This diploma work discusses the design of an automatic lighting for the home. Each access point in the rooms is designed to detect with two laser beams. Laser beams can be extended with PIR sensor and a mechanical switch. An access point can be, for example frames . By this is achieved that when entering the room the light is switched on and the light goes off when leaving. Automatic lighting controls consists of the central panel, the remote sensing and the detection frame. The control panel controls laser beams and lights. Remote control is used to switch on/off the light in the certain room. The detection frame is used to detect a person who enters or leaves the room.

My thesis is about intersection which is very dangerous, because there is´t lighting so intersection is unclear and drivers don´t to abide speed limit. There are serious accidents so I had to modify it. I designed three versions: First with concrete barriers, second is in trims and last one is spiral roundabout. Last version is more refined. Every version is with LED lighting in all area.

The focus of this thesis is design and production of a robotic table football. The aim of the thesis is to select a camera and a lens and to devise lighting. The data from the camera require proper processing to assess the location of the ball, based on which the game algorithm controls the movement of the robotic players. Inherent part of the thesis is testing the player control algorithm using a simple simulation.

MALÁ V. Light and Lighting /Thesis/ Prague 2010. Charles University, Faculty of education, Department of Art education 109 pages My diploma thesis is focused on a light, lighting and their space effect. The aim of this work was to describe use of light and lighting in photographs, films, scenography and in architecture; also it deals with the Czech design of light and lighting with applications of unconventional materials. The second part of this thesis is comprised of my very own lamp design and the use of light theme in art lessons.

The lighting retrofit method is adopted as one of the solutions to reduce lighting energy consumption and improve lighting quality in existing buildings. Lighting controls and energy-efficient light sources are used to achieve the goals of the lighting retrofit. Nowadays, Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are replacing traditional lighting technology owing to their high efficiency and longevity. One of the advantages of LEDs is the controllability function, which allows users to set the light level according to their preferences. This saves more energy and satisfies users’ lighting needs. However, over time, the performance of lighting retrofit projects deteriorates subject to failure of the retrofitted lights. Therefore, to maintain the performance of lighting retrofit projects, maintenance must be planned and performed. The impacts of the users’ lighting level requirements on LEDs’ life characteristics and lighting system performance are investigated by using lighting controls. Light and occupancy sensors adjust artificial light to the light level required by users and detect the presence of users in the zones, respectively. Light sensors measure the average illuminance in the zones. The measured illuminance is compared to the users’ set illuminance; if the measured illuminance is higher than the users’ set illuminance, lamps are dimmed to meet users’ lighting preference, when the measured illuminance is less than the users’ set illuminance, lamps in the zone are replaced by new ones. The dimming level in each zone at each sampling interval is used to estimate the operating junction temperature, thereafter the degradation rate and luminous flux are calculated. Light levels at workspace are modelled using the lumen method. This model helps to quantify energy savings and predict when lamps will fail to deliver the required light levels. In existing studies, users’ lighting level requirements are neglected when investigating the lifetime of the lighting system; however, users’ profile and driving schemes affect the operating conditions of a lighting system. From the simulation results, it is noted that lumen output degradation increases when the user’s set illuminance is above the illuminance required under normal operating conditions and decreases when the user’s set illuminance is below the illuminance required under normal operating conditions. Increased lumen output degradation shortens the lifetime of LEDs and reduces energy savings, while decreased lumen output degradation extends the lifetime and increases energy savings. Generally, lighting retrofit projects contain a large lighting population; investigating when each lamp will fail can be time-consuming and costly. In this research, a mathematical model is formulated to model LEDs’ failure by analysing the statistical properties of the lumen degradation rates. Based on the statistical properties of the degradation rates, the cumulative probability of failure distribution and the survival function are modelled. The formulated survival function is incorporated into the lighting maintenance optimization problem to balance energy savings and maintenance costs. A case study carried out shows that, in 10 years, the optimal lighting maintenance plan would save up to 59% of lighting energy consumption with acceptable maintenance costs. It is found that the proposed maintenance plan is more cost-effective than full maintenance. It is concluded that lumen degradation failure should be considered when investigating the performance of lighting retrofit projects, as this may not only affect energy savings but also reduce the level of illumination, which can cause visual discomfort. The initial investment costs of LEDs are still a barrier to the implementation of LED lighting systems in residential buildings. Energy-efficiency projects often face hurdles to access capital investments because decision-makers and funders do not have enough information about operational savings the project can provide and specific financial requirements applied to efficiency investment. In this research, an optimization model is formulated to give decision-makers and funders detailed information about the performance and operational savings that a LED lighting retrofit project can offer and its economic viability. The lumen degradation failure model developed is used to monitor and estimate the energy savings, and the optimal maintenance plan is scheduled to replace failed lamps. In the existing studies, the economic analysis of the lighting retrofit projects is assessed based on lighting population decay due to burnout failure while in this research economic analysis is assessed by considering the lumen degradation failure. The case study results show that the substitution of halogen light bulbs with LED light bulbs could save up to 291.4 GWh of energy consumption, and reduce 273:92 103 tons of CO2 emissions over 10-year period. The optimization model formulated is effective to help the decision-makers and funders to quantify the savings and assess the economic viability of the LED lighting retroïnˇA˛t project. This optimization model can help the decision-makers and funders to make an informed decision. / Thesis (PhD (Electrical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / PhD (Electrical Engineering) / Unrestricted

