This work is focused on description how the light impact human live, description of light sources and finally design and construction of light source with adjustable colour temperature and luminous flux. In introduction is mentioned the process of vision and how the light impact humans. In next part is characterization of currently used light sources, their construction, properties, benefits and drawback with their main parameters. Important part of this chapter is more extensive description of light emitting diodes with their operational parameters. The last two parts is focused on design and measuring the parameters of created light source with adjustable colour temperature and luminous flux and evaluating the results.

This master’s thesis deals with the possibilities of illumination of motor vehicles. Thesis is divided into two sections, from which the first discusses precisely the possibilities of lighting of motor vehicles at the present time. What are the modern lighting techniques, that can be found on the market and what is their impact on safety enhancement in road traffic. Second section is about the practical measurement of low and high beam afterglow. This measurement is being compared between two types of headlamps, namely halogen headlights and xenon headlights. Part of the measurement is as well measurement of illumination intensity precisely for these headlights. The output of measurement is the creation of own illumination intensity diagrams and afterglow diagrams of particular headlights, in comparison to isolux diagrams provided by the headlights manufacturer. Consequently are solved the issues about utilization of the isolux diagrams in expert praxis.

Photoinduced atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was achieved using a simple household fluorescent lamp as the light source. In solution, methyl methacrylate could be polymerized to welldefined polymers; the photoinduced ATRP system did only convert monomers during irradiation and was inactive in the dark. In situ monitoring by UV-vis spectroscopy revealed the photoredox cycle between Cuᶦᶦ and Cuᶦ species. The linear development of the polymer number average molar mass with monomer conversion, the low dispersity as well as chain extension experiments showed the controlled nature of the polymerization. Photoinduced ATRP was also used to prepare homo- and block copolymer brushes and patterned brushes on surfaces by photoinduced surface-initiated ATRP (PSI-ATRP).

The use of supercontinuum light sources in different optical measurement methods, like microscopy or optical coherence tomography, has increased significantly compared to classical wideband light sources. The development of various optical measurement techniques benefits from the high brightness and bandwidth, as well as the spatial coherence of these sources. For some applications, only a portion of the broad spectral range can be used. Therefore, an increase of the spectral power density in limited spectral regions would provide a clear advantage over spectral filtering. This study describes a method to increase the spectral power density of supercontinuum sources by amplifying the excitation wavelength inside a nonlinear photonic crystal fiber (PCF). An ytterbium doped photonic crystal fiber was manufactured by a nanopowder process (drawn by the company fiberware) and used in a fiber amplifier setup as the nonlinear fiber medium. In order to characterize the fiber’s optimum operational characteristics, group-velocity dispersion (GVD) measurements were performed on the fiber during the amplification process. For this purpose, a notch-pass mirror was used to launch the radiation of a stabilized laser diode at 976 nm into the fiber sample for pumping. The performance of the fiber was compared with a conventional PCF. Finally, the system as a whole was characterized in reference to common solid state-laser-based photonic supercontinuum light sources. An improvement of the power density up to 7.2 times was observed between 1100 nm to 1380 nm wavelengths.

Supercontinuum light sources provide a high power spectral density with a high spatial coherence. Coherent octavespanning supercontinuum can be generated in photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) by launching short pulses into the fiber. In the field of optical metrology, these light sources are very interesting. For most applications, only a small part of the entire spectrum can be utilized. In biological tissue scattering, absorption and fluorescence limits the usable spectral range. Therefore, an increase of the spectral power density in limited spectral regions would provide a clear advantage over spectral filtering. This study describes a method to increase the spectral power density of supercontinuum sources by amplifying the excitation wavelength inside a nonlinear photonic crystal fiber (PCF). An all-fiber-based setup enables higher output power and power stability. An ytterbium-doped photonic crystal fiber was manufactured by a nanopowder process (drawn by the fiberware GmbH, Germany) and used in a fiber amplifier setup as the nonlinear fiber medium. In order to characterize the fiber’s optimum operational characteristics, group-velocity dispersion (GVD) measurements were performed. The performance of the fiber-based setup was compared with a free space setup. Finally, the system as a whole was characterized in reference to common solid state-laser-based supercontinuum light sources. An improvement of the power density was observed in the spectral range between 1100 nm to 1400 nm.

