Aujourd'hui les outils permettant de moduler la phase d'une onde lumineuse sont nombreux etpour certains disponibles commercialement, seulement ces éléments ne fonctionnentgénéralement que pour une seule longueur d'onde de travail simultanément. Nous développonsplusieurs approches expérimentales pour la mise en forme de la phase de faisceaux à largebande spectrales. Après un état de l'art sur les principales techniques, nous focalisons notreétude sur la mise en forme de vortex optiques large-bande par l'intermédiaire d'élémentspermettant de moduler la phase géométrique, dont nous abordons quatre approches. Lapremière est basée sur la réflexion de Fresnel anisotrope sur les dioptres mettant en jeu aumoins un matériau biréfringent uniaxe, un choix optimal de leurs indices de réfraction et de leursdispersions permet de réfléchir un faisceau dont la phase dépend de l'orientation de l'axe optiquedes milieux. Dans la seconde, également réflective, nous exploitons le phénomène de réflexionde Bragg circulaire qui se produit au sein des cristaux liquides cholestériques, dont la particularitéest de réfléchir efficacement toute une bande spectrale avec acquisition d'une phase de naturegéométrique. Nous appliquons cette propriété en particulier pour la conception d'élémentsinhomogènes pour la mise en forme, à une bonne approximation, de modes de Laguerre-Gauss.Les deux dernières approches sont basées sur la mise en forme de vortex optiques par desmilieux biréfringents inhomogènes en transmission, en particulier les défauts se formantspontanément dans les films de cristaux liquides nématiques à anisotropie diélectrique négative.L'une consiste à mettre deux éléments en série permettant de traiter successivement différentescomposantes spectrales. L'autre consiste à paralléliser ce procédé en séparant le faisceau initialen différents canaux spectraux, adressés sur des défauts topologiques localisés en réseau etindividuellement contrôlables électriquement. Cette dernière solution peut être vue comme unmodulateur spatial de lumière dont les pixels sont inhomogènes et nous a amené à proposer desapplications potentielles en imagerie optique super-résolue et pour la mise en forme spatiotemporelled'impulsions ultracourtes. / Today, several beam shaping tools are available, some of them commercially, but most of themare designed for only one working wavelength. This thesis aims to develop several experimentalapproaches for broadband topological beam shaping of light. After the presentation of the state ofthe art, our work focuses on vortex shaping of polychromatic beam exploiting the spin-orbitinteraction of light. Concretely, we report the development of four techniques to modulate the socalledgeometric phase of polychromatic light fields. First, we describe anisotropic reflection frominterfaces that involves at least one uniaxial crystal. We identify a refractive index matchingcriterion enabling highly pure broadband phase control. Then we discuss the use of circularBragg reflection phenomenon inherent to the optics of cholesteric liquid crystals. This propertyallows the selective reflection of circularly polarized light over a bandgap while the reflected fieldacquires a geometric phase. These properties are exploited to design, fabricate and characterizestructured mirrors reflecting Laguerre-Gauss optical modes to a good approximation. The last twosolutions consist of vortex beam shaping using inhomogeneous anisotropic planar opticalelements, namely, topological defects that spontaneously appear in homeotropic nematic liquidcrystal films characterized by negative dielectric anisotropy. The first option is based on using twodefects in series while the other is based of parallel processing using an array of independentlycontrolled topological defects, each of them being dedicated to process distinct spectralchannels. The latter approach can be viewed as a spatial light modulator whose pixels areinhomogeneous and potential applications are proposed in the field of super-resolution opticalimaging and spatio-temporal beam shaping of ultrashort pulses.

