The Diploma Thesis deals with preparation of one phoshonate and two phospinate derivatives of dipicolylamine. Dissociation constants of prepared ligands were determined by potentiometric and NMR titration. Coordination properties of the compounds were studied by combination of potentiometry and UV-VIS spectrophotometry. Stability constants of complexes with selected transition metal ions (Cu2+ , Ni2+ a Zn2+ ) and alkali-earth metals ions (Ca2+ , Mg2+ ) were calculated. Acid-base and coordination properties in the solid state were studied by X-ray diffraction on single-crystals.

Title: Copper(I) complexes with phosphinonitrile donors Author: Bc. Filip Horký Department: Department of Inorganic chemistry Supervisor: prof. RNDr. Petr Štěpnička, Ph.D. Abstract: Although coordination compounds with phosphinonitrile ligands are already well known, in the vast majority of these complexes these ligands coordinate as simple P-donors with their cyano groups acting as auxiliary substituents. This led us to synthesize and study a series of Cu(I) complexes with two isomeric phosphinonitrile donors, namely 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzonitrile (Lo ) and 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzonitrile (Lp ), with different ligand-to-metal ratios and possibly characterize further coordination modes offered by these hybrid donors. This work describes the preparation of phosphinonitrile complexes from the aforementioned ligands and simple copper(I) halides (CuX, X = Cl, Br, I), pseudohalides (X = CN) and from [Cu(MeCN)4][BF4]. The products were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, and their solid-state structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. In addition, luminescent properties of the Cu(I) complexes were studied and catalytic activity of selected complexes was tested in copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition...

Dans le cadre du développement et de l'amélioration des procédés de décontamination d’effluents aqueux contaminés par des radioéléments émetteurs alpha, des études physico-chimiques sur la complexation des actinides (U, Pu, Am) avec des ligands organiques tels que des acides polyaminocarboxyliques linéaires (H4EDTA) et des sidérochélates (acides dihydroxamiques et desferrioxamine B) ont été effectuées. La compréhension des propriétés de coordination est une étape essentielle pour sélectionner les meilleurs agents chélatants qui se montreront efficaces dans le traitement des effluents. Les schémas de coordination des complexes d'uranium et de plutonium avec ces ligands ont été déterminés à l'aide de mesures par spectroscopie EXAFS (Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure) effectuées au synchrotron de l'ESRF. Ces travaux ont été complétés par des études thermodynamiques réalisées en couplant des mesures potentiométriques et spectrophotométriques UV-Visible afin d'identifier la nature des complexes d'uranium(VI) et d'américium(III) formés en solution et d'évaluer leur stabilité. A l’aide des constantes d'équilibre, il est possible de simuler le digramme de spéciation dans les conditions de traitement des effluents du centre de Valduc et de définir ainsi une gamme de p[H] dans laquelle le ligand est efficace pour atteindre une décontamination « ultime ». / As part of our research endeavour aimed at developing and improving decontamination processes of wastewater containing alpha emitters, physico-chemical complexation studies of actinides (U, Pu, Am) with organic open-chain ligands such as polyaminocarboxylic acids (H4EDTA) and siderochelates (dihydroxamic acids and desferrioxamine B) have been carried out. Gaining a clear understanding of the coordination properties of the targeted actinides is an essential step towards the selection of the most appropriate chelating agents that will exhibit high uptake efficiencies. EXAFS (Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure) measurements at the ESRF synchrotron enabled to elucidate the coordination scheme ofuranium and plutonium complexes. Solution thermodynamic investigations were intended to provide valuable information about the nature and the stability of the uranium(VI) and americium(III) complexes prevailing at a given p[H] in solution. The set of stability constants determined from potentiometric and UV-visible spectrophotometric titrations, allowed topredict the speciation of the selected actinides in presence of the aforementioned ligands and to determine the pH range required for achieving “ultimate” decontamination.

No description available.

Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world. While much has been learned about these diseases in the last few decades, one of the main barriers to widespread advancement is the heterogeneity of cancer biology. A growing body of evidence supports the idea that certain protein receptors are overexpressed on the surface of tumor cells as compared to normal tissues. These extracellular biomarkers provide a unique opportunity to selectively target the tumor with both imaging and therapeutic modalities. The research in this dissertation focuses on targeting proteins on the tumor cell surface with peptidomimetic ligands. Following a description of various extracellular receptors, chapter one discusses targeting ligands designed to specifically and selectively bind these receptors. It reviews recent literature on targeted alpha-particle therapy and ends with an explanation of the advantages of peptide ligands. Three distinct approaches to imaging and therapeutic modalities are then discussed in subsequent chapters. First, a peptide ligand was designed to target radionuclides to malignant melanoma cells in an effort to develop companion radiotherapeutics and diagnostic imaging agents. The second research project describes the synthesis of a novel antagonist peptide ligand with conjugated near infrared dye, and its utility for real-time intraoperative guidance during pancreatic adenocarcinoma resection. Finally, the last chapter describes how the relatively new field of immunomodulatory effectors may be enhanced by their derivatization with peptide targeting ligands.

No description available.

In part 1 of this thesis, the antidiabetic activity of a series of novel oxovanadium(IV) complexes was investigated. A range of bidentate N,O-donor ligands, which partially mimic naturally occurring bioligands, were prepared and reacted with the vanadyl ion to form the corresponding bis-coordinated complexes. Initially, 2-(2ˊ-hydroxyphenyl)-1R-imidazoline (where R = H, ethyl and ethanol) ligands were prepared. The aqueous pH-metric chemical speciation was investigated using glass electrode potentiometry which allowed for the determination of protonation and stability constants of the ligands and complexes, respectively. The species distribution diagrams generated from this information gave an indication of how the complexes might behave across the broad pH range experienced in the digestive and circulatory systems. This information was used to create an improved 2nd generation of ligands that were constructed by combining the imidazole and carboxylic acid functionalities. These corresponding bis[(imidazolyl)carboxylato]-oxovanadium(IV) complexes displayed a broader pH-metric stability. Both sets of complexes improved glucose uptake and reduced coagulation in vitro. In part 2 of this thesis, a range of homogeneous and heterogeneous oxovanadium(IV) catalysts were prepared. Firstly, Merrifield beads were functionalized with ligands from Part 1 and then reacted with vanadyl sulfate to afford the corresponding heterogeneous catalysts. These displayed promising catalytic activity for the peroxide facilitated oxidation of thioanisole, styrene and ethylbenzene as well as the oxidative bromination of phenol red. Smaller imidazole-containing beads with higher surface areas than the Merrifield beads were prepared by suspension polymerization. These beads similarly demonstrated excellent catalytic activity for the oxidation of thioanisole and were highly recyclable. In attempt to increase the exposed catalytic surface area, while retaining the ease of separation achieved in the before mentioned systems, micron to nano sized electrospun fibers containing coordinating ligands were fabricated. The corresponding oxovanadium(IV) functionalized fibers were applied to the oxidation of thioanisole using a continuous flow system. The flexible and porous nature of the fiber mats was well suited to this approach. After optimization of the reactant flow rate and catalyst amount, near quantitative (> 99%) oxidation was achieved for an extended period. In addition, leaching of vanadium was mitigated by modification of the attached ligand or polymer material.

