Ce travail consiste en l’étude par RMN multinoyaux de matériauxparamagnétiques d’électrodes positives pour batteries Li ou Na-ion. La RMN du solidepermet une caractérisation de l’environnement local du noyau sondé grâce à l’exploitationdes interactions hyperfines dues à la présence d’une certaine densité d’électrons célibataires(déplacement de contact de Fermi) sur ce noyau (densité transférée selon des mécanismesplus ou moins complexes). Les matériaux étudiés sont des fluoro ou oxy phosphates devanadium de formules générales AVPO4X (A= Li ou Na; X = F, OH, ou OF) (structure typeTavorite), et Na3V2(PO4)2F1-xOx. Tous ces matériaux ont été caractérisés par RMN du 7Li ou23Na, 31P et 19F combiné à des calculs DFT, afin de mieux comprendre les structure etstructure électroniques locales. Notamment, ces études nous ont permis de mettre enévidence la présence de défauts dans certains matériaux et donc de discuter leur impact surles propriétés électrochimiques. L’utilisation de la méthode PAW nous a permis de modéliserdes défauts dilués dans des supermaille. Ensuite, l’impact de ces défauts sur la structurelocale a été étudié afin d’envisager les mécanismes de transfert de spin possibles etreproduire leur déplacements de RMN. / Paramagnetic materials for positive electrodes for Li or Na-ion batteries havebeen studied by multinuclear NMR. The local environment of the probed nucleus can becharacterized by solid state NMR making use of hyperfine interactions due to transfer ofsome electron spin density (Fermi contact shift) on this nucleus, via more or less complexmechanisms. The materials studied are vanadium fluoro or oxy phosphates of generalformulas AVPO4X (A= Li or Na; X = F, OH, or OF) belonging to the Tavorite family and theNa3V2(PO4)2F1-xOx . All these materials have been characterized by 7Li or 23Na, 31P and 19F,combined with DFT calculations to better understand local electronic structures andstructures. In particular, these studies have enabled us to highlight the presence of defects incertain materials and to discuss their impact on the electrochemical properties. The use ofthe PAW method allowed us to model diluted defects in large supercells, to calculate theFermi contact shifts of the surrounding nuclei and to study the mechanisms of electron spintransfer. This allowed us to better understand the nature of defects in materials.For some systems, the mechanisms related to the intercalation or deintercalation of Li+ orNa+ ions have also been studied by NMR.

L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer des matériaux organiques rédox à base de phénothiazine pour être utilisés à l’électrode positive des batteries lithium. Les matériaux organiques s’inscrivent en rupture des matériaux inorganiques coûteux et toxiques. Dans ce but, des matériaux rédox contenant l’unité phénothiazine ont été synthétisés, caractérisés. Leurs propriétés électrochimiques ont été analysées par dépôt sur électrode et par microélectrode à cavité, puis les plus prometteurs ont été testés en cellule lithium et sodium. La cible rédox choisie, la phénothiazine, a été polymérisée et substituée à un squelette phosphazène. Les tests en cellules ont mis en évidence la dissolution systématique du matériau et la nécessité d’empêcher ce phénomène rédhibitoire pour l’application batterie. Dans ce but, l’utilisation de polymères insolubles et de copolymères dotés d’une fonction post-réticulable ont permis d’augmenter significativement la cyclabilité et les performances énergétiques des cellules lithium. De plus, l’utilisation du sodium à l’électrode négative et d’anions peu lipophiles ont également permis de limiter cette contribution de dissolution. Une fonctionnalisation du carbone par la phénothiazine a également été investiguée par deux stratégies différentes. Dans les deux cas, un greffage a été réalisé avec succès. Les analyses électrochimiques ont permis de confirmer des propriétés électrochimiques très prometteuses de ces carbones modifiés. / The aim of this work is to develop phenothiazine-based redox organic materials for lithium positive electrode. Comparatively to inorganic materials, organic ones can constitute clear break by decreasing the cost, toxicity and security issues while keeping good performances. In that purpose, redox materials involving phenothiazine moieties have been synthesized, characterized, then, their electrochemical properties have been analyzed electrochemically, the most promising ones have been tested in lithium and sodium cells. The redox target chosen, the phenothiazine, has been polymerized and functionalized onto phosphazene backbone. Cell tests showed material dissolution contribution has to be avoided. In this context, insoluble polyphenothiazine and cross-linkable copolymers were able to upgrade significantly the cyclability and the energetic performances of lithium cells. Moreover, sodium cells with a poor lipophilic anion showed lower dissolution contribution. Carbon grafting by phenothiazine has also been investigated. It has been performed by electrochemical and chemical means and has led to promising electrochemical performances.