The performance of electrical and optical devices based on two-dimensional semiconductors (2D) such as molybdenum disulfide is critically influenced due to very poor light absorption in the atomically thin layers. In this study, the phonon mediated optical absorption and emission properties in single atomic layers of MoS2 have been investigated. The electronic transitions in MoS2 due to near-field optical interaction and the influence of interface phonons due to the dielectric substrate GaN on the relaxation of optically generated carriers will be described. The near-field interaction can be induced in the presence of metal plasmons deposited on the surface of MoS2 monolayers. A hybrid metal-semiconductor system was realized by the deposition of silver (Ag) NPs on MoS2 layer and the localized plasmon modes were selectively chosen to interact with quasiparticles such as excitons and phonons. These quasiparticles are confined within the single atomic layer of MoS2 and are stable at room temperatures due to high binding energy. The lattice vibrational modes in MoS2 can be optically excited with the pulses from a femtosecond laser. These phonon modes can be optically dressed due to near-field interaction in the hybrid Ag-MoS2 system under an optical excitation resonant to localized plasmon modes. The coherent dynamics of the carriers in MoS2 were manipulated by the generation of dressed phonons. The driving field creates a coherence between the ground levels in the presence of optical near-field. A strong coupling between the exciton and plasmon modes forming a plexciton band is observed at room temperature within the coherence lifetime of the system. A significant enhancement of photoluminescent (PL) emission from MoS2 monolayer occurs due to carrier density modulation in the presence near-field interactions. The absorption and emission properties of MoS2 are influenced due to the interactions with the semiconducting substrate. The coupling of carriers in MoS2 with the interfacial phonons, and the charge and energy transfer across the interface in 2D MoS2-GaN (0001) significantly change the UF absorption properties and the relaxation of carriers from the excitonic absorption states. An increased light absorption and enhanced PL emission from the single atomic layer of MoS2 was observed. The phonon-assisted processes can activate the dipole forbidden transitions and hence can explain the interaction of incident light in single atomic layer of MoS2. The MoS2-GaN heterostructure provides a platform to exploit strong coupling between the free carriers or excitons, plasmons and phonons. The gold (Au) NPs have a plasmon energy resonant to MoS2 and hence results in the strong exciton-plasmon coupling due to near-field interaction. In the meantime, the localized plasmon energy of platinum (Pt) NPs is selected to be in resonance to GaN bandedge emission and resonant to C excitonic state in MoS2. The localized plasmons in Pt can actively interact with carriers in MoS2 near Γ-point. The non-equilibrium absorption characteristics of MoS2 nanosheets on GaN hybridized with Au and Pt NPs are influenced due to activation of the defect levels of GaN induced due to interband optical excitation.

L’émission spontanée de lumière par un émetteur n’est pas un processus intrinsèque. D’une part, il dépend de l’environnement électromagnétique. D’autre part, il dépend de la présence d’autres émetteurs avec lesquels il peut interagir et générer des interférences.Ces deux effets ont été, dans la plupart des cas, étudiés de manière indépendante. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'explorer comment contrôler l'émission de lumière en utilisant simultanément ces deux types d’effets.La première partie est consacrée à une étude théorique d'un système idéal de deux émetteurs couplés à un résonateur. Les deux émetteurs sont placés à proximité, et l’interaction dipôle-dipôle conduit à la formation de deux états, superradiant et sous-radiant. Le système que l’on obtient agit en tant que source et mémoire quantique de photons uniques, efficace et modulable. On étudie ensuite le cas d’un résonateur plasmonique, à symétrie spatiale antisymétrique, qui permet d’exciter efficacement l’état sous-radiant. On montre qu’on obtient ainsi une forte exaltation de l'effet Purcell, tout en conservant un état spectralement étroit.La deuxième partie explore un système comportant un très grand nombre d’émetteurs couplés à un plasmon de surface se propageant le long d’une interface métal air. Les émetteurs sont des nanoplaquettes, ou puits quantiques colloïdaux. Lorsqu’un film de nanoplaquettes est déposé sur le métal, il est possible d’obtenir un couplage fort. Ce couplage au plasmon de surface permet d'obtenir une émission directive et polarisée. / Spontaneous emission of light is not an intrinsic property of an emitter. On the one hand, it depends on the electromagnetic environment. On the other hand, it depends on the presence of other emitters with whom it may interact and generate interferences. Up to date, very few studies address the question of multiple interacting emitters coupled to a resonator. The goal of this thesis is to combine both collective effects and nanoresonators to control the spontaneous emission and scattering of light emitters.First, we theoretically study an ideal system consisting of two emitters coupled to a resonator. The emitters are in close proximity, and the dipole-dipole interaction generates a superradiant state and a subradiant state. The system that we obtain behaves as an efficient, and tunable, single photon source and quantum memory. We then switch to the case of a plasmonic resonator with an antisymmetric mode, which allows to efficiently excite the subradiant state. We show that this results in an enhancement of the Purcell effect while maintaining a spectrally narrow state.In the second part of this thesis, we explore a system of a large number of emitters coupled to a surface plasmon travelling along a metal-air interface.The emitters are nanoplatelets, also called colloidal quantum wells. Strong coupling is obtained when a layer of nanoplatelets is deposited on top of the metal. The coupling of the nanoplatelets to the surface plasmon allows to obtain directional and polarized light emission.