This research has focused on the development of novel substrate mimics as potential DXR inhibitors of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), an essential enzyme in the mevalonate-independent pathway for the biosynthesis of isoprenoids in Plasmodium falciparum. DXR mediates the isomerisation and reduction of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate (DOXP) into 2C-methyl-D-erithrytol 4-phosphate (MEP) and has been validated as an attractive target for the development of novel anti-malarial chemotherapeutic agents. Reaction of various amines with specially prepared 4-phosphonated crotonic acid in the presence of the peptide coupling reagent, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC), has afforded a series of amido-phosphonate esters in moderate to good yields (48% - 73%) which, using a RuCl₃/CeCl₃/NaIO₄ catalyst system, have been dihydroxylated to furnish the dihydroxy-amido phosphonate ester pro-drugs; subsequent hydrolysis under microwave irradiation has afforded the corresponding phosphonic acids. A second series of potential inhibitors viz., 3-substituted aniline-derived phosphonate esters, their corresponding phosphonic acids and mono-sodium salts, have also been successfully synthesised. In these compounds, the essential functional groups are separated by one, two, three or four methylene groups, Deprotonation of the 3-substituted aniline substrates, followed by reaction with the appropriate ω-chloroalkanoyl chloride produced the ω-chloroamide intermediates, which were subjected to the Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction to afford the diethyl phosphonate esters in moderate to good yields (48% - 74%). Microwave-assisted TMSBrmediated cleavage of the phosphonate esters furnished the phosphonic acids, neutralisation of which afforded the mono-sodium salts. Furan-derived phosphate esters and phosphonic acids have been prepared as conformationally-restricted DOXP analogues. Functionalization at C-5 of the trityl-protected furan was achieved using the Vilsmeier-Haack formylation and Friedel-Crafts acylation reactions and, following de-tritylation, phosphorylation and oximation, using hydroxylamine hydrochloride, the novel oxime derivatives have been isolated as a third series of potential DXR inhibitors in very good yields (87% - 96%). Finally, in order to exploit an additional binding pocket in the PƒDXR active site, a series of N-benzylated phosphoramidic derivatives were obtained in seven steps from the starting material, diethyl phosphoramidate. The known inhibitors, fosmidomycin and its acetyl derivative FR900098, were also successfully synthesised as standards for STD-NMR binding and inhibition assays. In all, over 200 compounds (136 novel) have been prepared and appropriately characterised using 1-and 2-D NMR and IR spectroscopic analysis and, where necessary, HRMS or combustion analysis. Saturation Transfer Difference (STD) protein-NMR experiments, undertaken using selected compounds, have revealed binding of most of the ligands examined to EcDXR. Computersimulated docking studies have also been used to explore the preferred ligand-binding conformations and interactions between the ligands and essential DXR active-site residues, while DXR-enzyme inhibition assays of selected synthesised ligands have revealed certain patterns of inhibitory activity.

A series of 31 sulfur-nitrogen donor ligands and 64 metal(II) complexes have been investigated. The thiomethylated aniline ligands 2–(methylthiomethyl)aniline 2MT and 2–(methylthio)aniline 2MA were synthesized with their substituted derivatives (-Me, -MeO, -Cl, -Br, -NO2) to serve as chelating agents. These ligands behave as bidentate ligands with SN donor group with Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II). The Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes have the ML2Cl2 molecular formula while the Cu(II) complexes formed with MLCl2 stoichiometry where L is the bidentate ligand. The ligands and their metal(II) complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis and with spectroscopic techniques. The trend observed in the NMR spectra and IR frequencies of the thiomethylated compounds shows there is a significant difference between the 2MT and 2MA series as a result of sulfur lone pairs extending the conjugation of the aromatic ring in the case of the latter. The effect of the position and electronic nature of ring substituent on the NMR shifts of the amine protons is discussed. The 6- and 5-membered chelate complexes formed by the 2MT and 2MA ligands respectively do not show significant diversity in their spectroscopic properties. From the elemental analysis for the Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes, their compositions reveal 1:2 M:L stoichiometry with 2 chlorine atoms from the respective metal salts. In addition, the spectroscopic data are largely indicative of tetragonally distorted structures for these solid complexes. The X-ray crystallography data reveal the Cu(II) complexes exist as square pyramidal dimers and with long Cu–Cl equitorial bonds fit into the tetragonally distorted octahedral structure. The electrolytic nature of Co(II) and Cu(II) complexes in DMF were found to be similar, they behave as non electrolytes in contrast to Ni(II) complexes which are 1:1 electrolytes. The electronic spectra of these metal(II) complexes were found to be different for both their solid forms and in solutions of DMF and DMSO and this has been discussed. The thiomethylated aniline ligands possess the amine and thioether groups which are present in many known biologically active compounds, hence the biological activity of the ligands and their metal complexes were tested against three strains of bacteria and one fungus. The methoxy-substituted derivatives were found to possess better inhibitory activity and this was similarly reflected in the metal(II) complexes. The activity of the complexes can be said to be in the order, Cu(II) > Co(II) > Ni(II). The Schiff-base derivatives were prepared from the ligands and para-methoxysalicylaldehyde and their Cu(II) complexes were synthesized in order to determine their biological activity. The Schiff-base ligands were found to be less active than their parent ligands. The Cu(II) complexes are not soluble in water, DMSO or DMF, as a result and could not be evaluated for their biological activity. Based on the good results from the antimicrobial evaluation, the antiplasmodial activity of some of the Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes of the thiomethylated ligands against Plasmodium falciparum (FCR-3) was determined. At 50 μM concentration level, the Cu(II) complexes show activity equal or better than the prophylactic chloroquine. The Cu(II) complexes with the methoxy-substituted demonstrated exceptional activity but their Co(II) and Ni(II) analogues did not show any activity. The cytotoxicity of the active Cu(II) complexes at 50 μM concentration was determined against the breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231). The compounds destroyed the cancer cell in the range of 28–40%, thus showing their preferred activity against the parasitic cell instead of the cancer cell. The selectivity demonstrated by these compounds have shown them to be potential antimalarial agents and this could be further investigated.