Introdução: Estudos prévios têm indicado que uma mutação germinativa específica no gene TP53, p.R337H está associada a efeito fundador no Brasil e é muito frequente entre certos tipos tumorais. Objetivos e Metodologia: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a prevalência da mutação germinativa TP53 p.R337H em indivíduos com tumores do espectro da Síndrome de Li-Fraumeni (SLF) e/ou Li- Fraumeni-Like (LFL) divididos em diferentes grupos: (1) mulheres com câncer de mama (CM) subdivididas em 2 subgrupos: (a) com critérios para síndromes de predisposição hereditária ao câncer, exceto para SLF/LFL; (b) não selecionadas para história familiar (HF), diagnosticadas antes dos 45 e após 55 anos de idade em diferentes regiões do país; (2) mulheres com tumores phyllodes da mama, diagnosticadas em diferentes idades e não selecionadas para HF da doença nas regiões Sul e Sudeste; (3) crianças com tumores do espectro da SLF/LFL, não selecionadas para HF e atendidas em um Serviço de Oncologia Pediátrica do Sul do país. Adicionalmente, foi investigada a presença do haplótipo fundador brasileiro nos portadores da mutação TP53 p.R337H. No grupo 3 foi ainda avaliada a prevalência de critérios para SLF/LFL e a presença de outras mutações germinativas no gene TP53. Resultados: No subgrupo 1A foram incluídas 59 mulheres das quais 2 eram portadoras da mutação TP53 p.R337H, ambas com HF exclusivamente para a Síndrome de Prediposição Hereditária ao Câncer de Mama e Ovário no momento do recrutamento. No subrupo 1B foram incluídas 815 mulheres (403 com CM N45 anos e 412 casos com CM O 55 anos) provenientes de 25 diferentes Estados do Brasil. A mutação foi encontrada em 8,6% (70/815) dos casos, sendo observada diferença significativa na frequência de acordo com o centro de recrutamento. Em todos centros, a mutação foi mais frequente em mulheres com CM antes dos 45 anos. Análise do tecido tumoral de 15 portadoras evidenciou perda de heterozigosidade (LOH) em apenas 2 casos. Os tumores de mama de mulheres portadoras apresentavam mais frequentemente alguma expressão de HER2 (1+, 2+ ou 3+). No grupo 2, foram incluídas 148 mulheres com tumores phyllodes da mama e 8 (5,4%) apresentaram a mutação, sendo mais frequente entre os tumores malignos (3/13; 23%) quando comparada aos benignos (5/128; 3.4%). No grupo 3 foram incluídas 292 crianças diagnosticadas com tumores do espectro da SLF/LFL, das quais 25,3% tinham critérios para SLF/LFL. O sequenciamento completo e pesquisa de rearranjos gênicos de TP53 em 48 das crianças com câncer e critérios estritos para LFL evidenciou apenas um caso com uma mutação clássica – p.G245S. A mutação TP53 p.R337H foi identificada somente entre os casos com carcinoma adrenocortical (9/11; 81,8%) e de plexo coróide (2/2; 100%), correspondendo a 3,8% da amostra total. Um dos casos de carcinoma adrenocortical apresentou a mutação TP53 p.R337H em homozigose. Todos tumores de portadores analisados (n=8) apresentaram LOH. Conclusão: Conclui-se que a mutação germinativa TP53 p.R337H ocorre em mulheres brasileiras com CM em diferentes faixas etárias, independente da HF de câncer. Em mulheres com fenótipo de CM hereditário sem critérios para SLF/LFL a mesma também foi observada. A freqüência da mutação foi variável de acordo com o centro de recrutamento, sendo identificada em todas as regiões brasileiras. Os tumores de mama de pacientes portadoras da mutação têm um perfil peculiar, com baixa frequência de LOH e presença de alguma expressão de HER2. A mutação p.R337H ocorre em tumores phyllodes da mama benignos e especialmente malignos, confirmando a hipótese prévia de associação de mutações germinativas em TP53 com estes tumores. Entre crianças com tumores do espectro SLF/LFL de um centro de referência no Sul do Brasil, um percentual significativo tem indicação para teste de mutações em TP53, no entanto, na maioria destes casos não se identifica mutação germinativa no gene. A mutação TP53 p.R337H ocorre em elevada frequência na linhagem germinativa de crianças com carcinomas adrenocortical e de plexo coróide, como descrito em outras regiões brasileiras. Por fim, o haplótipo fundador foi identificado em todos portadores da mutação analisados, incluindo 3 casos das regiões Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste do país. A mutação TP53 p.R337H está associada a efeito fundador no Brasil e tem importante contribuição