A dissertação tem como tema as álgebras de Lie. Especificamente álgebras de Lie semi-simples e suas propriedades . Para encontramos essas propriedades estudamos os conceitos básicos da teoria das álgebras de Lie e suas representações. Então fizemos a classificação dessas álgebras por diagramas de Dynkin explicitando quais os possíveis diagramas que são associados a uma álgebra de Lie semi-simples. Por fim, demonstramos vários resultados concernentes a essa classificação, dentre esses, o principal resultado demonstrado foi: os diagramas de Dynkin são um invariante completo das álgebras de Lie semi-simples / The dissertation has the theme Lie algebras. Specifically semi-simple Lie algebras and its properties. To find these properties we studied the basic concepts of the theory of Lie algebras and their representations. Then we did the classification by Dynkin diagrams of these algebras and explaining the possible diagrams that are associated with a semi-simple Lie algebra. Finally, we demonstrate several results related to this classification, among these, the main result demonstrated was: the Dynkin diagrams are a complete invariant of semi-simple Lie algebras

A dissertação tem como tema as álgebras de Lie. Especificamente álgebras de Lie semi-simples e suas propriedades . Para encontramos essas propriedades estudamos os conceitos básicos da teoria das álgebras de Lie e suas representações. Então fizemos a classificação dessas álgebras por diagramas de Dynkin explicitando quais os possíveis diagramas que são associados a uma álgebra de Lie semi-simples. Por fim, demonstramos vários resultados concernentes a essa classificação, dentre esses, o principal resultado demonstrado foi: os diagramas de Dynkin são um invariante completo das álgebras de Lie semi-simples / The dissertation has the theme Lie algebras. Specifically semi-simple Lie algebras and its properties. To find these properties we studied the basic concepts of the theory of Lie algebras and their representations. Then we did the classification by Dynkin diagrams of these algebras and explaining the possible diagrams that are associated with a semi-simple Lie algebra. Finally, we demonstrate several results related to this classification, among these, the main result demonstrated was: the Dynkin diagrams are a complete invariant of semi-simple Lie algebras

We will extend the conjugacy problem of maximal toral subalgebras for Lie algebras of the form $\g{g} \otimes_k R$ by considering $R=k[t,t^{-1}]$ and $R=k[t,t^{-1},(t-1)^{-1}]$, where $k$ is an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero and $\g{g}$ is a direct limit Lie algebra. In the process, we study properties of infinite matrices with entries in a B\'zout domain and we also look at how our conjugacy results extend to universal central extensions of the suitable direct limit Lie algebras.

We will extend the conjugacy problem of maximal toral subalgebras for Lie algebras of the form $\g{g} \otimes_k R$ by considering $R=k[t,t^{-1}]$ and $R=k[t,t^{-1},(t-1)^{-1}]$, where $k$ is an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero and $\g{g}$ is a direct limit Lie algebra. In the process, we study properties of infinite matrices with entries in a B\'zout domain and we also look at how our conjugacy results extend to universal central extensions of the suitable direct limit Lie algebras.

This thesis concerns a range of aspects of theoretical physics. It is composed of two parts. In the first part we motivate our line of research, and introduce and discuss the relevant concepts. In the second part, four research papers are collected. The first paper deals with a possible extension of general relativity, namely the recently discovered classically consistent bimetric theory. In this paper we study the behavior of perturbations of the metric(s) around cosmologically viable background solutions. In the second paper, we explore possibilities for particle physics with low-scale supersymmetry. In particular we consider the addition of supersymmetric higher-dimensional operators to the minimal supersymmetric standard model, and study collider phenomenology in this class of models. The third paper deals with a possible extension of the notion of Lie algebras within category theory. Considering Lie algebras as objects in additive symmetric ribbon categories we define the proper Killing form morphism and explore its role towards a structure theory of Lie algebras in this setting. Finally, the last paper is concerned with the computation of string amplitudes in four dimensional models with reduced supersymmetry. In particular, we develop general techniques to compute amplitudes involving gauge bosons and gravitons and explicitly compute the corresponding three- and four-point functions. On the one hand, these results can be used to extract important pieces of the effective actions that string theory dictates, on the other they can be used as a tool to compute the corresponding field theory amplitudes. / Over the last twenty years there have been spectacular observations and experimental achievements in fundamental physics. Nevertheless all the physical phenomena observed so far can still be explained in terms of two old models, namely the Standard Model of particle physics and the ΛCDM cosmological model. These models are based on profoundly different theories, quantum field theory and the general theory of relativity. There are many reasons to believe that the SM and the ΛCDM are effective models, that is they are valid at the energy scales probed so far but need to be extended and generalized to account of phenomena at higher energies. There are several proposals to extend these models and one promising theory that unifies all the fundamental interactions of nature: string theory. With the research documented in this thesis we contribute with four tiny drops to the filling of the fundamental physics research pot. When the pot will be saturated, the next fundamental discovery will take place.