Técnicas de formatação de pulsos permitem o controle das propriedades espectrais e temporais de um feixe laser criando novas possibilidades de estudo da interação luz-matéria. Neste trabalho estudamos as propriedades ópticas não-lineares via formatação de pulsos ultracurtos de três semicondutores: Óxido de Zinco, Silício e Nitreto de Gálio; em três abordagens diferentes. Discutimos também as consequências da distorção de fase em processos não lineares devido à natureza discreta do dispositivo modulador. Primeiramente, investigamos a otimização da emissão excitônica em um cristal de Óxido de Zinco através de uma técnica de otimização que utiliza algoritmo genético, observamos que a fase espectral que otimiza o processo cria um perfil temporal do pulso que indica um acoplamento do tipo éxciton-fônon no cristal. Estudamos ainda o efeito da aplicação de uma máscara de fase senoidal, criando um trem de pulsos, no processo de formação de estruturações superficiais periódicas induzidas a laser no Silício - o fator de eficácia das estruturações foi controlado através dos tempos de separação entre os sub-pulsos, resultado que pôde ser interpretado usando a teoria de Sipe-Drude. Por fim, estudamos a influência da formatação de pulsos em processos de absorção multi-fotônicos em um filme fino de GaN onde verificamos, inicialmente, que o material apresenta um coeficiente de absorção não-linear atípico. Modelamos este comportamento usando equações de taxa e investigamos sua modificação aplicando uma fase quadrática. / Pulse shaping techniques allows the control of spectral and temporal properties of a laser beam, creating new possibilities for the study of the light-matter interaction. In this work we study the nonlinear optical properties, via ultrashort pulses, of three semiconductors; Zinc Oxide, Silicon and Gallium Nitride in three different approaches. We also discuss the consequences of phase distortion in nonlinear processes due to the discrete nature of the light modulator device. Initially, we investigated the optimization of exciton emission in a zinc oxide crystal through using a genetic algorithm; we observed that the spectral phase that optimizes the process creates a temporal pulse profile that indicates an exciton-phonon coupling in the crystal. We also studied the effect of the application of a sinusoidal phase mask, creating a pulse train, in the process of laser induced periodic surface structures in Silicon; the efficacy factor of the produced structures was controlled through the separation time between the sub-pulses and interpreted using the Sipe-Drude theory. Finally, we study the influence of pulse shaping on multi-photon absorption processes in a thin film of GaN; we found, initially, that the material exhibits an atypical nonlinear absorption coefficient. We model this behavior using rate equations and investigate its modification by applying a quadratic phase.

No presente trabalho, descrevemos a construção de um oscilador paramétrico ótico (OPO) com meio atômico de ganho de susceptibilidade X(3) , e a caracterização de seu limiar de oscilação. O processo base para a construção deste OPO é a Mistura de Quatro Ondas (4WM), que acontece em meios não lineares tipo X(3) , como é o caso dos isótopos de 85 Rb e 87 Rb. Realizou-se uma revisão da teoria atômica do rubídio, do 4WM e da teoria clássica do OPO. Obtivemos e caracterizamos o processo de 4WM em função de três parâmetros experimentais: a dessintonia do feixe de bombeio em relação ao pico do crossover da transição 5S 1/2 (F = 2)-> 5P 1/2 (F \' ) do 85 Rb na linha D 1 , da potência do bombeio e da temperatura da célula de rubídio. Encontrou-se uma ótima região de frequências em torno a Delta = 0.77GHz para a construção do OPO com os átomos de rubídio como meio não linear. Nesta região obteve-se uma amplificação máxima de 450% para o feixe de prova com absorção nula e uma intensidade do conjugado alta, para o feixe de prova com frequência Delta= w+ 3GHz (anti-Stokes). A elevada amplificação observada permite, em princípio, um limiar de oscilação menos abrupto: o surgimento de oscilação aparece de forma menos sensível a variações da potência de bombeio. Com efeito, para a dessintonia Delta = 0.38GHz o limiar é suave. A caracterização do 4WM e do limiar de oscilação do OPO é importante para a possível geração de estados não gaussianos. Um limiar suave permite, em princípio, operação e estudo muito próximo do limiar, região em que há previsões indicando a geração de estados não gaussianos que são relevantes para aplicações em informação quântica. / In the present work, we describe the construction of a optical parametric oscillator (OPO) with atomic gain medium with susceptibility X(3) and the caracterization of the oscilation threshold. The basic process for the construction of this OPO is the