na gênese de tumores de mama, bem como de carcinomas adrenocortical e de plexo coróide no Sul do país. / Introduction: Previous studies have reported that a specific germline mutation in TP53, p.R337H, is associated with a founder effect and is common among certain tumor types. Objectives and Methodology: Assess the prevalence of TP53 p.R337H germline mutation in subjects with tumors of the Li-Fraumeni/ Li-Fraumeni- Like (LFS/LFL) spectrum divided into different groups: (1) women diagnosed with breast cancer (BC) subdivided into 2 subgroups: (a) with criteria for hereditary predisposition syndromes, except for LFS/LFL (b) unselected for family history (FH) diagnosed at or before 45 years and at or after 55 years recruited in different regions of the country; (2) women with phyllodes breast tumors, diagnosed at different ages and not selected for FH of the disease from the South and Southeast of Brazil; (3) children with tumors of the LFS/LFL spectrum and not selected for FH of the disease from a Pediatric Oncology Service in South Brazil. In addition, presence of the founder Brazilian haplotype in mutation carriers identified in groups 1, 2 and 3 was assessed. Finally, in group 3, prevalence of LFS/LFL criteria and presence of other germline TP53 mutations were investigated. Results: In subgroup 1A, 59 women were included and two of these were mutation carriers, both had a FH consistent only with Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome at recruitment. In subgroup 1B, 815 women (403 cases diagnosed N 45 years and 412 cases, O 55 years) were included from 25 different Brazilian States. The TP53 p.R377H mutation was found in 8.6% (70/815), and significant differences in mutation frequency were observed according to recruitment center. In all centers the mutation was more frequent in women diagnosed with BC at or before 45 years. Analysis of tumor tissue of 15 carriers showed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in only 2 cases. Breast tumors of carriers showed, more frequently, some expression of HER2. In group 2 were included 148 women with breast phyllodes tumors and 8 (5.4%) were p.R337H carriers, which was most common among malignant phyllodes tumors (3/13, 23%) when compared to benign (5/128, 3.4%). In the group 3, 292 children with tumors of the LFS/LFL spectrum were included, and 25.3% of these had criteria for LFS/LFL. TP53 gene sequencing and rearrangement testing in 48 children with the more strict criteria for the syndrome identified a classic germline mutation, p.G245S, in only one proband. The TP53 p.R337H mutation was identified only among patients with adrenocortical carcinoma (9/11, 81.8%) and choroid plexus carcinoma (2/2, 100%), corresponding to 3.8% of the total sample. One of the patients with adrenocortical carcinoma was homozygous mutant. All tumors of TP53 p.R37H carriers analyzed (n=8) showed LOH. Conclusion: We conclude that the TP53 p.R337H germline mutation occurs in Brazilian women with BC in different age groups, regardless of BC FH. In women with hereditary BC without criteria for LFS/LFL criteria, it was also observed. The mutation frequency varied according to the recruiting center and carriers were identified in all Brazilian regions. Breast tumors of carriers have a peculiar profile, with low frequency of LOH and the presence of HER2 expression. The mutation was present, also, in benign and especially malignant phyllodes tumors, confirming the previous hypothesis of an association between germline mutations in the TP53 gene and these specific tumors. Among children with tumors of the LFS/LFL spectrum from a Oncopediatrics referral center in South Brazil, a significant percentage fulfills criteria for TP53 mutation testing, however, in most of these cases, no germline mutations were identified. The TP53 p.R337H mutation occurs in high frequency in the germline of children with adrenocortical and choroid plexus carcinomas, as described in other Brazilian regions. Finally the founder haplotype was identified in all mutation carriers analyzed, including 3 cases from the Northern, Northeastern and Midwestern Brazilian regions. The TP53 p.R337H mutation is associated with a founder effect in Brazil and has an important contribution in the genesis of breast tumors in the country, as well as adrenocortical and choroid plexus carcinomas in the Southern region of the country.