O objetivo desta Tese foi a aplicação da teoria dos estados coerentes para sistemas quânticos não-triviais. A partir da definição de estados coerentes para grupos de Lie compactos em geral, nos dedicamos a uma investigação detalhada da construção de tais estados e de suas propriedades no caso do grupo simplético unitário Sp(4), que é extremamente importante tanto em mecânica quântica quanto em mecânica clássica. Esse grupo possui uma complexidade intermediária, que permite um tratamento analítico ainda que apresente propriedades não-triviais do ponto de vista de teoria de representação de álgebras de Lie. Os estados coerentes obtidos nos permitiram uma investigação do limite clássico para sistemas com simetria Sp(4) e uma conexão com a teoria do caos em mecânica quântica. Além disso, tratamos uma proposta recente de generalização do conceito de estados coerentes para sistemas de espectro discreto não-degenerado, os estados de Gazeau-Klauder. Esses estados foram aplicados a um problema de magnetização bidimensional e também ao potencial unidimensional de mínimos duplos, onde observamos o aparecimento dos estados chamados \"Gatos de Schrödinger\", que consistem na superposição de dois estados de mínima incerteza. / The subject of the Thesis was the aplication of the coherent states theory to non-trivial quantum systems. Starting from the general definition of coherent states for compact Lie groups, we made a detailed investigation of the construction of these states and its properties in the case of the unitary symplectic group Sp(4), which is extremely important in both quantum and classical mechanics. This group has an intermediate complexity, allowing an analytic treatment while presenting non-trivial properties from the point of view of represention theory of Lie algebras. The coherent states so obtained allowed us an investigation of the classical limit of systems with Sp(4) symmetry and a conection with the theory of chaos in quantum mechanics. Besides that, we have treated a recent generalization of the concept of coherent states for systems with discrete and nondegenerate spectrum, the Gazeau-Klauder states. These states were applied to a twodimensional magnetization problem and also to the onedimensional double-well potential, where we have observed the appearence of the so-called \"Schrödinger cats\", which consist in the superposition of two minimum-uncertainty states.

Orientadores: Adriano Adrega de Moura, Marcos Benevenuto Jardim / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matematica, Estatistica e Computação Cientifica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-11T21:13:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Macedo_TiagoRodrigues_M.pdf: 809265 bytes, checksum: 0f4ecb72bd6a8b221a3514e62b63fd41 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Apresentaremos resultados relacionando a álgebra de distribuições de grupos de Chevalley com as chamadas hiperálgebras. Estas últimas são álgebras de Hopf construídas por redução módulo p da forma integral de Kostant para álgebras de Lie simples. Em seguida, tentamos, a partir de uma certa classe de álgebras de Hopf, a saber, álgebras de Hopf que são álgebras de distribuições de grupos algébricos, reconstruir esses grupos algébricos. / Abstract: We present some results which relate the algebra of distributions of a Chevalley group and the so called hyperalgebras. The latter are Hopf algebras obtained by reduction modulo p of the Kostant integral form of a simple Lie algebra. Then we try to rebuild algebraic groups from Hopf algebras which are their algebras of distribution. / Mestrado / Algebra / Mestre em Matemática