Four Wave Mixing (4WM), a process that takes place in nonlinear media type X (3) , as is the case of the isotopes of 85 Rb and 87 Rb. A review of the atomic theory of rubidium, 4WM and the classical theory of the OPO was carried out. The 4WM process was obtained and characterized as a function of three experimental parameters: the pump beam detunning with respect to the transition crossover peak 5S 1/2 (F = 2) ->5P 1/2 (F \' ) of 85 Rb D1 line, the pumping power and the temperature of the rubidium cell. A good region of frequencies around Delta= 0.77GHz was found for the construction of the OPO with the rubidium atoms as a non-linear medium. In this region, it was obtained a maximum amplification of 450% for the prove beam with zero absorption and a high intensity for the conjugate beam with frequency Delta= w+ 3GHz (anti-Stokes). The high observed amplification allows, in principle, an oscillation threshold less abrupt: the oscillation appears in a less sensitive way with variations in pumping power. In fact, for the detunning Delta= 0.38GHz the threshold is smooth. The characterization of the 4WM and oscillation threshold of the OPO is important for the possible generation of non-Gaussian states. A smooth threshold allows, in principle, operation and study very close to this region, where there is predictions indicating the generation of non-Gaussian states that are relevant for applications in quantum information.

Les atomes ultrafroids constituent depuis une vingtaine d’années un domaine fructueux pour l’étude de la physique à N corps. Cependant l’inhomogénéité des nuages atomiques, induite par les méthodes de piégeage utilisées habituellement, constitue une limite pour les études portant sur de grandes échelles de longueur. Nous reportons ici la mise en place d’un nouveau dispositif expérimental, combinant un potentiel modulable à bords raides et fond plat dans le plan atomique, avec un confinement versatile dans la troisième direction. Nous nous intéressons à différentes excitations du système, premièrement des degrés de liberté internes des atomes via leur interaction avec la lumière, puis deuxièmement de leur mouvement collectif avec la propagation de phonons. La répartition des atomes dans un plan est particulièrement adaptée aux études de diffusion de la lumière. Elle permet en effet de sonder de fortes densités atomiques, entraînant de fortes interactions dipôle-dipôle induites, tout en gardant un signal transmis suffisant pour effectuer des mesures. Nous avons mesuré la déviation au comportement d’un atome isolé pour de la lumière proche de résonance lorsque la densité atomique est modifiée. Nous avons également étudié la diffusion de photons dans un disque d’atomes en injectant de la lumière seulement au centre du disque. Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés aux excitations collectives du gaz. Nous avons mesuré la vitesse du son dans le milieu, qui est liée à la fraction superfluide du système, et comparé nos résultats aux prédictions d’un modèle hydrodynamique à deux fluides. En utilisant une géométrie adaptée, nous avons en outre étudié la dynamique de retour à l’équilibre d’un système isolé, en imageant la phase du condensat de Bose-Einstein résultant de la fusion de jusqu’à douze condensats. / Ultracold atoms have proven to be a powerful platform for studying many-body physics. However the inhomegeneity of atomic clouds induced by potentials commonly used to trap the atoms constitutes a limitation for studies probing large length scales. Here we present the implementation of a new versatile setup to study two-dimensional Bose gases, combining a tunable in-plane box potential with a strong and efficient confinement along the third direction. We study different excitations of the system, either of internal degrees of freedom of the atoms with light scattering, or of their collective motion with phonon propagation. The slab geometry is particularly well suited for light scattering studies. It allows one to probe high atomic densities, leading to strong induced dipole-dipole interactions, while keeping a good enough light transmission for measurements. We monitor the deviation from the single atom behavior for near resonant light by varying the atomic density. We additionally monitor the spreading of photons inside the slab by injecting light only at the center of a disk of atoms. We also investigate collective excitations of the atomic gas. We measure the speed of sound which is linked to the superfluid density of the cloud and compare our results to a two-fluid hydrodynamic model predictions. Using a relevant geometry, we additionally study how an isolated system goes back to equilibrium. This is done by imaging the phase of the resulting Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) after merging up to twelve BECs.

