This work deals with questions about the measuring of the tantalum capacitor leakage current. This thesis answers to many questions of this sphere e.g. Study of basic parameters, analysis of the measurment LI Head, creating software for the connection between the measuring LI Head, the computer and the analog measuring card, activation of the measuring set, verification of set functionality and economic evaluation of the whole project.

This project deals with design and study wireless security device. This device works in ISM band, created by two modules handling secure subject. Microprocessor AVR from company Atmel provides communication between these modules.

This article deals with properties of cathode material of lithium-ion cells study in term of active layer dependence. Aim of the work is to get familiar with problematics of cathode material production and diagnostics and to compare different active layer production methods. The opening of the work is concentrating on rechargeable batteries, mainly lithium-ion batteries and their electrode materials. Practical part is describing method of cathode material production and its characteristics.

Le développement des énergies renouvelables, telles que le solaire photovoltaïque ou l’éolien, est fortement conditionné par la nature intermittente de ces sources d’énergie. Cette intermittence se traduit par un décalage entre pics de production et de consommation. Le stockage de l’énergie électrique revêt donc un caractère primordial dans la gestion de ce décalage. Pour accomplir cette tâche, la technologie lithium-ion est une bonne candidate parmi les technologies de stockage électrochimique de l’énergie. Mais les applications visées exigent des durées de vie bien supérieures à celles requises pour l’électronique portable ou pour les véhicules électriques. En effet les performances des batteries, notamment en termes de capacité, doivent être préservées pendant des durées de 15 à 20 ans. Cette thèse a alors pour but l’étude des mécanismes de vieillissement à long terme d’accumulateurs Li-ion composés d’oxydes lamellaires Li(NixMnyCo1 x y)O2 à l’électrode positive et de graphite à l’électrode négative, en se focalisant sur les interfaces électrode/électrolyte qui sont le lieu privilégié des mécanismes de vieillissement. Ce travail a été réalisé à l'aide de la spectroscopie photoélectronique à rayonnement X (XPS) et de la spectroscopie d’impédance électrochimique (EIS), deux techniques complémentaires particulièrement bien adaptées à l’étude des interfaces, l'une permettant de sonder les environnements chimiques en extrême surface, l'autre donnant la réponse d’un système à une sollicitation électrique sinusoïdale de fréquence variable. La contrainte importante induite par les durées de vie visées (20 ans) ont conduit à simuler le vieillissement à long terme des batteries en leur faisant subir des sollicitations électrochimiques beaucoup plus importantes que lors d’une utilisation normale Les caractérisations par XPS et EIS ont été systématiquement mises en relation avec l’évolution des performances électrochimiques des batteries considérées. Cette étude a permis d'apporter des améliorations aux batteries pour apporter une meilleure réponse à ces phénomènes de vieillissement en termes de maintien des performances: modification de la formulation des électrodes, des électrolytes, de la nature des matériaux actifs, etc. / Development of renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic or wind energy is limited by the intermittent nature of these energy sources. This intermittent nature results in the mismatch between production and consumption peaks. As a result, the storage of electrical energy plays an essential role to manage this mismatch. To this aim, lithium-ion technology appears as a good candidate among other ways of electrochemical storage of energy. However the targeted applications require much greater life span than those commonly admitted for portable electronics or electric vehicles. Battery performances, e.g. rechargeable capacity, should be preserved over 15 or 20 years. This PhD thesis aims at studying the long-term aging mechanisms of Li-ion batteries made up of lamellar oxides Li(NixMnyCo1 x y)O2 at the positive electrode and graphite at the negative electrode. We focused on the electrode/electrolyte interfaces which are the major place of aging processes. The work has been performed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), two complementary techniques especially adapted to the study of interfaces, the former giving access to the chemical environments of atoms at the surface, the latter giving the answer of a system to a sinusoidal electric current with various frequencies. An important technical constraint was the difference between the targeted life span for the application (20 years) and the duration of the thesis (3 years). In order to simulate long-term aging the batteries were submitted to electrochemical stress in much harder conditions than in normal use. XPS and EIS characterizations were constantly related to evolution of electrochemical performances of batteries. This study allowed us during the duration of the project to bring improvements to batteries in order to obtain a better response to aging mechanisms regarding retention of electrochemical performances: e.g. change of electrodes or electrolyte formulation, change of active materials composition, etc.

