I will analyze the posthumous one-hundredth birthday celebration of former Mexican president and national hero, Benito Juárez, in 1906 Oaxaca City, Mexico. The Juárez celebration took place during the lengthy presidency of fellow Oaxaca native and former political rival Pofirio Díaz (1876-1911). Even though the two men experienced an antagonistic relationship, Díaz embraced the celebration and emphasized his connection to Juárez and, by extension, liberalism, the dominant political ideology. By all accounts, people enthusiastically took part in this official commemoration. But the festivities hid three years of contentious preparations whereby people questioned the political legacy of both men and even liberalism itself. Numerous historians of Mexico have argued that Díaz, a veritable dictator, used national celebrations and civic ceremonies throughout his presidency to foster nationalism among the populace. As such, this celebration provides an important entryway into the debates among historians over hegemony and state formation in Mexico.

This study investigated the effect the price of oil has on enabling political establishments to maintain their presence within the business environment. The study consists of three different case studies with each of the states (Saudi Arabia, Iran and the United Arab Emirates) being chosen based upon their level of state involvement within the business community. Each case study investigated whether the price of oil had any effect on influencing the amount of political involvement within the business community, property rights or trade freedom. The findings for all three case studies suggest that the price of oil has little to no effect on determining the amount of influence the state possesses within the business environment. Based on the results of this investigation, recommendations were made to improve the United States relationship with each country. Additional analysis and recommendations were made concerning the future economic impact of Iraq relying solely on oil as its revenue source.

Som följd av Rysslands invasion av Ukraina har Sveriges säkerhetspolitik varit högt upp på dagordningen. Därför undersöker uppsatsen varför Sverige skickade stöd till Ukraina efter den ryska invasionen. Frågeställningen som besvaras är "På vilka sätt kan realismen och liberalismen förklara varför den svenska regeringen valde att skicka stöd till Ukraina?" Och på vilka sätt har realismen och liberalismen påverkat det praktiska genomförandet av svenskt stöd till Ukraina?" Material som har varit grunden för undersökningen är presskonferenser och pressmeddelande från Sveriges regering. Teorin som styr analysen är två idétraditioner, realism och liberalism. Metoden som används är kvalitativ textanalys, där materialet klassificeras och sedan analyseras kritiskt utifrån idétraditionerna. Tidigare forskning visar på att realism och liberalism har haft påverkan på länders agerande i krig genom historien. Realismen har förklarat Rysslands agerande mot Ukraina vid annekteringen av Krimhalvön. Det grundade sig i den ryska statens rädsla för hotet mot statens överlevnad, och den ryska statens makt runt om i världen. USA:s ändamål med kriget mot Irak var enligt liberalismen, spridningen av den amerikanska demokratin och friheten. Uppsatsens slutsats ser likheter mellan Sveriges agerande och Rysslands agerande. Den svenska statens överlevnad är hotad, enligt realismen, på grund av Ryssland invasion av Ukraina. Liberalismens förklaring är hotet mot den europeiska säkerhetsordningen som därmed påverkar Sverige.

Denna studie handlar om att förstå den svenska yttrandefrihetens gränser i samband med Rasmus Paludans koranbränningsturné runt om i Sverige våren 2022. Studien är en ideologisk argumentationsanalys som studerar koranbränning i media med utgångspunkter i liberalism som idétradition med hjälp av yttrandefrihet, mångfald och tolerans som politiska begrepp. Det valda problemområdet fördjupar sig i mediedebatten som polariserar det svenska samhället och kopplar samman samtid och historia.

The Russian invasion of Ukraine has raised interests in Russia’s foreign policy. One of the widely unexplored parts of that is Russia’s role in the Syrian civil war. Saving the Syrian regime from total collapse in Syria Russia played a key role in the conflict. This study aims to examine the Russian role in the conflict from many different international relation theories perspective. Realist, constructivist and liberal perspectives. In that way the writer of this thesis strives to explain Russia’s role from different perspectives using the main widely used international relations theories to broaden the perceptive on Russia’s role in the civil war. The results showed that the different theories had different ways in judging the Russian role in the conflict. Summarized. Realism had a very pragmatic materialistic approach in approaching Russians actions in Syria while constructivism and liberalism both reached unmaterialistic explanations to Russia’s actions.

The evaluation of policy-relevant economic research requires an ethical foundation. Classical liberal theory provides the requisite foundation for this dissertation, which uses various econometric tools to estimate the effects of shifting some of the property tax from buildings to land in 15 cities in Pennsylvania. Economic theory predicts that such a shift will lead to higher building activity. However, this prediction has been supported little by empirical evidence so far. The first part of the dissertation examines the effect of the land-building tax differential on the number of building permits that were issued in 219 municipalities in Pennsylvania between 1972 and 1994. For such count data a conventional analysis based on a continuous distribution leads to incorrect results; a discrete maximum likelihood analysis with a negative binomial distribution is more appropriate. Two models, a non-linear and a fixed effects model, are developed to examine the influence of the tax differential. Both models suggest that this influence is positive, albeit not statistically significant. Application of maximum likelihood techniques is computationally cumbersome if the assumed distribution of the data cannot be written in closed form. The negative binomial distribution is the only discrete distribution with a variance that is larger than its mean that can easily be applied, although it might not be the best approximation of the true distribution of the data. The second part of the dissertation uses a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method to examine the influence of the tax differential on the number of building permits, under the assumption that building permits are generated by a Poisson process whose parameter varies lognormally. Contrary to the analysis in the first part, the tax is shown to have a strong and significantly positive impact on the number of permits. The third part of the dissertation uses a fixed-effects weighted least squares method to estimate the effect of the tax differential on the value per building permit. The tax coefficient is not significantly different from zero. Still, the overall impact of the tax differential on the total value of construction is shown to be positive and statistically significant. / Ph. D.

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