Introdução: Estudos prévios têm indicado que uma mutação germinativa específica no gene TP53, p.R337H está associada a efeito fundador no Brasil e é muito frequente entre certos tipos tumorais. Objetivos e Metodologia: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a prevalência da mutação germinativa TP53 p.R337H em indivíduos com tumores do espectro da Síndrome de Li-Fraumeni (SLF) e/ou Li- Fraumeni-Like (LFL) divididos em diferentes grupos: (1) mulheres com câncer de mama (CM) subdivididas em 2 subgrupos: (a) com critérios para síndromes de predisposição hereditária ao câncer, exceto para SLF/LFL; (b) não selecionadas para história familiar (HF), diagnosticadas antes dos 45 e após 55 anos de idade em diferentes regiões do país; (2) mulheres com tumores phyllodes da mama, diagnosticadas em diferentes idades e não selecionadas para HF da doença nas regiões Sul e Sudeste; (3) crianças com tumores do espectro da SLF/LFL, não selecionadas para HF e atendidas em um Serviço de Oncologia Pediátrica do Sul do país. Adicionalmente, foi investigada a presença do haplótipo fundador brasileiro nos portadores da mutação TP53 p.R337H. No grupo 3 foi ainda avaliada a prevalência de critérios para SLF/LFL e a presença de outras mutações germinativas no gene TP53. Resultados: No subgrupo 1A foram incluídas 59 mulheres das quais 2 eram portadoras da mutação TP53 p.R337H, ambas com HF exclusivamente para a Síndrome de Prediposição Hereditária ao Câncer de Mama e Ovário no momento do recrutamento. No subrupo 1B foram incluídas 815 mulheres (403 com CM N45 anos e 412 casos com CM O 55 anos) provenientes de 25 diferentes Estados do Brasil. A mutação foi encontrada em 8,6% (70/815) dos casos, sendo observada diferença significativa na frequência de acordo com o centro de recrutamento. Em todos centros, a mutação foi mais frequente em mulheres com CM antes dos 45 anos. Análise do tecido tumoral de 15 portadoras evidenciou perda de heterozigosidade (LOH) em apenas 2 casos. Os tumores de mama de mulheres portadoras apresentavam mais frequentemente alguma expressão de HER2 (1+, 2+ ou 3+). No grupo 2, foram incluídas 148 mulheres com tumores phyllodes da mama e 8 (5,4%) apresentaram a mutação, sendo mais frequente entre os tumores malignos (3/13; 23%) quando comparada aos benignos (5/128; 3.4%). No grupo 3 foram incluídas 292 crianças diagnosticadas com tumores do espectro da SLF/LFL, das quais 25,3% tinham critérios para SLF/LFL. O sequenciamento completo e pesquisa de rearranjos gênicos de TP53 em 48 das crianças com câncer e critérios estritos para LFL evidenciou apenas um caso com uma mutação clássica – p.G245S. A mutação TP53 p.R337H foi identificada somente entre os casos com carcinoma adrenocortical (9/11; 81,8%) e de plexo coróide (2/2; 100%), correspondendo a 3,8% da amostra total. Um dos casos de carcinoma adrenocortical apresentou a mutação TP53 p.R337H em homozigose. Todos tumores de portadores analisados (n=8) apresentaram LOH. Conclusão: Conclui-se que a mutação germinativa TP53 p.R337H ocorre em mulheres brasileiras com CM em diferentes faixas etárias, independente da HF de câncer. Em mulheres com fenótipo de CM hereditário sem critérios para SLF/LFL a mesma também foi observada. A freqüência da mutação foi variável de acordo com o centro de recrutamento, sendo identificada em todas as regiões brasileiras. Os tumores de mama de pacientes portadoras da mutação têm um perfil peculiar, com baixa frequência de LOH e presença de alguma expressão de HER2. A mutação p.R337H ocorre em tumores phyllodes da mama benignos e especialmente malignos, confirmando a hipótese prévia de associação de mutações germinativas em TP53 com estes tumores. Entre crianças com tumores do espectro SLF/LFL de um centro de referência no Sul do Brasil, um percentual significativo tem indicação para teste de mutações em TP53, no entanto, na maioria destes casos não se identifica mutação germinativa no gene. A mutação TP53 p.R337H ocorre em elevada frequência na linhagem germinativa de crianças com carcinomas adrenocortical e de plexo coróide, como descrito em outras regiões brasileiras. Por fim, o haplótipo fundador foi identificado em todos portadores da mutação analisados, incluindo 3 casos das regiões Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste do país. A mutação TP53 p.R337H está associada a efeito fundador no Brasil e tem importante contribuição na gênese de tumores de mama, bem como de carcinomas adrenocortical e de plexo coróide no Sul do país. / Introduction: Previous studies have reported that a specific germline mutation in TP53, p.R337H, is associated with a founder effect and is common among certain tumor types. Objectives and Methodology: Assess the prevalence of TP53 p.R337H germline mutation in subjects with tumors of the Li-Fraumeni/ Li-Fraumeni- Like (LFS/LFL) spectrum divided into different groups: (1) women diagnosed with breast cancer (BC) subdivided into 2 subgroups: (a) with criteria for hereditary predisposition syndromes, except for LFS/LFL (b) unselected for family history (FH) diagnosed at or before 45 years and at or after 55 years recruited in different regions of the country; (2) women with phyllodes breast tumors, diagnosed at different ages and not selected for FH of the disease from the South and Southeast of Brazil; (3) children with tumors of the LFS/LFL spectrum and not selected for FH of the disease from a Pediatric Oncology Service in South Brazil. In addition, presence of the founder Brazilian haplotype in mutation carriers identified in groups 1, 2 and 3 was assessed. Finally, in group 3, prevalence of LFS/LFL criteria and presence of other germline TP53 mutations were investigated. Results: In subgroup 1A, 59 women were included and two of these were mutation carriers, both had a FH consistent only with Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome