The diploma thesis analyzes detached house created in BIM software. In the practical part was modeled BIM model, which was attributed the Information. Of the exported data was created budget and calculated total cost of building. The part of this work is calculate life-cycle cost and analysis of the most costies parts. The main result of this work is the demonstrace private investors and public procurement the advantages of BIM attitute to projects, Also calculate the price of building and life cycle costs in the studies BIM model can help investor to show how much they will cost of building without investor didn´t invest too much project funds and thus could reconsider the rejection or modification project.

An initial analysis of sustainable project life cycle management methodologies’ current status highlighted that social and environmental aspects of sustainable development are not addressed effectively. An acceptable model aimed at addressing the various sustainable development aspects from a project management perspective is thus needed. This study’s main research objective was consequently to develop the different elements of such a model for social business sustainability. The research focused on the three main research questions discussed below. Which lifecycles should be considered when evaluating the project’s possible impacts? Projects implement or deliver certain products, which in turn, can produce other commodities sold by the company. The three lifecycles, i.e. project, asset and product, were studied to determine which lifecycles to consider when evaluating projects’ possible impacts. It was concluded that it is specifically the project’s deliverables and its associated products that have economic, social and environmental consequences. These life cycles must therefore be considered as part of the project life cycle when evaluating social impacts. What social business sustainability impacts or aspects should be considered in the project life cycle? A sustainable development framework that can be applied to projects directly to ensure their alignment with sustainable development does not exist at present. A social sustainability assessment framework as part of a sustainability assessment framework for operational initiatives was consequently developed and introduced. The social framework was verified and validated by means of case studies, a survey and a Delphi Technique case study to test the framework’s completeness and relevance. How should project management methodologies be adopted to ensure incorporation of social business sustainability? The research indicated that the various social aspects are addressed in different ways in the individual asset life cycle phase. The social criteria in the framework should therefore also be addressed in different ways in the project management methodologies. A Social Impact Indicator (SII) calculation procedure, based on a previously introduced Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) calculation procedure for environmental Resource Impact Indicators (RIIs), was developed as a method to evaluate social impacts in the project life cycle phases. Case studies in the process industry and statistical information for South Africa have been used to establish information availability for the SII calculation procedure. / Thesis (PhD (Engineering Management))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Graduate School of Technology Management (GSTM) / unrestricted

Lately the construction industry has become more interested in designing and constructing environmentally friendly buildings (e.g. sustainable buildings) that can provide both high performance and monetary savings. Analyzing various parameters during sustainable design such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and energy consumption, lighting simulation, green building rating system criteria and associated cost of building components at the conceptual design stage is very useful for designers needing to make decisions related to the selection of optimum design alternatives. Building Information Modeling (BIM) offers designers the ability to assess different design options and to select vital energy strategies and systems at the conceptual stage of proposed buildings. This thesis describes a methodology to implement sustainable design for proposed buildings at their conceptual stage. The proposed methodology is to be implemented through the design and development of a model that simplifies the process of designing sustainable buildings, evaluating their Environmental Impacts (EI), assessing their operational and embodied energy and listing their potential accumulated certification points in an integrated environment. Therefore, a Decision Support System (DSS) is developed by using Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques to help design team decides and selects the best type of sustainable building components and design families for proposed projects based on three main criteria (i.e. Environmental, Economical factor «cost efficiency » and Social wellbeing) in an attempt to identify the influence of design variations on the sustainable performance of the whole building. The DSS outcomes are incorporated in an integrated model capable of guiding users when performing sustainable design for building projects. The proposed methodology contains five modules: 1) Database Management System (DBMS), 2) Energy and lighting analysis, 3) Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), 4) LEED and 5) Life Cycle Cost (LCC). To improve the workability of the proposed model, a use case of abovementioned modules are going to be created as plug-ins in BIM tool. The successful implementation of such a methodology represents a significant advancement in the ability to attain sustainable design of a building during the early stages, to evaluate its EI, and to list its potentially earned certification points and associated soft costs.