This thesis studies how to design a light to a target group based on different theories and methods. The aim has been to investigate what factors are needed to design a good lamp based on theories developed by Poul Henningsen. The problem definition for this study is as follows: How can you use the ACD methods and design process to design a dining table lamp based on Poul Henningsen's theories about light?In order to answer the problem definition, a choice was made to work with the theoretical field of User Centered Design. The study is based on empirical evidence of light and methods that will investigate and analyze the specific needs of a target group in regard to a dining table lamp. Using a design process consisting of idea generation, conceptualizing and prototyping, a lamp that meets both the needs of the target group and the requirements of Poul Henningsen has been designed. The result of this was the development of a dining table lamp that has several different adjustment options physically and technically and casts theoretically correct shadows.This study shows how little empiric evidence that currently exist about light and its use. Therefore, there is ample opportunity to do more research on this topic. Additionally, this task opens up the possibility of designing new lamps based on clarified guidelines.

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Uppsatsen behandlar belysningsarmaturer inom LED-segmentet. Uppsatsen behandlar isynnerhet varför ljuskällan i LED-belysningsarmaturer oftast konstrueras så att ljuskällorna inteär utbytbara.Metoder som har använts i förstudien har varit; informationssökning, kvalitativa intervjuer,teknisk LED-modulsinventering samt konstruktionsundersökningar. Metoder som använts iproduktutvecklingsfasen har varit; tekniska informationsstudier, Idéinventering genom visuellidégenerering, imageboards och skissprocess (att tänka med en penna).Syftet med projektet har varit att utveckla en LED-armatur med utbytbar ljuskälla. Projektetsresultat blev en LED-golvarmatur med utbytbar ljuskälla. Ljuskällan som används i armaturenär enligt den unga branschfrivilliga standarden för LED-moduler, Zhaga. / The essay deals with luminaries in the LED segment. The essay deals in particular with why thelight sources in LED lighting fixtures usually is designed so that the light sources are notreplaceble.Methods used in this work has been; information searching, qualitative interviews, technicalLED module inventory and construction surveys. Methods used in the product developmentphase have been; technical information studies, Idea inventory by visual idea generation, imageboards and sketching process (thinking with a pen).The aim of the project was to develop an LED fixture with a replaceable light source. The resultof the project became an LED floor fixture with replaceable light source. The light source usedin the luminarie is of the young voluntary industry standard for LED modules, Zhaga.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work presents an efficient lighting system using high intensity light emitting diodes (LEDs). The goal is to develop a compact and low cost electronic circuit to drive and control the current of LEDs disposed in a single enclosure. The proposal aims energy saving, high luminous efficacy and high useful life when replacing traditional lighting systems, as dichroic, incandescent or compact fluorescent lamps by LEDs without any change in electrical system installation. Furthermore, an emergency lighting system integrated into the lamp is proposed, allowing the use of the same equipment in the daily activities, supplied by mains, and under a possible break in the electrical network. To supply the LEDs through the mains with universal input voltage and charge the battery, a Buck converter was employed. To supply the LEDs with a continuous current through the battery, a Boost converter was used. The converters operate at high frequency and control the current through the LEDs independently. The battery can be composed of three rechargeable Ni-MH batteries (1,2 V) or a Li-ion battery (3,6 V). The design attends the Brazilian standard and international standard for emergency lighting systems. To validate the proposed idea, the circuits were designed and implemented. The experimental results are shown with the intention to prove the satisfactory behavior of the lamps. / Este trabalho apresenta um sistema de iluminação eficiente empregando diodos emissores de luz (LEDs) de alta intensidade. O objetivo é desenvolver um circuito eletrônico, compacto e de baixo custo, para acionamento e controle da corrente dos LEDs contidos em um único invólucro. A proposta visa a racionalização no uso da energia elétrica através de uma elevada eficácia luminosa e longa vida útil na substituição dos sistemas de iluminação tradicionais, como lâmpadas dicróicas, incandescentes ou fluorescentes compactas, por LEDs sem qualquer alteração na instalação elétrica. Além disso, é proposto um sistema de iluminação de emergência integrado a esta lâmpada, permitindo a utilização de um único equipamento para iluminação convencional, alimentada pela rede elétrica, e sob uma possível falha no fornecimento de energia. Para alimentar os LEDs, através da rede elétrica, com tensão de entrada universal e ainda carregar a bateria, um conversor Buck é empregado. Para alimentar os LEDs em corrente contínua através da bateria, um conversor Boost é utilizado. Os conversores operam em alta freqüência e controlam a corrente nos LEDs de forma independente. A bateria pode ser composta por três pilhas recarregáveis de Ni-MH (1,2 V) ou por uma bateria de Li-Ion (3,6 V). O projeto atende às exigências da norma brasileira (NBR 10898) e da norma internacional (IEEE Std 446-1995) para sistemas de iluminação de emergência. Para analisar a idéia proposta, os circuitos são projetados e implementados. Os resultados experimentais são apresentados de forma a comprovar o comportamento satisfatório das lâmpadas.