at recruitment. In subgroup 1B, 815 women (403 cases diagnosed N 45 years and 412 cases, O 55 years) were included from 25 different Brazilian States. The TP53 p.R377H mutation was found in 8.6% (70/815), and significant differences in mutation frequency were observed according to recruitment center. In all centers the mutation was more frequent in women diagnosed with BC at or before 45 years. Analysis of tumor tissue of 15 carriers showed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in only 2 cases. Breast tumors of carriers showed, more frequently, some expression of HER2. In group 2 were included 148 women with breast phyllodes tumors and 8 (5.4%) were p.R337H carriers, which was most common among malignant phyllodes tumors (3/13, 23%) when compared to benign (5/128, 3.4%). In the group 3, 292 children with tumors of the LFS/LFL spectrum were included, and 25.3% of these had criteria for LFS/LFL. TP53 gene sequencing and rearrangement testing in 48 children with the more strict criteria for the syndrome identified a classic germline mutation, p.G245S, in only one proband. The TP53 p.R337H mutation was identified only among patients with adrenocortical carcinoma (9/11, 81.8%) and choroid plexus carcinoma (2/2, 100%), corresponding to 3.8% of the total sample. One of the patients with adrenocortical carcinoma was homozygous mutant. All tumors of TP53 p.R37H carriers analyzed (n=8) showed LOH. Conclusion: We conclude that the TP53 p.R337H germline mutation occurs in Brazilian women with BC in different age groups, regardless of BC FH. In women with hereditary BC without criteria for LFS/LFL criteria, it was also observed. The mutation frequency varied according to the recruiting center and carriers were identified in all Brazilian regions. Breast tumors of carriers have a peculiar profile, with low frequency of LOH and the presence of HER2 expression. The mutation was present, also, in benign and especially malignant phyllodes tumors, confirming the previous hypothesis of an association between germline mutations in the TP53 gene and these specific tumors. Among children with tumors of the LFS/LFL spectrum from a Oncopediatrics referral center in South Brazil, a significant percentage fulfills criteria for TP53 mutation testing, however, in most of these cases, no germline mutations were identified. The TP53 p.R337H mutation occurs in high frequency in the germline of children with adrenocortical and choroid plexus carcinomas, as described in other Brazilian regions. Finally the founder haplotype was identified in all mutation carriers analyzed, including 3 cases from the Northern, Northeastern and Midwestern Brazilian regions. The TP53 p.R337H mutation is associated with a founder effect in Brazil and has an important contribution in the genesis of breast tumors in the country, as well as adrenocortical and choroid plexus carcinomas in the Southern region of the country.

Introdução: Estudos prévios têm indicado que uma mutação germinativa específica no gene TP53, p.R337H está associada a efeito fundador no Brasil e é muito frequente entre certos tipos tumorais. Objetivos e Metodologia: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a prevalência da mutação germinativa TP53 p.R337H em indivíduos com tumores do espectro da Síndrome de Li-Fraumeni (SLF) e/ou Li- Fraumeni-Like (LFL) divididos em diferentes grupos: (1) mulheres com câncer de mama (CM) subdivididas em 2 subgrupos: (a) com critérios para síndromes de predisposição hereditária ao câncer, exceto para SLF/LFL; (b) não selecionadas para história familiar (HF), diagnosticadas antes dos 45 e após 55 anos de idade em diferentes regiões do país; (2) mulheres com tumores phyllodes da mama, diagnosticadas em diferentes idades e não selecionadas para HF da doença nas regiões Sul e Sudeste; (3) crianças com tumores do espectro da SLF/LFL, não selecionadas para HF e atendidas em um Serviço de Oncologia Pediátrica do Sul do país. Adicionalmente, foi investigada a presença do haplótipo fundador brasileiro nos portadores da mutação TP53 p.R337H. No grupo 3 foi ainda avaliada a prevalência de critérios para SLF/LFL e a presença de outras mutações germinativas no gene TP53. Resultados: No subgrupo 1A foram incluídas 59 mulheres das quais 2 eram portadoras da mutação TP53 p.R337H, ambas com HF exclusivamente para a Síndrome de Prediposição Hereditária ao Câncer de Mama e Ovário no momento do recrutamento. No subrupo 1B foram incluídas 815 mulheres (403 com CM N45 anos e 412 casos com CM O 55 anos) provenientes de 25 diferentes Estados do Brasil. A mutação foi encontrada em 8,6% (70/815) dos casos, sendo observada diferença significativa na frequência de acordo com o centro de recrutamento. Em todos centros, a mutação foi mais frequente em mulheres com CM antes dos 45 anos. Análise do tecido tumoral de 15 portadoras evidenciou perda de heterozigosidade (LOH) em apenas 2 casos. Os tumores de mama de mulheres portadoras apresentavam mais frequentemente alguma expressão de HER2 (1+, 2+ ou 3+). No grupo 2, foram incluídas 148 mulheres com tumores phyllodes da mama e 8 (5,4%) apresentaram a mutação, sendo mais frequente entre os tumores malignos (3/13; 23%) quando comparada aos benignos (5/128; 3.4%). No grupo 3 foram incluídas 292 crianças diagnosticadas com tumores do espectro da SLF/LFL, das quais 25,3% tinham critérios para SLF/LFL. O sequenciamento completo e pesquisa de rearranjos gênicos de TP53 em 48 das crianças com câncer e critérios estritos para LFL evidenciou apenas um caso com uma mutação clássica – p.G245S. A mutação TP53 p.R337H foi identificada somente entre os casos com carcinoma adrenocortical (9/11; 81,8%) e de plexo coróide (2/2; 100%), correspondendo a 3,8% da amostra total. Um dos casos de carcinoma adrenocortical apresentou a mutação TP53 p.R337H em homozigose. Todos tumores de portadores