In lighting design, several different variables are measured, such as illuminance. Measuring these values requires different types of measuring instruments, either static measuring instruments or portable measuring instruments. Depending on the make, the same type of measurement can be measured in different ways. A static measuring instrument is usually measured one time at a specific location, while a portable measuring instrument can, for example, measure every minute or every ten minutes for an extended period. With constant research and technological development, the measurement of lighting variables has become more relevant. It is problematic to conduct experiments with a lack of consistent and accurate methods when measuring light. It is important to have the right conditions for a measurement in order for the results to be of good quality. The purpose of this study is to investigate differences between different static and portable measuring instruments used to describe the exposed illuminance and the physical activity. This is done through a pilot study. The pilot study was conducted using an experimental quantitative method with two participants during one day in four different measurement occasions with six different measuring instruments, the measuring instruments being measured in vertical, horizontal and flexible positions. The analysis showed that the results largely depended on whether a static or portable measuring instrument was used. The results also showed that depending on what position the measuring instruments measure from, the results vary. Based on the results, the conclusion is that the closer to eye level one can get, the more relevant the results are. For further research, all the measuring instruments used in the study should be calibrated prior to implementation. For example, it is important to examine the sensitivity of the measuring instruments when measuring indoors and outdoors. More participants, more measurements and more contexts would have been preferable for further research.

This thesis investigates how the color red can potentially affect the player’s perception of horror game environments. The test was conducted by asking participants to play through a horror level made in Unreal Engine 4 which used realistic-looking assets. The study was performed using a mixed methodology of A/B/C testing with surveys and interviews to gather the data. The A, B, and C versions of the test used the same game-level in all versions however the color of the lighting was different in all of them. Version A used white lights, version B used red lights, and version C used red flickering lights. The results revealed that the players found the version with the white lights to be the scariest and the version with the flickering lights to be the second scariest. This was most likely due to the order in which the players played the levels, the version with white being the first that the players played. The players indicated that the realistic colors in version A added to the sense of immersion, whereas the continuous red lights in version B were perceived by some players as overdone or unnatural and would have been better suited for localized areas associated with supernatural elements. The flickering lights were well received by players and associated with a higher potential for danger and jump scares

The aim of this study is to perform a baseline energy survey to understand the existing energy demand and usepattern and to verify the feasibility of a small scale poly-generation project supported by renewable sources ofenergy (biogas based) in a rural area of Bangladesh. A poly-generation solution shall provide multiple outputservices of clean gas, electricity and arsenic free water supply. The project requires using animal dung oragricultural waste to produce biogas and electric energy. The study has analyzed the demand of domesticenergy and water of the village named ‘Matipukur’ in the Jessore district in Bangladesh. The study alsoconsidered available biomass feedstock and energy potential surrounding the village area, as well as the socioeconomicstatus of villagers. The case study included a door to door survey to collect relevant information.Three different economic groups in terms of income scale were investigated throughout the study to obtainbetter insight of the energy-water access situation, requirements and related problems in the village. Almost 98% household of this village relies on biomass for energy due to limited access of modern fuel. Thevillage has various biomass potential in the form of animal dung, fuel wood and agricultural waste which can beused for cooking or serve as the basis for other energy carriers. Kerosene is used for lighting. Among thedifferent fuels, dung meets about 44% of the total demand. The contribution of other fuels for domestic use is24% firewood, 22% agricultural waste, and 2% kerosene. The analytical observation found that the annualaverage energy demand of the village is 8.45 GJ per capita. The share of average demand for cooking and3lighting energy is 8.24 GJ per person/year and 0.21 GJ per person/year respectively. The energy consumptionvaries within different income groups. This study has examined the income per capita, family size, education,agricultural land holding per capita, priorities of their annual expenditure etc. which have direct influence onthe fuel consumption pattern of the household. It could be observed that expenses on energy changes as theincome level increases. About awareness of biogas opportunities and willingness to provide feedstock for apoly generation project, the majority of households answered positively, that is, indicating that they wouldcontribute. Educated respondents showed more positive attitude. Regarding changing of traditional cooking,about 95% of the respondents want to change to a more efficient and reliable cooking system to avoid healthand environmental problems associated with indoor biomass cooking. The study has revealed that only cow dung is not enough to produce clean energy according to demand so theco-digestion method is considered to producing biogas from various energy potentials (animal manure &agricultural waste). The poly-generation system could work with the scenario providing electricity and watersupply for the entire household and cooking gas is limited only for 2/3rd household. Rest 1/3rd household fromlow income group then could be supplied with improve cook stove to meet their daily cooking demand and tominimize indoor pollutions. It is observed that, majority of household has expressed their willingness toprovide raw materials for poly-generation plant though they are using. / SIDA funded research project "Biogas based poly generation in Bangladesh"