O principal instrumento de avaliação dos impactos ambientais do ciclo de vida de produtos é a Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV). Uma de suas fases, a Avaliação de Impacto do Ciclo de Vida (AICV) refere-se ao processo quantitativo e/ou qualitativo aplicado na caracterização e avaliação dos impactos associados ao inventário do ciclo de vida. Dentre os impactos ambientais avaliados, estão aqueles relacionados ao uso da terra. Um dos grandes desafios no campo da ACV refere-se diferenciação espacial e temporal nos métodos de AICV, sobretudo para impactos devido à transformação e ocupação da terra. Torna-se necessário o desenvolvimento de modelos de caracterização e/ou adaptação daqueles já existentes de maneira que possam considerar as características ambientais regionais de cada país, visando à obtenção de resultados mais consistentes e precisos. Assim, este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar a aplicabilidade e a regionalização dos principais modelos de caracterização de impactos do uso da terra para a Avaliação do Impacto do Ciclo de Vida no Brasil. Para tanto foi conduzida uma revisão bibliográfica sistemática, a qual subsidiou a descrição e análise de dezesseis principais modelos de caracterização para avaliação de impactos do uso da terra. Durante a etapa de análise, as informações referentes a cada modelo foram classificadas de acordo com diferentes critérios, como: abordagem midpoint/endpoint, área de cobertura, área de coleta dos dados, diferenciação bio-geográfica, tempo de recuperação, situação de referência, robustez científica e relevância ambiental. Observou-se que seis modelos, de abrangência de aplicação global, apresentam robustez científica e relevância ambiental satisfatória para a avaliação dos impactos nos serviços ecossistêmicos e na biodiversidade: Brandão & Milà i Canals (2013); Müller-Wenk & Brandão (2010); Nunez et al. (2010); Saad, Koellner, Margni (2013); Souza (2010); Souza et al. (2013). Outra contribuição do trabalho refere-se às recomendações para a adaptação de modelos de caracterização, visando a regionalização, para a qual uma série de elementos-chave deve ser considerada, tais como o mecanismo ambiental modelado, a tipologia de uso do solo, o nível de diferenciação bio-geográfica usado para o cálculo dos fatores de caracterização e a situação de referência utilizada. / The main technique for assessing the environmental impacts of the product life cycle is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). One of its phases, the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) refers to quantitative and / or qualitative process applied to the characterization and assessment of impacts associated with the life cycle inventory. Among the environmental impacts evaluated in LCA are those related to land use. A major challenge in the field of LCA refers to spatial and temporal differentiation in LCIA methods, especially for impacts due to land occupation and land transformation. It becomes necessary to develop models for the characterization and / or adapting existing ones so that they can consider regional environmental characteristics of each country, in order to obtain more consistent and accurate results. Therefore, this work aims to analyze the applicability and regionalization of the land use impacts characterization models in the Life Cycle Impact Assessment in Brazil. To achieve that, a systematic literature review was performed, which subsidized the description and analysis of sixteen major characterization models for land use impact assessment. During the analysis, the information regarding each model were classified according to different criteria, such as midpoint/ endpoint approach, coverage area, area of data collection, bio-geographical differentiation, recovery time, reference land use situation, scientific robustness and environmental relevance. It was observed that six models, with a global scope, present scientific robustness and environmental relevance sufficient for the assessment of impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services: Brandão & Milà i Canals (2013); Müller-Wenk & Brandão (2010); Nunez et al. (2010); Saad, Koellner, Margni (2013); Souza (2010); Souza et al. (2013). Another contribution of this work were the recommendations for adapting characterization models, for which a number of key elements must be considered, such as the modelled land use impact pathways, the land use typology, the level of bio-geographical differentiation used for the characterization factors and the reference land use situation.