analisados (n=8) apresentaram LOH. Conclusão: Conclui-se que a mutação germinativa TP53 p.R337H ocorre em mulheres brasileiras com CM em diferentes faixas etárias, independente da HF de câncer. Em mulheres com fenótipo de CM hereditário sem critérios para SLF/LFL a mesma também foi observada. A freqüência da mutação foi variável de acordo com o centro de recrutamento, sendo identificada em todas as regiões brasileiras. Os tumores de mama de pacientes portadoras da mutação têm um perfil peculiar, com baixa frequência de LOH e presença de alguma expressão de HER2. A mutação p.R337H ocorre em tumores phyllodes da mama benignos e especialmente malignos, confirmando a hipótese prévia de associação de mutações germinativas em TP53 com estes tumores. Entre crianças com tumores do espectro SLF/LFL de um centro de referência no Sul do Brasil, um percentual significativo tem indicação para teste de mutações em TP53, no entanto, na maioria destes casos não se identifica mutação germinativa no gene. A mutação TP53 p.R337H ocorre em elevada frequência na linhagem germinativa de crianças com carcinomas adrenocortical e de plexo coróide, como descrito em outras regiões brasileiras. Por fim, o haplótipo fundador foi identificado em todos portadores da mutação analisados, incluindo 3 casos das regiões Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste do país. A mutação TP53 p.R337H está associada a efeito fundador no Brasil e tem importante contribuição na gênese de tumores de mama, bem como de carcinomas adrenocortical e de plexo coróide no Sul do país. / Introduction: Previous studies have reported that a specific germline mutation in TP53, p.R337H, is associated with a founder effect and is common among certain tumor types. Objectives and Methodology: Assess the prevalence of TP53 p.R337H germline mutation in subjects with tumors of the Li-Fraumeni/ Li-Fraumeni- Like (LFS/LFL) spectrum divided into different groups: (1) women diagnosed with breast cancer (BC) subdivided into 2 subgroups: (a) with criteria for hereditary predisposition syndromes, except for LFS/LFL (b) unselected for family history (FH) diagnosed at or before 45 years and at or after 55 years recruited in different regions of the country; (2) women with phyllodes breast tumors, diagnosed at different ages and not selected for FH of the disease from the South and Southeast of Brazil; (3) children with tumors of the LFS/LFL spectrum and not selected for FH of the disease from a Pediatric Oncology Service in South Brazil. In addition, presence of the founder Brazilian haplotype in mutation carriers identified in groups 1, 2 and 3 was assessed. Finally, in group 3, prevalence of LFS/LFL criteria and presence of other germline TP53 mutations were investigated. Results: In subgroup 1A, 59 women were included and two of these were mutation carriers, both had a FH consistent only with Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome at recruitment. In subgroup 1B, 815 women (403 cases diagnosed N 45 years and 412 cases, O 55 years) were included from 25 different Brazilian States. The TP53 p.R377H mutation was found in 8.6% (70/815), and significant differences in mutation frequency were observed according to recruitment center. In all centers the mutation was more frequent in women diagnosed with BC at or before 45 years. Analysis of tumor tissue of 15 carriers showed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in only 2 cases. Breast tumors of carriers showed, more frequently, some expression of HER2. In group 2 were included 148 women with breast phyllodes tumors and 8 (5.4%) were p.R337H carriers, which was most common among malignant phyllodes tumors (3/13, 23%) when compared to benign (5/128, 3.4%). In the group 3, 292 children with tumors of the LFS/LFL spectrum were included, and 25.3% of these had criteria for LFS/LFL. TP53 gene sequencing and rearrangement testing in 48 children with the more strict criteria for the syndrome identified a classic germline mutation, p.G245S, in only one proband. The TP53 p.R337H mutation was identified only among patients with adrenocortical carcinoma (9/11, 81.8%) and choroid plexus carcinoma (2/2, 100%), corresponding to 3.8% of the total sample. One of the patients with adrenocortical carcinoma was homozygous mutant. All tumors of TP53 p.R37H carriers analyzed (n=8) showed LOH. Conclusion: We conclude that the TP53 p.R337H germline mutation occurs in Brazilian women with BC in different age groups, regardless of BC FH. In women with hereditary BC without criteria for LFS/LFL criteria, it was also observed. The mutation frequency varied according to the recruiting center and carriers were identified in all Brazilian regions. Breast tumors of carriers have a peculiar profile, with low frequency of LOH and the presence of HER2 expression. The mutation was present, also, in benign and especially malignant phyllodes tumors, confirming the previous hypothesis of an association between germline mutations in the TP53 gene and these specific tumors. Among children with tumors of the LFS/LFL spectrum from a Oncopediatrics referral center in South Brazil, a significant percentage fulfills criteria for TP53 mutation testing, however, in most of these cases, no germline mutations were identified. The TP53 p.R337H mutation occurs in high frequency in the germline of children with adrenocortical and choroid plexus carcinomas, as described in other Brazilian regions. Finally the founder haplotype was identified in all mutation carriers analyzed, including 3 cases from the Northern, Northeastern and Midwestern Brazilian regions. The TP53 p.R337H mutation is associated with a founder effect in Brazil and has an important contribution in the genesis of breast tumors in the country, as well as adrenocortical and choroid plexus carcinomas in the Southern region of the country.