Li-ion batteries have demonstrated to be a very flexible source with energystorage capability. Due to their scalability and wide range of power and energydensities, they are suitable for several applications. Li-ion storage cantherefore provide different services, the remuneration of which depends onthe electricity market of the country. In this work, two different case studiesof combination of Li-ion batteries with large-scale renewable power plantshave been investigated: batteries with solar PV in India and with wind powerin Sweden. Simulation models have been developed to assess the operationand profitability potential of different services in these two case studies. Themodels have been built using control algorithms, linear optimization (LP) andstochastic programming techniques. The results show that the use of batteriesfor solar power output smoothing under a power purchase agreement canbe a profitable business case in India. Moreover, batteries providing primaryfrequency regulation (FCR-N) in Sweden show to have a positive economicvalue. System breakeven costs to make the stacking of wind power productionimbalance compensation and FCR-N services profitable have been found,which based on conservative price expectations should be achieved by 2022. / Li-ion batterier har visat sig vara en mycket effektiv källa för lagring av energi.Tack vare deras skalbarhet och det breda utbudet av kraft och energidensiteterhar de flera användningsområden. Li-ion batterier kan därför användas föratt tillhandahålla olika typer av tjänster vars ekonomiska ersättning beror avlandets elmarknad. Detta arbete undersöker två fallstudier av Li-ion batterieri kombination med storskaliga kraftverk som drivs av förnybara energikällor:batterier i kombination med solkraft i Indien och vindkraft i Sverige. Simuleringsmodellerhar utvecklats för att undersöka driften och lönsamhetspotentialenför olika tjänster i de två fallstudierna. Modellerna baserar sig påkontrollalgoritmer, linjär optimering och stokastisk programmeringsteknik.Resultaten visar att användningen av batterier för utjämning av solenergi enligtett kraftköpavtal kan vara lönsamma i Indien. Dessutom har användningenav batterier för primärreglering (FCR-N) visat sig ha ett positivt ekonomisktvärde i Sverige. Breakeven kostnaderna för att göra kombinationen av vindkraftsproduktionensbalanskompensering och FCR-N tjänster lönsamma harhittats, vilket ska uppnås senast år 2022 baserat på en konservativ prisprognos.