Många länder försöker minska sitt användande av fossila bränslen och istället använda sig utav förnyelsebara alternativ. Ett vanligt sätt att göra detta är att gå från bensindrivna motorer till eldrivna. Denna studie undersöker därför produkter ur samma produktsortiment som har samma grundfunktion och användningsområde men olika drivmedel. Syftet med detta är att få ökad förståelse för produkternas kostnader samt öka förståelsen för hur deras drift påverkar miljön. Studien genomfördes som en fallstudie på Swepac i Ljungby. Studiens genomförande följer delar ur LCC, LCA, CELA och break-even metoder för att kunna uppnå syftet. Miljöpåverkan mäts i koldioxidekvivalenter och en omräkningsfaktor används för att omvandla utsläppen till ett monetärt värde som går att använda i beräkningar av kostnader. Resultatet visar att ett break-even mellan maskinerna uppstår efter 6.9 år, livslängden är dock 5 år. Både miljöpåverkan, drift- och underhållskostnader är lägre för den eldrivna, dock gör den stora skillnaden i inköpspris att det tar lång tid innan ett break-even uppstår. / Many countries are trying to reduce the usage of fossil fuels and instead they are trying to find renewable alternatives. A common way to do this is to go from gasoline engines to electric engines. The purpose of the study is to gain a greater understanding of the products costs and environmental impact during their usage. The study was conducted as a case study at Swepac, Ljungby. The study’s implementation follows parts from LCC, LCA, CELA and the breakeven method in order to achieve the purpose. The environmental impact is measured in carbon dioxide equivalents and a conversion factor is used to convert the emissions to a monetary value that can be used in calculations of costs. The result shows that breakeven between the machines arises after 6.9 years, however, the service life is only 5 years. Both environmental impact, operating and maintenance costs is lower for the electrical option, however, the big difference in purchase price makes it take a long time for a breakeven to occur.

The diploma thesis analyzes the overall life cycle costs of a passive family house. In the theoretical part the thesis deals with the definitions of concepts needed to understand the given issue and to determine the costs in individual parts. In the practical part the knowledge and procedures to two passive family houses are applied.

Under det senaste århundradet har den globala uppvärmningen ökat och samhället står inför en stor utmaning, ett skifte bör ske för att skapa en hållbar framtid. Företag måste idag utveckla metoder för att på ett innovativt sätt fortsätta växa ekonomiskt, men samtidigt väga in de miljömässiga och sociala aspekterna i sin verksamhet. Tjänstefiering är ett sätt för företag att utöka sitt erbjudande och skapa värde för sina kunder. Genom att addera tjänster till existerande produkter skapas en möjlighet att stärka sin position på marknaden. Den här studien syftar till att förstå på vilket sätt en hållbarhetsanalys, som tilläggstjänst, kan skapa värde för kunderna till ett Electronic Manufacturing Service (EMS)-företag. Studien bidrar med teoretiska insikter kring Life Cycle Sustainability Analysis (LCSA) och dessa praktiska tillämpning. Studien bidrar även med insikter kring värdeskapande samt korrelationen mellan tjänstefiering och hållbarhet.  För att identifiera vilket värde en hållbarhetsanalys kan skapa har tio semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts. Resultatet visar på fyra olika faktorer som påverkar värderingen av en hållbarhetstjänst. Dessa är: krav från försörjningskedjan; kostnaden av tjänsten (komplex avvägning mellan fördelar och uppoffringar); regleringar, lagar och mål samt ansvarsfördelningen mellan kund och leverantör. Dessutom indikerar resultatet att tjänstefiering kan stärka företagets position på marknaden. En rekommendation till framtida forskning är att fortsatt undersöka korrelationen mellan tjänstefiering och lönsamhet samt mellan tjänstefiering och hållbarhet. / During the last century, global warming has increased and society faces a major challenge, a shift should take place towards a sustainable future. Companies must develop innovative methods to continue to grow economically, but at the same time take the environmental and social aspects into account. Servitization is a way for companies to expand their offering and create value for their customers. By adding services to existing products it creates an opportunity to strengthen their position in the market. This study aims to understand how a sustainability analysis, as an add-on service, can create value for an EMS- company's customers. The study contributes with theoretical insights regarding the use of LCSA and its practical applications. The study also provides insights regarding value creation along with the correlation between servitization and sustainability.  In order to identify what type of value a sustainability analysis can create, ten semi-structured interviews were conducted. The results show four different factors that affect the value of a service. These are: demand from the supply chain, the cost of the service (a complex balance between benefits and sacrifices), regulations, laws and goals, and the areas of responsibilities between customer and supplier. In addition, the results indicate that servitization can strengthen the company's position on the market. A recommendation for future research is to further investigate the correlation between servitization and profitability and whether servitization can contribute to increased sustainability.