Actuellement, la principale source d’énergie embarquée dans les véhicules électriques est composée de batteries Li-ion. Cette thèse fait partie des thématiques communes de travail que mène L’ESTACA en collaboration avec le L2EP. L’objectif ce projet est d’étudier l’apport d’une source hybride composée de batteries Li-ion et des supercondensateurs, sur les performances d’un véhicule électrique urbain.Dans un premier temps, une stratégie de gestion d’energie basée sur l’approche des règles déterministes a été appliquée pour montrer l’intérêt de l’association des différentes technologies de batterie Li-ion (haute puissance, haute énergie) avec le supercondensateur en fonction de l’autonomie voulue. Cette étude nous a permis de proposer une solution optimale (poids, volume, coût..) composée d’une batterie énergétique et un supercondensateur.Dans la deuxième partie, on a suivie l’évolution du vieillissement des deux de deux batteries de type haute puissance et hautes énergie dans, respectivement, les configurations mono-source et hybride. Pour réaliser cette étude, un banc de tests, destiné au cyclage et la caractérisation des systèmes de stockage, a été utilisé. Les résultats obtenus, offriront la possibilité de se prononcer sur le type de batteries Li-ion qui pourrait être le plus intéressant pour l’alimentation des véhicules électriques / Currently, the main embedded storage system supplying the electric vehicles is composed of Li-ion batteries. This thesis is one of the common themes of work that ESTACA leads in collaboration with L2EP. The objective of this work is to study the interest of a hybrid source composed of Li-ion batteries and supercapacitors to supply an urban electric.Firstly, an energy management strategy based on deterministic rules is developed to control the power between the battery and supercapacitor. To demonstrate the combination utility, different Li-ion battery technologies (Li-ion high power, high-Li-ion energy) are used on the sizing step. Through this study, we could propose an optimal solution (masses, volumes, costs...) consisting of battery and supercapacitor. In the second part, we have followed the evolution of capacity and the internal resistance losses of high power and high energy batteries type in, respectively, single-source and hybrid configurations. For this study, a test bench, developed for cycling and characterization of storage systems, was used. The results obtained provide the opportunity to choose Li-ion battery technology that could be the most interesting for the supply of electric vehicles

The Krasno deposit is only one active mine at Slavkovsky les. Mined are feldspars raw materials with high quality, commonly used in ceramic and glass industry. Mined raw material has a lot of additional components, which has influence on quality of raw material. Main additional components are unwanted coloring Fe oxides. Another additional components are apatite and topaz, which dont have influence on quality of raw material. The most interesting additional components of raw material are Ta - Nb, Li - Rb minerals. Currently the processing of raw material is under modernization for maximal separation high quality of feldspar material. The result of semi-processing operation shows the concentrate can be potential source of strategic raw materials as Nb - Ta or Li - Rb mineralization. For separation of these minerals and elements must be realized detailed research of selected processing and properties of these minerals. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Li-O2 batteries have attracted world-wide research interest as an appealing candidate for future energy supplies because they possess the highest energy density of any battery technology. However, such system still face some challenges for the practical application. One of the key issues is exploring highly efficient cathode materials for Li-O2 batteries. Here, a rolled-up technology associated with other physical or chemical methods are applied to prepare architectural nanomembranes for the cathode materials in Li-O2 batteries. The strain-release technology has recently proven to be an efficient approach on the micro/nanoscale to fabricate composite nanomembranes with controlled thickness, versatile chemical composition and stacking sequence. This dissertation first focuses on the synthesis of trilayered Pd/MnOx/Pd nanomembranes. The incorporation of active Pd layers on both sides of the poor conductive MnOx layer commonly used in energy storage systems greatly enhances the conductivity and catalytic activity. Encouraged by this design, Pd nanoparticles functionalized MnOx-GeOy nanomembranes are also fabricated, which not only improve the conductivity but also facilitate the transport of Li+ and oxygen-containing species, thus greatly enhancing the performance of Li-O2 batteries. Similarly, Au and Pd arrays decorated MnOx nanomembranes act as bifunctional catalysts for both oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction in Li-O2 batteries. Moreover, by introducing hierarchical pores on the nanomembranes, the performance of Li-O2 batteries is further promoted by porous Pd/NiO nanomembranes. The macropores created by standard photolithography facilitate the rolling process and the nanopores in the nanomembranes induced by a novel template-free method supply fast channels for the reactants diffusion. In addition, a facile thermal treatment method is developed to fabricate Ag/NiO-Fe2O3/Ag hybrid nanomembranes as carbon-free cathode materials in Li-O2 batteries. A competing scheme between the intrinsic strain built in the oxide nanomembranes and an external driving force provided by the metal nanoparticles is introduced to tune the morphology of the 3D tubular architectures which greatly improve the performance by providing continuous tunnels for O2 and electrolyte diffusion and mitigating the side reactions produced by carbonaceous materials.