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Hochleistungsfähige Lithium-Ionen-Batterien sind insbesondere von der hohen spezifischen Kapazität ihrer Elektrodenmaterialien abhängig. Intermetallische Phasen sind vielversprechende Kandidaten für alternative Anodenmaterialien mit verbesserten spezifischen Kapazitäten (LiAl: 993 Ah/kg; Li22Si5: 4191 Ah/kg) gegenüber den derzeit vielfach verwendeten Kohlenstoff-Materialien (LiC6: 372 Ah/kg). Nachteilig ist jedoch, dass die kristallinen Phasenumwandlungen während der Lade-Entlade-Prozesse Volumenänderungen von 100-300% verursachen. Durch die Sprödigkeit der intermetallischen Phasen führt dies zum Zerbrechen des Elektrodenmaterials und damit zum Kontaktverlust. Um Lithiierungs- und Delithiierunsprozesse ohne kristalline Phasenumwandlungen zu realisieren und somit große Volumenänderungen zu vermeiden, wurden amorphe Al-Legierungen untersucht. In amorphe, mittels Schmelzspinnen hergestellte Legierungen (Al86Ni8La6 und Al86Ni8Y6) kann beim galvanostatischen Zyklieren nur sehr wenig Li eingelagert werden. Da kristalline Phasenumwandlungen im amorphen Zustand nicht möglich sind, wird für die Diffusion und Einlagerung von Li-Ionen ein ausreichendes freies Volumen im amorphen Atomgerüst benötigt. Die Dichtemessung der Legierungen zeigt, dass dieses freie Volumen für eine signifikante Lithiierung nicht ausreichend ist. Wird Li bereits in die amorphe Ausgangslegierung integriert, können Li-Ionen auf elektrochemischem Wege aus ihr entfernt und auch wieder eingebaut werden. Die neuartige Legierung Al43Li43Ni8Y6, die Li bereits im Ausgangszustand enthält, konnte mittels Hochenergiemahlung als amorphes Pulver hergestellt werden. Verglichen mit den Li-freien amorphen Legierungen Al86Ni8La6 bzw. Al86Ni8Y6 und ihren kristallisierten Pendants zeigt diese neu entwickelte, amorphe Legierung eine signifikant höhere Lithiierungsfähigkeit und erreicht damit eine spezifische Kapazität von ca. 800 Ah/kg bezogen auf den Al-Anteil. Durch den Abrieb des Stahlmahlbechers enthält das Pulver Al43Li43Ni8Y6 einen Fe-Anteil von ca. 15 Masse%. Dieses mit Fe verunreinigte Material zeigt besonders bei niedrigen Laderaten eine bessere Zyklenstabilität als ein im abriebfesten Siliziumnitrid-Becher gemahlenes Pulver der gleichen Zusammensetzung. Mittels Mössbauerspektroskopie wurde nachgewiesen, dass das Pulver z.T. oxidisches Fe enthält. Dieses kann über Konversionsmechanismen einen Beitrag zur spezifischen Kapazität leisten. / High-energy Li-ion batteries exceedingly depend on the high specific capacity of electrode materials. Intermetallic alloys are promising candidates to be alternative anode materials with enhanced specific capacities (LiAl: 993 Ah/kg; Li22Si5: 4191 Ah/kg) in contrast to state-of-the-art techniques, dominated by carbon materials (LiC6: 372 Ah/kg). Disadvantageously the phase transitions during the charge-discharge processes, induced by the lithiation process, cause volume changes of 100-300 %. Due to the brittleness of intermetallic phases, the fracturing of the electrode material leads to the loss of the electrical contact. In order to overcome the huge volume changes amorphous Al-based alloys were investigated with the intension to realize the lithiation process without a phase transformation. Amorphous powders (Al86Ni8La6 and Al86Ni8Y6) produced via melt spinning and subsequent ball milling only show a minor lithiation during the electrochemical cycling process. This is mainly caused by the insufficient free volume, which is necessary to transfer and store Li-ions, since phase transitions are impossible in the amorphous state. If Li is already integrated into the amorphous alloy, Li-ions can easily be removed and inserted electrochemically. The new alloy Al43Li43Ni8Y6 contains Li already in its initial state and could be prepared by high energy milling as an amorphous powder. Compared with the Li-free amorphous alloys Al86Ni8La6 or Al86Ni8Y6 and their crystalline counterparts, this newly developed amorphous alloy achieves a significantly higher lithiation and therefore reaches a specific capacity of 800 Ah/kg, based on the Al-content. By the abrasion of the steel milling vials the powder contains a wear debris of 15 mass% Fe. This contaminated material shows a better cycling stability than a powder of the same composition, milled in a non-abrasive silicon nitride vial. By means of Mössbauer spectroscopy has been shown that the wear debris contains Fe oxides. This may contribute to the enhancement of the specific capacity about conversion mechanisms.

The increasing demand for electric vehicles (EVs) has led to technological advancementsin the field of battery technology. State of charge (SOC) estimation is a vital function ofthe battery management system - the heart of EVs, and Kalman filtering is a commonmethod for SOC estimation. Due to the non uniformities in tuning and testing scenarios,quantifying performance of SOC estimation algorithms is difficult. Gathering data fordifferent operational scenarios is also cumbersome. In this thesis, SOC estimation algorithmsare developed and tested for a variety of scenarios like varying sensor noise andbias properties, varying state and parameter initializations as well as different initial celltemperatures. A validated and open-source simulation plant model is used to enable easygathering of data for different operational scenarios.The simulation results show that unscented Kalman filter performs better than extendedKalman filter in presence of hard nonlinearities and high initial uncertainties. However,both filters gave similar performance under nominal conditions implying that the choiceof estimation algorithms must depend on operational scenarios. Observability analysisalso gave valuable information to aid in selection of algorithms. The simulation plantmodel facilitated easy data collection for initial development of algorithms, which werethen tested successfully using a real dataset. Further testing using real datasets is requiredto enhance validation. / Den ¨okande efterfr°agan p°a elfordon har lett till teknologiska framsteg inom omr°adet batteriteknik.Estimering av batteriets laddningstillst°and ¨ar en essentiell funktion i batteristyrsystemet,hj¨artat i ett elfordon, och g¨ors ofta genom att till¨ampa metoden Kalmanfiltrering.P°a grund av varierande implementations och testmetodik i litteraturen ¨ar detsv°art att kvantifiera estimeringsalgoritmer. I denna avhandling utvecklas algoritmer f¨oratt estimera ett batteris laddningstillst°and. Algoritmerna testas f¨or olika former av sensorfeloch initialtillst°and, samt f¨or en rad olika temperaturer. En validerad datormodell avbatteri, sensorer och omgivning nyttjas f¨or att generera representativa data f¨or de olikaf¨orh°allandena.Simuleringsresultat visar att den s°a kallade doftl¨osa varianten av Kalmanfiltret (UKF)presterade b¨attre ¨an det utvidgade Kalmanfiltret (EKF) i fall d¨ar systembeteendet ¨ar mycketolinj¨art och d°a initialtillst°andet ¨ar os¨akert. Under normala f¨orh°allanden presterardock de b°ada algoritmerna likv¨ardigt, vilket antyder att valet av algoritm b¨or g¨oras medavseende anv¨andningsscenario. En observerbarhetsanalys av de olika filtervarianterna gavytterligare v¨ardefull information f¨or valet av algoritm. Efter utveckling av filtreringsalgoritmernai simuleringsmilj¨o utf¨ordes tester p°a faktiska m¨atdata med goda resultat. F¨or attfullst¨andig validering av algoritmerna kr¨avs emellertid mer utt¨ommande tester.