The goal of this thesis was to explore the possibilities of using evolutionary algorithms to design components with specific purpose. We examined the process of designing an optimal shape of reflector from a highly reflective metal sheet. The main goal of this reflector is to evenly distribute light from a light emitting diode. We created a simplified model of the environment, where our component should be used. Then we used the evolutionary approach to find a suitable reflector shape for an existing device. One selected solution was manufactured and its properties measured. We also used the developed program to search for a design of an optical part for a completely new device proposal. Both tasks were accompanied by a number of problems that originated in an inaccurate task specification and general disparity between the fields of evolutionary computation and industrial components development. We provided an analysis of issues we encountered and presented solutions that can be applied to other similar tasks.

För industriföretag finns stor potential till energibesparing om värme, ventilation och belysning i lokaler optimeras. I denna fallstudie studeras ett fallföretag verksamt inom rymd- och försvarsindustrin. Den värme-, ventilations- och belysningsutrustning som finns på företaget är föråldrad, svår att styra samt feldimensionerad för den produktion som bedrivs där idag, vilket har lett till att företaget har en hög energiförbrukning. Detta beror på att inga stora åtgärder har gjorts under åren och anledningen till det är för att branschen företaget är verksamt i styrs av fluktuerande orderingång.  Studiens syfte var att ta fram ett antal förbättringsförslag för att minska energiförbrukningen vad gäller värme, ventilation och belysning i lokaler och samtidigt föreslå hur företaget kan profilera sig som mer hållbara. Först genomfördes en nulägesbeskrivning, därefter en nulägesanalys innan förbättringsförslag togs fram och avslutningsvis viktades.  De rekommendationer som ges för att minska energiförbrukningen är att installera nya ventilationsfläktar med tillhörande styrning, installera luft/vatten-värmepumpar samt byta ut befintlig belysning till LED-belysning. Vidare ges följande rekommendationer i arbetet att profilera sig som mer hållbara: installera ljuddämpare och kylaggregat för att öka den sociala hållbarheten, arbeta i linje med olika mål i Agenda 2030 samt till att arbeta med integrerade ledningssystem vid fortsatt förbättringsarbete. För fortsatt arbete föreslås att företaget väljer ut ett antal av de i studien föreslagna förbättringsförslagen för vidare undersökning och sedan implementerar förslagen. / For industrial companies, there is a great potential for energy savings if heating, ventilation and lighting in premises is optimized. In this case study, a company active in the aerospace and defense industry is studied. The company’s heating, ventilation and lighting equipment is outdated, difficult to control and incorrectly dimensioned for the production that is conducted there today, which has led to the company having a high energy consumption. This is because no major measures have been taken over the years and the reason for this is because the industry is affected by fluctuating order intake. The aim of this study was to develop a number of suggestions for improvement to reduce the energy consumption as regards to heating, ventilation and lighting in company buildings and to propose how the company can profile themselves as more sustainable. At first, a current situation description was done, then a current situation analysis before suggestions for improvement was developed and in the end was weighted.  The recommendations given to reduce the energy consumption are to install new ventilation fans with a control system, to install air/water-heat pumps and to replace existing lighting with LED lighting. Furthermore, the following recommendations are given in the work to profile the company as more sustainable: install silencers and cooling units to increase social sustainability, work towards different goals in the Sustainable Development Goals and work with integrated management systems for continued improvement work. For further work, it is proposed that the company decide on a number of suggestions for improvement from this study for further investigation and then start implementing them.