L’étude que nous nous proposons de mener porte sur la réception de l’œuvre de Prosper Mérimée en Chine depuis 1916. En empruntant le concept de fusion des horizons, nous examinons les contextes intra-littéraire et extra-littéraire dans le but d’expliquer les causes de cas concrets de la réception dans les différentes époques et l’influence de l’écrivain français sur quelques-uns de ses homologues chinois. Prosper Mérimée est considéré tantôt comme un écrivain artistique, tantôt comme un partisan du réalisme critique, tantôt comme un grand nouvelliste érudit. L’évaluation de l’écrivain se modifie avec les changements sociaux et politiques. La réception de Prosper Mérimée en Chine reflète, dans une certaine mesure, la situation de la réception de la plupart des écrivains occidentaux ordinaires dans le pays. C’est dans ce cadre que nous avons essayé d’éclairer les facteurs qui exercent une influence sur la réception de la littérature étrangère dans une culture tout à fait différente. / This work tackles with the history of the reception of Prosper Mérimée in China since 1916. Based on the concept of fusion of horizons, we examine the literary and extra-literary contexts in order to explain the reasons that lead to the reception during different periods and influence of Mérimée’s works on some Chinese writers. Prosper Mérimée is sometimes considered a supporter of the critical realism, sometimes as a great knowlegeable novelist. The evaluation of the writer changes with social and political circumstances. The reception of Prosper Mérimée in China reflects situation of the reception of many ordinary western writers to some degree. In this context we have tried to clarify the factors which influence the reception of foreign literature in a very different culture.

Depuis ces années, le développement de systèmes de stockage d'énergie pour la mobilité électrique avec davantage d'autonomie de durabilité est au cœur des contraintes de développement des véhicules électriques ou hybrides entraînant une émergence de l'utilisation des systèmes de management ainsi que des circuits d'équilibrage. Les travaux de thèse portent sur la conception et la réalisation d'une nouvelle structure d'équilibrage à base du réseau de micro-convertisseurs (RµC) utilisant les matrices de connections ainsi que les stratégies de commande appropriées. L'objectif principal est de concevoir un équilibreur actif forcé de haute performance, intégrable à base de technologies d'aujourd'hui et avec une stratégie de contrôle simple à mettre en œuvre. Le mémoire de thèse se structure en quatre chapitres : approche du RµC versus l'équilibrage des batteries, conception de la structure et des stratégies d'équilibrage à base du RµC, conception et dimensionnement du système de contrôle intégrée, version intégrée de l'équilibreur-perspectives. Les premiers prototypes de l'équilibreur utilisant des composants discrets ont été mis en place afin de valider notre structure ainsi que les solutions de contrôle proposées. La réalisation des versions intégrées en se basant sur l'utilisation les technologies disponible au sein du laboratoire ouvre un avenir promettant pour les systèmes de management de batterie. / In recent years, the development of energy storage systems for electric mobility with greater autonomy of sustainability is at the heart of development constraints of electric or hybrid vehicles resulting in the emergence of the use of management systems as well as balancing circuits. The thesis focuses on the design and implementation of a new balancing based network structure of micro-inverters (RμC) using matrices connections and appropriate control strategies. The main objective is to design an active balancer forced high performance integrated based technologies of today and a simple control strategy to implement. The thesis is structured in four chapters: RμC approach versus balancing batteries, structural design and balancing based strategies RμC, design and simulation of control system built, integrated version of the balancer - perspectives. The first prototypes of the balancer using discrete components were developed to validate our structure and control solutions proposed. The realization of integrated based on using the technologies available in the laboratory versions opens a promising future for battery management systems.