Ce travail de thèse suit l'apparition récente de ces nouvelles sources intenses et courtes de rayonnement dans la gamme X/XUV que sont les lasers X/XUV à électrons libres (XFEL). Contrairement aux sources optiques qui déposent principalement leur énergie via les électrons libres, les photons X/XUV déposent leur énergie dans la matière par la photoionisation de couches internes avec éjection de photo-électrons, suivie par l'éjection d'électrons Auger et d'électrons de recombinaison à trois corps dans la distribution d'électrons libres. Le chauffage se fait donc par l'intermédiaire de la structure atomique. La forte intensité des XFELs permet de faire jusqu'à un trou par atome dans un solide produisant ainsi, sur une échelle femtoseconde, un état exotique fortement hors-équilibre appelé solide creux. Cet état exotique instable se désexcite via un ensemble de processus atomiques élémentaires. Nous nous sommes intéressés dans cette thèse au développement d'outils permettant de calculer la cinétique des populations atomiques, couplée à la cinétique des électrons libres, pendant la transition à densité ionique constante, de solide à plasma dense en passant par l'état de solide creux, induit par le rayonnement XFEL irradiant une cible solide. Tout le défi ici a été de calculer cette cinétique couplée hors-équilibre entre ces états de la matière de nature très différente. Pour répondre a ce défi nous avons développé deux modèles cinétiques d'interaction XFELsolide, pour lesquels la description d'un solide comme un plasma froid dégénéré nous a permis d'utiliser une même approche plasma pendant l'ensemble de la transition du solide au plasma. L'ensemble de la physique atomique HETL d'intérêt ayant lieu à densité du solide, bien avant la détente de la matière, nous avons développé deux codes associés à ces modèles pour une utilisation à densité ionique constante. Pour aborder l'étude nous nous sommes d'abord concentrés sur la cinétique des électrons liés en supposant une distribution d'électrons libres à l'équilibre (ce qui suppose une thermalisation instantanée des électrons libres). Dans le cadre de l'approche de plasma dense étendue jusqu'au solide, nous avons développé un modèle collisionnel-radiatif généralisé. Cette généralisation passe par l'identification d'un lien entre état solide et plasma au niveau des processus atomiques élémentaires. Le code développé à partir de ce modèle nous a permis d'étudier des résultats expérimentaux et ainsi d'améliorer notre description des effets de densités dans les plasmas denses. Dans une seconde partie nous avons ajouté à l'étude la cinétique des électrons libres en considérant une distribution d'électrons libres hors-équilibre. Le code associé, basé sur la discrétisation de cette distribution et son couplage avec les états liés, nous a permis d'étudier le rôle des processus atomiques élémentaires dans la thermalisation de la distribution d'électrons libres. / This work follows the recent development of the free electron lasers in the X-ray and XUV-ray range (XFEL). Unlike optical sources that deposit their energy via the free electrons, the X/XUV photons deposit their energy directly via photoionization of inner shell electrons with the ejection of photo-electrons, followed by the ejection of Auger electrons and three body recombination electrons in the free electron distribution. The matter is thus heated via the atomic structure. The high XFEL intensity allows one to make up to one hole per atom in a solid, thus producing, on a femtosecond time scale, an exotic state, highly out of equilibrium, called hollow cristal. This unstable exotic state deexcite via a set of elementary atomic processes. In this work we were interested in the development of tools to calculate the atomic population kinetics, coupled to the free electron kinetics, during the transition at constant ionic density, from solid to dense plasma, induced by an XFEL irradiating a solid target. The goal here was to calculate this out of equilibrium coupled kinetics between states of matter having a very different nature. To address this problem we have developed two kinetics models of XFEL interaction with solids. In both these models the description of the solid as a cold degenerated plasma allowed us to use the same plasma approach during all the solid-plasma transition. Considering the fact that all the atomic physics takes place at solid density, way before the matter relaxation, we have developed two codes, associated with these two models, for a use at constant ionic density. To approach this study, we first focused on the bound electron kinetics assuming a free electron distribution at equilibrium (i.e. hypothesis of instantaneous thermalization of the free electrons). In the framework of the dense plasma approach extended up to the solid state, we have developed a generalized collisional radiative model. This generalization goes through the identification of a link between the solid state and the plasma state for the elementary atomic processes. The code associated with this model allowed us to study experimental results and to improve our description of the density effects in dense plasmas. In a second part the free electron kinetics is included in the model with a free electron distribution out of thermodynamic equilibrium. The associated code, based on the discretization of this distribution and its coupling with bound atomic states allowed us to study the role of the atomic elementary processes in the free electron distribution thermalization.

