variables --- p.58 / Chapter CHAPTER SEVEN - --- FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PROLONGED & CONTINUED ATTENDANCE / Chapter 7.1 --- Background of the treated & discharged group and prolonged & continued attendance group --- p.62 / Chapter 7.2 --- Univariate analysis of relationship between various variables and prolonged & continued attendance --- p.62 / Chapter 7.3 --- Multiple logistic regression model of relationship between prolonged & continued attendance and various variables --- p.65 / Chapter CHAPTER EIGHT - --- DISCUSSION / Chapter 8.1 --- The overall pattern of consultations --- p.69 / Chapter 8.2 --- Factors associated with the risk of drop-outs --- p.76 / Chapter 8.3 --- Factors associated with the prolonged & continued attendance --- p.80 / Chapter 8.4 --- Implications to service delivery --- p.85 / Chapter 8.5 --- Limitations of this thesis --- p.86 / Chapter CHAPTER NINE - --- CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS / Chapter 9.1 --- Conclusion --- p.90 / Chapter 9.2 --- Recommendations --- p.92 / Chapter 9.3 --- Suggestion for future work --- p.93 / BIBLIOGRAPHY / APPENDIX I - TABLE / APPENDIX II- SAMPLE RECORDING SCHEDULE

何思穎. / Thesis submitted in: November 2009. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 132-138). / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / He Siying. / Chapter 第一章 --- 绪论 --- p.1 / Chapter 一. --- 文献回顾 --- p.2 / Chapter 二. --- 研究问题 --- p.6 / Chapter 三. --- 研究文本与研究方法 --- p.8 / Chapter 四. --- 理论框架 --- p.10 / Chapter 五. --- 论文结构 --- p.14 / Chapter 第二章 --- 李翰祥风月片产生的背景及原因 --- p.17 / Chapter 第一节. --- 一代南来影人的传奇电影生涯 --- p.18 / Chapter 第二节. --- 1970年代李氏风月片产生的背景 --- p.24 / Chapter 第三节. --- 李翰祥的古典风趣 --- p.33 / 小结 --- p.38 / Chapter 第三章 --- 再现中国古典文学风月传统 --- p.40 / Chapter 第一节. --- 从小说到电影：李翰祥的选择与创造 --- p.41 / Chapter 第二节. --- 风月如画：李翰祥的古典色情镜像 --- p.49 / Chapter 第三节. --- 万种风情脚下来：李翰祥的“金莲´ح情结 --- p.57 / 小结 --- p.66 / Chapter 第四章 --- 建构女性情欲的自主空间 --- p.68 / Chapter 第一节. --- 李翰祥镜头下的潘金莲 --- p.68 / Chapter 第二节. --- 权力与欲望的流动 --- p.79 / Chapter 第三节. --- 危险的愉悦：死亡、虐恋与性 --- p.90 / 小结 --- p.100 / Chapter 第五章 --- 结论 --- p.101 / Chapter 第一节. --- 李翰祥风月片在其个人创作脉络中的重要性 --- p.101 / Chapter 第二节. --- 李翰祥风月片在香港色情电影发展史上的地位 --- p.107 / Chapter 第三节. --- 大师之后：香港色情电影发展的展望 --- p.112 / 附录： / 表一李翰祥五部《金瓶梅》改编风月片票房纪录 --- p.116 / 表二 李翰祥风月片的详细资料 --- p.117 / 表三1975 ´ؤ1978年于《大特写》评介的上映外国色情电影 --- p.119 / 插图简介：港台地区改编自《金瓶梅》的主要电影作品： --- p.121 / 参考资料： / Chapter 一. --- 参考书目： --- p.132 / Chapter 二. --- 网站资源： --- p.138