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We live in a highly dependent energy consumption world. This situation is expected to be unsustainable in the upcoming decades unless we change the energy model on which our society has been built. Recently and thanks to the great progress that technologies based on renewable energies (RE) are achieving, we have this possibility within our reach. Photovoltaic solar energy has proved to be one of the most mature and future-oriented natural resources, is clean, unlimited and has a great potential for use and possible applications. There are several types of photovoltaic technologies in the market today, including amorphous silicon (a-Si:H), less efficient than conventional polycrystalline silicon cells, but with very interesting characteristics, such as the low amount of silicon needed for their manufacturing and less energy expenditure for its elaboration, which results in a lower price and lower environmental impact, also its optical properties make it very interesting for certain types of applications such as building integrations. Due to the low implementation of amorphous silicon solar panels in the market, there are some deficiencies in knowing their behavior in facilities exposed to real outdoors conditions. The present thesis performs a study of the cycle of operation of two photovoltaic arrays of a-Si:H. The study is developed in two stages, in the first; we study the phenomenon of light-induced stabilization (LID) due to the Staebler-Wronski effect (SWE) and it is compared with existing literature, proposing a new model to describe this effect. In the second stage, the study of the photovoltaic plants is continued from the point of its stabilization, with the interest of characterizing the seasonal cyclic effect in the efficiency, produced by thermal variations of annealing, the SWE and the aging of the photovoltaic cells. This study has a particular interest as a tool for researchers, engineers and photovoltaic system designers, to better understand and quantify the effects of this technology under real operating conditions. / Vivimos en un mundo cada día más dependiente del consumo de energía. Esta situación se prevé insostenible en las próximas décadas a no ser que cambiemos el modelo energético sobre el que nuestra sociedad está construida. Recientemente y gracias a los grandes progresos que las tecnologías basadas en energías renovables (EERR) están demostrando, tenemos a nuestro alcance esta posibilidad. La energía solar fotovoltaica ha resultado ser uno de los recursos naturales más maduros y con mayor proyección de futuro, es limpia, inagotable y con gran potencial de uso y aplicaciones posibles. Existen en el mercado actual varios tipos de tecnologías fotovoltaicas, entre ellas, la de silicio amorfo (a-Si:H), menos eficiente que las células convencionales de silicio policristalino pero con características muy interesantes, como la baja cantidad de silicio necesario para su fabricación y menor gasto energético para su elaboración, lo cual redunda en un menor precio y menor impacto ambiental, también sus propiedades ópticas la hacen muy interesante para cierto tipo de aplicaciones como la integración en edificios. Debido a la baja implementación de paneles solares de silicio amorfo en el mercado, existen ciertas carencias a la hora de conocer su comportamiento en instalaciones expuestas a condiciones ambientales de trabajo. La presente Tesis, realiza un estudio del ciclo de funcionamiento de dos plantas fotovoltaicas de a-Si:H. El estudio se desarrolla en dos etapas, en la primera, se estudia el fenómeno de la estabilización inducida por la luz (LID) debido al efecto Staebler-Wronski (SWE) y se compara con la bibliografía existente, proponiendo un nuevo modelo para describir este efecto. En la segunda etapa, el estudio de las plantas fotovoltaicas es continuado a partir del punto de su estabilización, con el interés de caracterizar el efecto cíclico estacional en la eficiencia, producido por las variaciones térmicas de templado, el SWE y el envejecimiento de la célula fotovoltaica. Este estudio es de particular interés como herramienta para investigadores, ingenieros y diseñadores de sistemas fotovoltaicos, para poder conocer mejor y cuantificar los efectos de esta tecnología bajo condiciones reales de funcionamiento. / Vivim en un món cada dia més depenent del consum d'energia. Aquesta situació es preveu insostenible en les pròximes dècades llevat que canviem el model energètic sobre el qual la nostra societat està construïda. Recentment i gràcies als grans progressos que les tecnologies basades en energies renovables (EERR) estan demostrant, tenim al nostre abast aquesta possibilitat. L'energia solar fotovoltaica ha resultat ser un dels recursos naturals més madurs i amb major projecció de futur, és neta, inesgotable i amb gran potencial d'ús i aplicacions possibles. Existeixen al mercat actual diversos tipus de tecnologies fotovoltaiques, entre elles, la del silici amorf (a-Si:H), menys eficient que les cèl¿lules convencionals de silici policristal¿lí però amb característiques molt interessants, com la baixa quantitat de silici necessari per a la seua fabricació i menor despesa energètica per a la seua elaboració, la qual cosa redunda en un menor preu i menor impacte ambiental, també les seues propietats òptiques la fan molt interessant per a cert tipus d'aplicacions com la integració en edificis. A causa de la baixa implementació de panells solars de silici amorf al mercat, existeixen certes manques a l'hora de conèixer el seu comportament en instal¿lacions exposades a condicions ambientals de treball. La present Tesi, realitza un estudi