Les maladies neurodégénaratives (MNDs) sont les troubles neurologiques les plus fréquents chez l’homme et touchent des millions de personnes à travers le monde. Elles affectent le fonctionnement du système nerveux de façon chronique et progressive et conduisent souvent au décès du malade. L’évolution de ces maladies est très variable et les traitements disponibles actuellement ne permettent pas de modifier leur progression mais seulement d’atténuer les manifestations symptomatiques.Les récepteurs σ1 correspondent à une classe unique de récepteurs transmembranaires du réticulum endoplasmique. Exprimés au niveau du SNC et en particulier dans les neurones, les lymphocytes et les oligodendrocytes, ces récepteurs sont connus pour être impliqués dans la régulation de nombreux neurotransmetteurs. Même si les mécanismes de transduction après leur activation ne sont pas complètement élucidés, de plus en plus d’études mettent en évidence le potentiel thérapeutique de ces récepteurs. En effet, depuis leur découverte, les récepteurs σ1 ont été impliqués dans de nombreuses pathologies dont des MNDs.Ces travaux de thèse s’inscrivent donc dans ce contexte. Le projet consistait à concevoir, synthétiser et évaluer de nouveaux ligands σ1 pour une utilisation en neuroprotection. Les dérivés tétrahydroquinolin-hydantoïnes préalablement conçus au laboratoire, ont montré des affinités nanomolaires envers la protéine σ1, une bonne sélectivité, une faible cytotoxicité et des propriétés ADME compatibles avec un développement thérapeutique. Evalués dans différents modèles, ces composés ont montrés des propriétés anti-inflammatoires associées à une action neuroprotective. Cependant, bien que les Tic-hydantoïnes soient des composés chimiquement stables, ils ont montré une faible stabilité métabolique. Trois nouvelles familles de composés ont donc été conçues et synthétisées afin de pallier à ces problèmes. Leurs affinités, sélectivités, cytotoxicités et propriétés ADME ont été évaluées. Des tests comportementaux ont également été réalisés sur les composés les plus intéressants afin de déterminer leur profil agoniste ou antagoniste. Finalement, le meilleur candidat, évalué dans un modèle in vivo de sclérose en plaques, a montré des propriétés neuroprotectrices intéréssantes. / Neurodegenerative diseases are the most common neurological disorders in humans, affecting millions of people worldwide. They affect the nervous systems in chronic and progressive way and often lead to the death of the patient. The evolution of these diseases is highly variable and currently available treatments do not alter their growth but only moderate symptomatic manifestations.Sigma-1 receptors represent a structurally unique class of transmembrane receptors of the endoplasmic reticulum. Expressed in the central nervous system and especially in neurons, lymphocytes and oligodendrocytes, these receptors are known to be involved in the regulation of numerous neurotransmitters. Even if the signal transduction pathway after activation of σ1 receptors is not completely understood, more and more evidences suggest that they represent a potential therapeutic target in many diseases. Indeed, since their discovery, the σ1 receptors have been implicated in various pathologies including neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, it is in this context that our interest is focused on the conception and synthesis of novel σ1 receptors ligands for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Fused and optimized tetrahydroquinoline-hydantoin derivatives designed in our laboratory showed nanomolar σ1 affinity, σ2 /σ1 selectivity, very low cytotoxicity and ADME properties compatible with therapeutic development. Evaluated in different models, these compounds showed an anti-inflammatory activity associated with a neuroprotective action. However, while the Tic-Hydantoin derivatives are chemically stable, they showed a low metabolic stability. Thus, three novel families of compounds were synthesized in order to compensate for these problems. Their affinities, selectivities, cytotoxicities and their ADME properties were evaluated. Behavioural testing was carried out on the most interesting compounds to determine the agonist or antagonist profil. Finally, evaluated in in vivo model of multiple sclerosis, the best compound showed interesting neuroprotective properties.