Магистерская диссертация представляет собой исследование переводов Анны Ахматовой из древнекитайской поэзии. Сопоставительный анализ «оригинал – подстрочник – перевод» ведется на трем основных уровнях: лексическом, образном и строфически-композиционном. В итоге делаются выводы о том, что из двух способов перевода – дословное воспроизведение языка оригинала и перевод, основанный на стремлении отразить "дух", Ахматова избирает второй. / This master's thesis is a study of Anna Akhmatova's translations from ancient Chinese poetry. The comparative analysis of "original - word for word translation - translation" is conducted on three main levels: lexical, figurative and strophic-compositional. The conclusion is that Akhmatova chooses the second of the two modes of translation - word for word translation of the original language and translation based on the desire to reflect the "spirit".

In recent years, the demand for Li-ion-type batteries has been increasing significantly in various fields of applications including portable electronics, electric vehicles, and also in renewable energy support. These applications ask for a highly efficient charging strategy in order to maintain a long life cycle of the batteries. Recently, a new charging technique referred as sinusoidal ripple current-constant voltage charging (SRC-CV) technique has been proposed and is in certain publications claimed to realize an improved charging per-formance on Li-ion batteries than conventional constant-current constant-voltage charg-ing (CC-CV) techniques. In this thesis, the charging performance of the SRC-CV charging method applied to a prismatic Li-ion cell for an automotive traction application is inves-tigated. An existing experimental setup is upgraded to realize charging of the Li-ion cells using the SRC-CV charging method. Electrochemical impedance spectrums of three Li-ion cells have been obtained using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). These spectrums were used to determine the charging ripple-current frequency where the mag-nitudes of the ac impedance of the cell are minimized. Key parameters like charging time, discharging time, and energy efficiency are calculated in order to compare the charg-ing performance of the CC-CV and SRC-CV charging techniques. The results reported from the experimental results obtained in this thesis indicate that there is no significant improvement with the SRC-CV charging method (implemented using a constant ripple-current frequency) compared to the CC-CV method in terms of charging time and energy efficiency. / På senare tid har behovet av batterier av Li-jontyp ökat kraftigt inom ett flertal applikationsområden inkluderande portabel elektronik, elfordon och miljövänlig elenergiproduktion. I dessa applikationsområden behövs en högeffektiv laddstrategi för att möjliggöra ett stort antal cyklingar av batterierna. Nyligen har en new laddmetod, benämnd sinusoidal ripple current-constant voltage-laddning (SRC-CV-laddning) föreslagits och har i vissa publikationer demonsterat en förbättring av laddprestanda hos Li-jonbatterier jämfört med konventionell constant-current constant-voltage-laddning (CC-CV-laddning). I detta examensarbete undersöks laddprestandan hos SRC-CV och CC-CV-laddning när de appliceras på prismatiska Li-jonceller avsedda för traktionsdrift. En existerande experimentuppsättning har uppgraderats för att realisera laddcykling med SRC-CV-laddning. Med hjälp av elektrokemisk impedansspektroskopi på tre Li-jonceller har den frekvens vid vilken magnituden på cellernas impedans är minimerad identifierats. Nyckelparametrar såsom laddtid, urladdningstid och energieffektivitet har uppmätts för både SRC-CV- och CC-CV-laddning. De experimentella resultaten visar ingen signifikant förbättring mellan SRC-CV-laddning (implementerat med en konstant rippelströmfrekvens) och konventionell CC-CV-laddning.