del cicle de funcionament de dues plantes fotovoltaiques de a-Si:H. L'estudi es desenvolupa en dues etapes, en la primera, s'estudia el fenomen de l'estabilització induïda per la llum (LID) a causa de l'efecte Staebler-Wronski (SWE) i es compara amb la bibliografia existent, proposant un nou model per a descriure aquest efecte. En la segona etapa, l'estudi de les plantes fotovoltaiques és continuat a partir del punt de la seua estabilització, amb l'interès de caracteritzar l'efecte cíclic estacional en l'eficiència, produït per les variacions tèrmiques de temperat, el SWE i l'envelliment de la cèl¿lula fotovoltaica. Aquest estudi és de particular interès com a eina per a investigadors, enginyers i dissenyadors de sistemes fotovoltaics, per a poder conèixer millor i quantificar els efectes d'aquesta tecnologia sota condicions reals de funcionament. / Mateo Guerrero, C. (2017). Cinética de la saturación en células fotovoltaicas de silicio amorfo y posterior mejora en los procesos de estabilización inicial debido a la exposición a la radiación solar [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/86284

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Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo o desenvolvimento de um método numérico para simulação das grandes escalas de escoamentos turbulentos tridimensionais utilizando uma modelagem de turbulência baseada em filtragem temporal (denominada TLES - Temporal Large Eddy Simulation). O método desenvolvido combina discretizações temporais com ordem de mínima precisão 2 (Adams-Bashforth, QUICK, Runge-Kutta), um método de projeção de ordem 2, com discretizações espaciais também de ordem 2 obtidas pelo método de volumes finitos. Esta metodologia foi empregada na simulação de problemas teste turbulentos como o canal e a cavidade impulsionada, sendo este último resultado simulado pela primeira vez com modelagem TLES. Os resultados mostram uma excelente concordância quando comparado com resultados de simulações diretas (DNS) e dados experimentais, superando resultados clássicos obtidos com formulação LES com filtragem espacial. / The main objective of this work is to develop a numerical method for large eddy simulation of tridimensional turbulent flows using a model based on temporal filtering (TLES - Temporal Large Eddy Simulation). The developed method combines at least 2nd order temporal discretizations (Adams-Bashforth, QUICK, Runge-Kutta), a 2nd order projection method, and 2nd order spatial discretizations obtained by the finite volume method. This methodology was employed to the simulation of turbulent benchmark problems such as channel and lid-driven cavity flows. The latter is simulated for the first time using a TLES turbulence modelling. Results show excellent agreement when compared to Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) and experimental data, with better results than classical results produced by standard LES formulation with spatial filtering.

Language Identification (LID) is the task of automatically identifying the language of speech signal uttered by an unknown speaker. An N language LID task is to classify an input speech utterance, spoken by an unknown speaker and of unknown text, as belonging to one of the N languages L1, L2, . . , LN. We present a new approach to spoken language modeling for language identification using the Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) algorithm, with which we try to overcome the limitations of n-gram stochastic models by automatically identifying the valid set of variable length patterns from the training data. However, since several patterns in a language pattern table are also shared by other language pattern tables, confusability prevailed in the LID task. To overcome this, three pruning techniques are proposed to make these pattern tables more language specific. For LID with limited training data, we present another language modeling technique, which compensates for language specific patterns missing in the language specific LZW pattern table. We develop two new discriminative measures for LID based on the LZW algorithm, viz., (i) Compression Ratio Score (LZW-CRS) and (ii) Weighted Discriminant Score (LZW-WDS). It is shown that for a 6-language LID task of the OGI-TS database, the new model (LZW-WDS) significantly outperforms the conventional bigram approach. With regard to the front end of the LID system, we develop a modified technique to model for Acoustic Sub-Word Units (ASWU) and explore its effectiveness. The segmentation of speech signal is done using an acoustic criterion (ML-segmentation). However, we believe that consistency and discriminability among speech units is the key issue for the success of ASWU based speech processing. We develop a new procedure for clustering and modeling the segments using sub-word GMMs. Because of the flexibility in choosing the labels for the sub-word units, we do an iterative re-clustering and modeling of the segments. Using a consistency measure of labeling the acoustic segments, the convergence of iterations is demonstrated. We show that the performance of new ASWU based front-end and the new LZW based back-end for LID outperforms the earlier reported PSWR based LID.