The aim of the study was to compile a conceptual model of a Virtual Research Environment (VRE) that indicates the relationship between Research Data Management (RDM) and VREs. The outcome of this study was that VREs are ideal platforms for the management of research data. In the first part of the study, a literature review was conducted by focusing on four themes: VREs and other concepts related to VREs; VRE components and tools; RDM; and the relationship between VREs and RDM. The first theme included a discussion of definitions of concepts, approaches to VREs, their development, aims, characteristics, similarities and differences of concepts, an overview of the e-Research approaches followed in this study, as well as an overview of concepts used in this study. The second theme consisted of an overview of developments of VREs in four countries (United Kingdom, USA, The Netherlands, and Germany), an indication of the differences and similarities of these programmes, and a discussion on the concept of research lifecycles, as well as VRE components. These components were then matched with possible tools, as well as to research lifecycle stages, which led to the development of a first conceptual VRE framework. The third theme included an overview of the definitions of the concepts ‘data’ and ‘research data’, as well as RDM and related concepts, an investigation of international developments with regards to RDM, an overview of the differences and similarities of approaches followed internationally, and a discussion of RDM developments in South Africa. This was followed by a discussion of the concept ‘research data lifecycles’, their various stages, corresponding processes and the roles various stakeholders can play in each stage. The fourth theme consisted of a discussion of the relationship between research lifecycles and research data lifecycles, a discussion on the role of RDM as a component within a VRE, the management of research data by means of a VRE, as well as the presentation of a possible conceptual model for the management of research data by means of a VRE. This literature review was conducted as a background and basis for this study. In the second part of the study, the research methodology was outlined. The chosen methodology entailed a non-empirical part consisting of a literature study, and an empirical part consisting of two case studies from a South African University. The two case studies were specifically chosen because each used different methods in conducting research. The one case study used natural science oriented data and laboratory/experimental methods, and the other, human orientated data and survey instruments. The proposed conceptual model derived from the literature study was assessed through these case studies and feedback received was used to modify and/or enhance the conceptual model. The contribution of this study lies primarily in the presentation of a conceptual VRE model with distinct component layers and generic components, which can be used as technological and collaborative frameworks for the successful management of research data. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2018. / National Research Foundation / Information Science / DPhil / Unrestricted