No presente trabalho, descrevemos a construção de um oscilador paramétrico ótico (OPO) com meio atômico de ganho de susceptibilidade X(3) , e a caracterização de seu limiar de oscilação. O processo base para a construção deste OPO é a Mistura de Quatro Ondas (4WM), que acontece em meios não lineares tipo X(3) , como é o caso dos isótopos de 85 Rb e 87 Rb. Realizou-se uma revisão da teoria atômica do rubídio, do 4WM e da teoria clássica do OPO. Obtivemos e caracterizamos o processo de 4WM em função de três parâmetros experimentais: a dessintonia do feixe de bombeio em relação ao pico do crossover da transição 5S 1/2 (F = 2)-> 5P 1/2 (F \' ) do 85 Rb na linha D 1 , da potência do bombeio e da temperatura da célula de rubídio. Encontrou-se uma ótima região de frequências em torno a Delta = 0.77GHz para a construção do OPO com os átomos de rubídio como meio não linear. Nesta região obteve-se uma amplificação máxima de 450% para o feixe de prova com absorção nula e uma intensidade do conjugado alta, para o feixe de prova com frequência Delta= w+ 3GHz (anti-Stokes). A elevada amplificação observada permite, em princípio, um limiar de oscilação menos abrupto: o surgimento de oscilação aparece de forma menos sensível a variações da potência de bombeio. Com efeito, para a dessintonia Delta = 0.38GHz o limiar é suave. A caracterização do 4WM e do limiar de oscilação do OPO é importante para a possível geração de estados não gaussianos. Um limiar suave permite, em princípio, operação e estudo muito próximo do limiar, região em que há previsões indicando a geração de estados não gaussianos que são relevantes para aplicações em informação quântica. / In the present work, we describe the construction of a optical parametric oscillator (OPO) with atomic gain medium with susceptibility X(3) and the caracterization of the oscilation threshold. The basic process for the construction of this OPO is the Four Wave Mixing (4WM), a process that takes place in nonlinear media type X (3) , as is the case of the isotopes of 85 Rb and 87 Rb. A review of the atomic theory of rubidium, 4WM and the classical theory of the OPO was carried out. The 4WM process was obtained and characterized as a function of three experimental parameters: the pump beam detunning with respect to the transition crossover peak 5S 1/2 (F = 2) ->5P 1/2 (F \' ) of 85 Rb D1 line, the pumping power and the temperature of the rubidium cell. A good region of frequencies around Delta= 0.77GHz was found for the construction of the OPO with the rubidium atoms as a non-linear medium. In this region, it was obtained a maximum amplification of 450% for the prove beam with zero absorption and a high intensity for the conjugate beam with frequency Delta= w+ 3GHz (anti-Stokes). The high observed amplification allows, in principle, an oscillation threshold less abrupt: the oscillation appears in a less sensitive way with variations in pumping power. In fact, for the detunning Delta= 0.38GHz the threshold is smooth. The characterization of the 4WM and oscillation threshold of the OPO is important for the possible generation of non-Gaussian states. A smooth threshold allows, in principle, operation and study very close to this region, where there is predictions indicating the generation of non-Gaussian states that are relevant for applications in quantum information.