L'espace des lacets lisses C(S^1,M) associé à une variété symplectique M se voit doté d'une structure (quasi-)symplectique induite par celle de M.Nous traiterons dans cette thèse d'un analogue algébrique de cet énoncé.Dans leur article, Kapranov et Vasserot ont introduit l'espace des lacets formels associé à un schéma. Il s'agit d'un analogue algébrique à l'espace des lacets lisses.Nous generalisons ici leur construction à des lacets de dimension supérieure. Nous associons à tout schéma X -- pas forcément lisse -- l'espace L^d(X) de ses lacets formels de dimension d.Nous démontrerons que ce dernier admet une structure de schéma (dérivé) de Tate : son espace tangent est de Tate, c'est-à-dire de dimension infinie mais suffisamment structuré pour se soumettre à la dualité.Nous définirons également l'espace B^d(X) des bulles de X, une variante de l'espace des lacets, et nous montrerons que le cas échéant, il hérite de la structure symplectique de X. Notons que ces résultats sont toujours valides dans des cas plus généraux : X peut être un champs d'Artin dérivé.Pour démontrer nos résultats, nous définirons ce que sont les objets de Tate dans une infinie-catégorie C stable et complète par idempotence.Nous prouverons au passage que le spectre de K-théorie non-connective de Tate(C) est équivalent à la suspension de celui de C, donnant une version infini-catégorique d'un résultat de Saito.Dans le dernier chapitre, nous traiterons d'un problème différent. Nous démontrerons l'existence d'une structure d'algèbre de Lie sur le tangent décalé de n'importe quel champ d'Artin dérivé X. Qui plus est, ce tangent agit sur tout quasi-cohérent E, l'action étant donnée par la classe d'Atiyah de E.Ces résultats sont par exemple valides dans le cas d'un schéma X sans hypothèse de lissité. / If M is a symplectic manifold then the space of smooth loops C(S^1,M) inherits of a quasi-symplectic form. We will focus in this thesis on an algebraic analogue of that result.In their article, Kapranov and Vasserot introduced and studied the formal loop space of a scheme X. It is an algebraic version of the space of smooth loops in a differentiable manifold.We generalize their construction to higher dimensional loops. To any scheme X -- not necessarily smooth -- we associate L^d(X), the space of loops of dimension d. We prove it has a structure of (derived) Tate scheme -- ie its tangent is a Tate module: it is infinite dimensional but behaves nicely enough regarding duality.We also define the bubble space B^d(X), a variation of the loop space.We prove that B^d(X) is endowed with a natural symplectic form as soon as X has one.To prove our results, we develop a theory of Tate objects in a stable infinity category C. We also prove that the non-connective K-theory of Tate(C) is the suspension of that of C, giving an infinity categorical version of a result of Saito.The last chapter is aimed at a different problem: we prove there the existence of a Lie structure on the tangent of a derived Artin stack X. Moreover, any quasi-coherent module E on X is endowed with an action of this tangent Lie algebra through the Atiyah class of E. This in particular applies to not necessarily smooth schemes X.

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This thesis consists of a summary and three papers, concerning some aspects of representation theory for complex finite dimensional semi-simple Lie algebras with focus on the BGG-category O. Paper I is motivated by the many useful properties of functors on category O given by tensoring with finite dimensional modules, such as projective functors and translation functors. We study properties of functors on O given by tensoring with arbitrary (possibly infinite dimensional) modules. Such functors give rise to a faithful action of O on itself via exact functors which preserve tilting modules, via right exact functors which preserve projective modules, and via left exact functors which preserve injective modules. Papers II and III both deal with Kostant's problem. In Paper II we establish an effective criterion equivalent to the answer to Kostant's problem for simple highest weight modules, in the case where the Lie algebra is of type A. Using this, we derive some old and new results which answer Kostant's problem in special cases. An easy sufficient condition derived from this criterion using Kazhdan-Lusztig combinatorics allows for a straightforward computational check using a computer, by which we get a complete answer for simple highest weight modules in the principal block of O for algebras of rank less than 5. In Paper III we relate the answer to Kostant's problem for certain modules to the answer to Kostant's problem for a module over a subalgebra. We also give a new description of a certain quotient of the dominant Verma module, which allows us to give a bound on the multiplicities of simple composition factors of primitive quotients of the universal enveloping algebra.