Für den wirtschaftlichen Erfolg und die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit von Industrieunternehmen ist die Gestaltung effizienter, funktionsfähiger und an die Erfordernisse des Produktionsumfeldes angepasster Fabriksysteme von entscheidender Bedeutung. Die zielgerichtete Entwicklung und Optimierung solcher Systeme im Rahmen der Fabrikplanung stellt angesichts sich kontinuierlich ändernder Rahmenbedingungen, der Vielzahl zu berücksichtigender Systemelemente und Interdependenzen sowie der Langlebigkeit des Systems eine besondere Herausforderung dar. Um in dem Kontext die Identifikation, Erarbeitung und Auswahl langfristig erfolgversprechender Fabrikkonzepte zu unterstützen, wird innerhalb der vorliegenden Arbeit ein umfassendes Instrumentarium zur Durchführung lebenszyklusorientierter Wirtschaftlichkeitsanalysen und -bewertungen entwickelt. Im Kern basierend auf dem Life Cycle Costing dient dieses vorrangig dazu, sämtliche der mit den fabrikplanerischen Festlegungen verbundenen monetären Konsequenzen systematisch zu erfassen und zu beurteilen. Die instrumentelle Ausgestaltung orientiert sich dabei an den Informationsgewinnungs- und Entscheidungsstrukturen der Fabrikplanung und umfasst Ansätze für den Umgang mit der aus der Vielzahl an Systemelementen resultierenden Komplexität ebenso wie konzeptionelle Modifikationen für eine ergänzende Bewertung nicht-monetärer Zielgrößen. Vor dem Hintergrund zunehmender Anforderungen an die Nachhaltigkeit von Fabriksystemen wird das entwickelte Instrumentarium am Beispiel der Bewertung von Energieeffizienzmaßnahmen konkretisiert und angesichts der Fülle der für lebenszyklusorientierte Analysen und Bewertungen erforderlichen Daten und Informationen um ein Rahmenkonzept zu dessen IT-gestützter Realisierung erweitert. / The development of efficient and functioning factories adapted to the requirements of the production environment is of crucial importance for the economic success and competitiveness of industrial companies. However, the targeted configuration and optimization of such systems is a particular challenge, since constantly changing conditions, a multitude of system elements and interdependencies, and the longevity of the system have to be taken into account. In order to support the identification, generation, and selection of promising planning solutions, a comprehensive instrument for life-cycle oriented profitability analyses and evaluations is developed in this thesis. Essentially basing on Life Cycle Costing it is primarily intended to systematically determine and assess all monetary consequences associated with the generated planning solutions. The instrumental design is oriented toward the structures of information retrieval and decision making in factory planning. It also comprises approaches for handling the complexity that results from the multitude of system elements as well as conceptual modifications for the complementary evaluation of non-monetary assessment criteria. Against the background of increasing demands on the sustainability of factory systems, the developed instrument is exemplarily specified for the evaluation of energy efficiency measures. Furthermore, considering the abundance of data and information required for life-cycle oriented analyses and evaluations in factory planning, the instrument is enhanced by a conceptual framework for its IT- supported implementation.

Life Cycle Cost, often abbreviated as LCC, is a common tool for comparing the total cost of different alternatives, such as heating and cooling methods. Common heating and cooling methods in Sweden are geothermal energy, district heating and district cooling. This report aims to evaluate how different heating and cooling methods differ from each other while being applied on three different types of buildings, using selected LCC-models. Information about the selected LCC-models wasretrieved from each separate model and its website. Reports and agencies were used as sources for information about the heating and cooling methods. Tendersby established energy companies in Sweden were used as input data to form different alternatives for each building. From the comparison between the selected LCC-models, both similarities and differences were identified. The differences vary both in scale and how they affect the result. Nonetheless two of the models show the same results for some of the alternatives. In order to approximate the environmental effects for each heating and cooling method, carbon dioxide emissions were compared. The conclusion of this report is that while there are significant differences between the different LCC-models, the results only differ marginally for most models. / Life Cycle Cost, ofta förkortadsom LCC, är ett vanligt använt verktyg vid jämförelse av olika alternativs, exempelvis olika uppvärmnings- och kylmetoder, totala livscykelkostnad. I Sverige är vanliga uppvärmnings- och kylmetoder bergvärme, fjärrvärme och fjärrkyla. Denna rapport syftar till att med hjälp av utvalda LCC-modeller utvärdera hur dessa olika metoder skiljer sig för olika typfall, samt att redogöra för vilka skillnader det finns mellan de utvalda LCC-modellerna. De typfall som undersöktes var tre olika fastigheter med varierande storlek och alternativ. Information om de valda LCC-modellerna hämtades från respektive modell samt vid behov från tillhörande hemsida. Olika rapporter och myndigheter ligger till grund för information för hur de olika uppvärmnings- och kylmetoderna fungerar. Indata för LCC-beräkningarna inhämtades från offerter givna av etablerade energiföretag i Sverige. Genom rena jämförelser mellan de valda LCC-modellerna hittades både likheter och skillnader. Skillnadernas inverkan varierar i både grad och vilken effekt de har på resultaten. Däremot får två av modellerna samma resultat för vissa typfall. För att uppskatta miljöpåverkan jämfördes även typfallens koldioxidutsläpp för de olika uppvärmnings- och kylmetoderna. Slutsatser som kan dras från studien är att det finns klara skillnader mellan olika LCC- modeller, men resultaten skiljer sig ofta endast marginellt.