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Modern engineering increasingly requires the comprehension of phenomena related to combustion, aeroacustics, turbulence transition, among others. For these purposes the Computational Fluids Dynamics (CFD) requires the used high order methods. One of these methods is the Fourier pseudo-spectral method, that provides an excellent numerical accuracy, and with the use of the Fast Fourier Transform algorithm (FFT), it presents a low computational cost in comparison to anothers high-order methods. Another important issue is the projection method of the pression term, which does not require the pressure computation from the Navier-Stokes equations. The procedure to calculate the pression field is usually the most onerous in classical methodologies. Nevertheless, the pseudo-spectral method can be only applied to periodic boundary flows, thus limiting its use. Aiming to solve this restriction, a new methodology is proposed at the present work, which has the objective of simulating nonperiodic flows using the Fourier pseudo-spectral method. For this purpose the immersed boundary method, that represents the boundary conditions through a force field imposed at Navier-Stokes equations is used. As a test to this new methodology, a classic problem of Computational Fluid Dynamics, The Lid Driven Cavity was simulated. The obtained results are promising and demonstrate the possibility to simulating non-periodic flows making use of the Fourier pseudo-spectral method. / Para compreender fenômenos relacionados à combustão, aeroacústica, transição a turbulência entre outros, a Dinâmica de Fluídos Computacional (CFD) utiliza os métodos de alta ordem. Um dos mais conhecidos é o método pseudo-espectral de Fourier, o qual alia: alta ordem de precisão na resolução das equações, com um baixo custo computacional. Este está ligado à utilização da FFT e do método da projeção do termo da pressão, o qual desvincula os cálculos da pressão da resolução das equações de Navier-Stokes. O procedimento de calcular o campo de pressão, normalmente é o mais oneroso nas metodologias convencionais. Apesar destas vantagens, o método pseudo-espectral de Fourier só pode ser utilizado para resolver problemas com condições de contorno periódicas, limitando o seu uso no campo da dinâmica de fluídos. Visando resolver essa restrição uma nova metodologia é proposta no presente trabalho, que tem como objetivo simular escoamentos não-periódicos utilizando o método pseudo-espectral de Fourier. Para isso, é utilizada a metodologia da Fronteira Imersa, a qual representa as condições de contorno de um escoamento através de um campo de força imposto nas equações de Navier-Stokes. Como teste, para essa nova metodologia, foi simulada uma cavidade com tampa deslizante (Lid Driven Cavity), problema clássico da mecânica de fluídos, que objetiva validar novas metodologias e códigos computacionais. Os resultados obtidos são promissores e demostram que é possível simular um escoamento não-periódico com o método pseudo-espectral de Fourier. / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

This work deals with the first phase of the GDR literature, the so-called Aufbauliteratur. It shows how the GDR dealt during the years 1949 to 1956 with the fascist past and how the newly formed socialist state was built. The contemporary literature of the GDR reflects the efforts to reeducate people in the sense of the socialist ideas and to portray the daily life of the new socialist republic. In the meantime this literature should boost the working people to increase the production and to build a socialist economy. The aim of my work is to show the reflection of the former reality in the literature. As a basis for this analysis there are five selected works from Eduard Claudius Mensch an unserer Seite, Hans Marchwitza Roheisen, Elfriede Brüning Regine Haberkorn, Jan Koplowitz Unser Kumpel Max, der Riese und Harry Thürk Die Herren des Salzes. Keywords: GDR, Aufbauliteratur, socialist state, working people, production, re-education, Eduard Claudius, Hans Machwitza, Jan Koplowitz, Harry Thürk, Elfriede Brüning

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The development of numerical methods for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations received much attention in the past 50 years. Finite element methods emerged given their robustness and reliability. In our work, we choose the P2-P1 finite element for space approximation which gives 2nd-order accuracy for velocity and 1st-order accuracy for pressure. Our research focuses on the development of several high-order semi-implicit time-stepping methods to compute unsteady flows. The methods investigated include backward difference formulae (SBDF) and defect correction strategy (DC). Using the defect correction strategy, we investigate two variants, the first one being based on high-order artificial compressibility and bootstrapping strategy proposed by Guermond and Minev (GM) and the other being a combination of GM methods with sequential regularization method (GM-SRM). Both GM and GM-SRM methods avoid solving saddle point problems as for SBDF and DC methods. This approach reduces the complexity of the linear systems at the expense that many smaller linear systems need to be solved. Next, we proposed several numerical improvements in terms of better approximations of the nonlinear advection term and high-order initialization for all methods. To further minimize the complexity of the resulting linear systems, we developed several new variants of grad-div splitting algorithms besides the one studied by Guermond and Minev. Splitting algorithm allows us to handle larger flow problems. We showed that our new methods are capable of reproducing flow characteristics (e.g., lift and drag parameters and Strouhal numbers) published in the literature for 2D lid-driven cavity and 2D flow around the cylinder. SBDF methods with grad-div stabilization terms are found to be very stable, accurate and efficient when computing flows with high Reynolds numbers. Lastly, we showcased the robustness of our methods to carry 3D computations.