To investigate quantum confinement effects on silicon (Si) light source electroluminescence (EL) properties like quantum efficiency, external power efficiency and spectral emission, thin Si finger junctions with nanometre-scale dimensions were designed and manufactured in a fully customized silicon-on-insulator (SOI) semiconductor production technology. Since commonly available photolithography is unusable to consistently define and align nanometre-scale line-widths accurately and electron-beam lithography (EBL) by itself is too time-expensive to expose complete wafers, the wafer manufacturing process employed a selective combination of photolithography and EBL. The SOI wafers were manufactured in the clean-rooms of both the Carl and Emily Fuchs Institute for Microelectronics (CEFIM) at the University of Pretoria (UP) and the Georgia Institute of Technology’s Microelectronic Research Centre (MiRC), which made a JEOL JBX-9300FS electron-beam pattern generator (EPG) available. As far as is known this was the first project in South Africa (and possibly at the MiRC) that employed EBL to define functional nanometre-scale semiconductor devices. Since no standard process recipe could be employed, the complete design and manufacturing process was based on self-obtained equipment characterization data and material properties. The manufacturing process was unprecedented in both the CEFIM and MiRC clean-rooms. The manufacture of nanometre-scale Si finger junctions not only approached the manufacturing limits of the employed processing machinery, but also had to overcome undesirable physical effects that in larger-scale semiconductor manufacture usually are negligible. The device design, mask layout and manufacturing process therefore had to incorporate various material, equipment limitation and physical phenomena like impurity redistribution occurring during the physical manufacturing process. Although the complicated manufacturing process allowed many unexpected problems to occur, it was expected that at least the simple junction breakdown devices be functional and capable of delivering data regarding quantum confinement effects. Although due to design and processing oversights only 29 out of 505 measured SOI light sources were useful light emitters, the design and manufacture of the SOI light sources was successful in the sense that enough SOI light sources were available to conduct useful optical characterization measurements. In spite of the fact that the functional light sources did not achieve the desired horizontal (width) confinement, measured optical spectra of certain devices indicate that vertical (thickness) confinement had been achieved. All spectrometer-measured thickness-confined SOI light sources displayed a pronounced optical power for 600 nm < λ < 1 μm. The SOI light source with the highest optical power output emitted about 8 times more optical power around λ = 850 nm than a 0.35 μm bulk-CMOS avalanche light-source operating at the same current. Possible explanations for this effect are given. It was shown that the buried oxide (BOX) layer in a SOI process could be used to reflect about 25 % of the light that would usually be lost to downward radiation back up, thereby increasing the external power efficiency of SOI light sources. This document elaborates on the technical objectives, approach, chip and process design, physical wafer manufacture, production process control and measurement of the nanometre-scale SOI light sources. Copyright / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / unrestricted