Técnicas de formatação de pulsos permitem o controle das propriedades espectrais e temporais de um feixe laser criando novas possibilidades de estudo da interação luz-matéria. Neste trabalho estudamos as propriedades ópticas não-lineares via formatação de pulsos ultracurtos de três semicondutores: Óxido de Zinco, Silício e Nitreto de Gálio; em três abordagens diferentes. Discutimos também as consequências da distorção de fase em processos não lineares devido à natureza discreta do dispositivo modulador. Primeiramente, investigamos a otimização da emissão excitônica em um cristal de Óxido de Zinco através de uma técnica de otimização que utiliza algoritmo genético, observamos que a fase espectral que otimiza o processo cria um perfil temporal do pulso que indica um acoplamento do tipo éxciton-fônon no cristal. Estudamos ainda o efeito da aplicação de uma máscara de fase senoidal, criando um trem de pulsos, no processo de formação de estruturações superficiais periódicas induzidas a laser no Silício - o fator de eficácia das estruturações foi controlado através dos tempos de separação entre os sub-pulsos, resultado que pôde ser interpretado usando a teoria de Sipe-Drude. Por fim, estudamos a influência da formatação de pulsos em processos de absorção multi-fotônicos em um filme fino de GaN onde verificamos, inicialmente, que o material apresenta um coeficiente de absorção não-linear atípico. Modelamos este comportamento usando equações de taxa e investigamos sua modificação aplicando uma fase quadrática. / Pulse shaping techniques allows the control of spectral and temporal properties of a laser beam, creating new possibilities for the study of the light-matter interaction. In this work we study the nonlinear optical properties, via ultrashort pulses, of three semiconductors; Zinc Oxide, Silicon and Gallium Nitride in three different approaches. We also discuss the consequences of phase distortion in nonlinear processes due to the discrete nature of the light modulator device. Initially, we investigated the optimization of exciton emission in a zinc oxide crystal through using a genetic algorithm; we observed that the spectral phase that optimizes the process creates a temporal pulse profile that indicates an exciton-phonon coupling in the crystal. We also studied the effect of the application of a sinusoidal phase mask, creating a pulse train, in the process of laser induced periodic surface structures in Silicon; the efficacy factor of the produced structures was controlled through the separation time between the sub-pulses and interpreted using the Sipe-Drude theory. Finally, we study the influence of pulse shaping on multi-photon absorption processes in a thin film of GaN; we found, initially, that the material exhibits an atypical nonlinear absorption coefficient. We model this behavior using rate equations and investigate its modification by applying a quadratic phase.

La propagation de la lumière dans un milieu matériel est décrite par des états propres de vibration, communément appelés modes, qui caractérisent l'interaction lumière-matière. Dans le cas particulier des milieux aléatoires, en fonction de l'importance du désordre, ces modes peuvent être soit étendus à tout le système ou alors spatialement localisés. Ce confinement par le désordre est appelé localisation d'Anderson. Dans une première partie, nous introduisons les notions de base utilisées dans ce manuscrit. L'interaction lumière-matière requière une description semi-classique : le champ électromagnétique est décrit par les équations de Maxwell, tandis que la nature quantique de la matière est considérée. Les milieux étudiés dans cette thèse sont ouverts. La description des modes dans de tels systèmes nécessite une approche analytique différente de celle utilisée dans les milieux fermés. Dans une seconde partie, nous nous intéressons aux modes localisés dans des milieux ouverts et passifs. Au sein de tels systèmes, une modification du désordre affecte les modes. Il est ainsi possible de les faire interagir et de manipuler les propriétés du champ électrique. Par ailleurs, en plaçant un émetteur au sein d'un mode localisé, il est également possible d'atteindre des régimes de forte interaction lumière-matière. Dans une troisième partie, les milieux aléatoires actifs (ou lasers aléatoires) sont introduits. En partant de réalisations expérimentales, les principales propriétés de ces lasers sont étudiées. L'utilisation de la notion de mode permet de décrire les mécanismes complexes sur lesquels reposent ces systèmes.Enfin, nous démontrons à la fois expérimentalement et numériquement qu'une excitation non-uniforme des lasers aléatoires peut permettre de contrôler leurs propriétés. En particulier, un laser aléatoire ayant une émission multimode pour un pompage uniforme peut émettre une lumière monomode pour une excitation adaptée. / Light propagation in matter is described by vibration eigenstates, called modes, which characterize the light-matter interaction. In the specific case of random media, according to the strength of the disorder, the modes can be either extended over the whole system or spatially localized. This disorder-based confinement is called Anderson's localization. In the first part, we introduce basic notions used along this manuscript. In particular the light-matter interaction requires a semiclassical approach: The electromagnetic field is described by Maxwell's equations while the quantum nature of matter must be considered. In this thesis open media are studied. In such systems the modal description requires a specific analytic treatment different from closed problems. In the second part, we focus on Anderson-localized modes in open passive random media. In such systems any change of the disorder induces modifications of modes. Therefore, it enables the control over the light properties. Moreover, when inserting an emitter inside an Anderson-localized mode, strong light-matter interaction regimes can be reached. In the third part, active random media, commonly called random lasers, are introduced. Using our experimental achievements, characteristics of random lasers are presented. The notion of mode enables us to describe complex mechanisms involved in the lasing emission. Last, we demonstrate both experimentally and numerically that a non-uniform excitation of random lasers can lead to a control of the properties of the emission. In particular a multimode spectrum for a uniform pumping can be turned into single-mode by using an adapted pumping.