Understanding the functional relationship between characters and components of fitness is a central goal of evolutionary biology. The studies in this thesis examined the ecological causes and evolutionary consequences underlying differences in fitness among individuals of Lobelia cardinalis. Flowering plants experience selection from many sources, which may enhance or oppose selection by pollinators. In the second chapter of this thesis, the role of pollinators and herbivores in shaping selection on floral characters was investigated. Floral traits experienced pollinator-mediated selection and weak selection by weevil larvae and slugs. Because pollinators also forage according to local density of flowers, in the fourth chapter I explored how local density of individual plants and flowers influences fitness of individual plants. Plants at dense sites produced more seeds, consistent with pollinator preference for denser patches. Individual female-phase flowers produced more seeds as the density of surrounding male-phase flowers increased and female-phase flowers decreased. This study highlights how plant phenotype and local density influence pollination and subsequent plant fitness. In L. cardinalis rosette formation (a life-history character) partly shapes the distribution of plants, and may influence plant survival and fitness. In the fifth chapter, I explored how variation in allocation to clonal reproduction among plants (ramets) and genets influenced survival and fitness. Plants that produced more and larger rosettes realized higher survival independent of the phenotype of the parental. Plants that produced one rosette in 2009 produced more seeds in 2010 than plants that produced more than one rosette. This pattern was reversed in the following time period; plants that produced more rosettes in 2010 produced more seeds in 2011. The relative importance of pollinators versus other selective agents in shaping floral traits, as well as the intensity of competition among individual plants and flowers likely depend on the extent to which reproduction is pollen limited. In the third chapter, I explored how pollen limitation affected selection on floral traits via female fitness and found a weak relationship. Although this seems to contradict intuition, several reasons may limit the influence of pollen limitation on selection.

No description available.

<p>Within the context of South Africa&lsquo / s diverging religious, cultural and social backgrounds, new questions on the nature of a multicultural society are raised from the perspective of human rights.&nbsp / The universality and indivisibility of human rights are challenged by this diversity and consequently implies that standards, concepts and structures for implementation have to be reconsidered.&nbsp / International and national standards are being (re)interpreted and attention is not only focused on the contents of the norms but on the limitations imposed thereupon. The debate on whether limits should be set in permitting or accommodating cultural or religious pluralism is becoming extremely relevant. The manner in which these questions are responded to&nbsp / is even more prominent in the light of our history of apartheid which has disregarded respect for religious and cultural diversity. In the scope of this research emphasis will be placed on the&nbsp / right to freedom of religion and in particular the limitation of the right to religion in an attempt to balance conflicting rights and accommodates religious diversity. The right to freedom of religion&nbsp / albeit constitutionally entrenched is subject to reasonable and justifiable limitations. However, no clear guidelines have been formulated on the criteria for limiting the right to freedom of&nbsp / religion. The main aim of this research is to find guiding criteria to facilitate the imposition of limitations on the right to freedom of religion. The limitations of the right to freedom of religion are&nbsp / interrelated with the following research questions: Firstly, the definition afforded to the right to freedom of religion in accordance with national and international standards / secondly, the relationship between culture and religion and any interconnection that exists between these rights. This is followed by the influence of the particular value framework or normative commitments&nbsp / f the judiciary on the interpretation of the right to religion, as well as the relationship between the state and religion. The above issues will be researched both on a national and&nbsp / an international level. The aim is to conduct research that will build on an appreciation of the guidelines that should be employed in ensuring the protection of the right to freedom of religion. To this end comparisons will be drawn with other legal&nbsp / systems, which on the one hand acknowledge the protection of the right to freedom of religion and on the other hand have to find ways in which the right can be balanced in the event of conflict. It is envisaged that the research of the criteria imposed on the limitation of the right to religion both on a national and an international level will assist in suggesting criteria that will influence&nbsp / scholarly debate on the topic. In addition that this debate will allow for the formulation of a transformative approach within the South African context that sanctions the celebration of diversity in all&nbsp / its aspects and in particular the right to freedom of religion.<br /> &nbsp / </p>

Gaining knowledge about what factors determine benthic algal biomass and productivity is vital for understanding food webs in aquatic systems, especially in woodland streams with naturally low rates of primary productivity. The aim of this study was to investigate what factors determine algal growth in Swedish headwater streams. Nutrients, in terms of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), and light are factors known to affect algal growth. By using nutrient diffusing substrate (NDS) and different gradients of light, it was possible to test the importance of these factors. To determine the effect of the experiment, the study was carried out in a forested reference stream, which is largely shaded with extreme low nutrient levels, and in a stream running through a clear-cutting plantation with high nutrient levels and incident light. In the forested reference stream it became clear that algal growth increased by experimentally adding N (P&lt;0.005), although light did not affect the productivity. In the stream running through the clear-cut, algal productivity increased significantly with higher levels of light (P&lt;0.005), regardless of nutrient addition. The results from this study suggest that light only becomes the depending factor when sufficient amounts of nutrients are available. However, it is still unclear at what nutrient levels this shift occur, and therefore future research is recommended.

Superconductivity Centennial Conference 2011- EUCAS–ISEC–ICMC (18-23 Sep 2011, The Hague, The Netherlands)

Today traditionally managed wooded hay meadows only exist in small fractions of their former distributions. Because of the fragmentation and degeneration of hay meadows and the fact that pollinating insect diversity and abundance also are declining, pollination services in these habitats requires attention. To examine the pollination services in traditionally managed hay meadows I collected Ranunculus acris (Buttercup) in 20 meadows of varying quality on Gotland and evaluated the mean seed set and mean number of produced seeds per plant. I also collected Filipendula vulgaris (Dropwort) in 18 meadows and evaluated the mean seed set to be able to compare the pollination success of the insect pollinated R. acris with the wind pollinated F. vulgaris. A range of habitat variables were collected in the meadows and in older surveys to examine their relative impact on seed set. I found significantly higher seed set for R. acris in the meadows with higher habitat quality, than in meadows with lower quality. In contrast seed set in F. vulgaris was not related to habitat quality. The population density also seemed to play an important role in fertilization rate for R. acris, through increased seed set in high density areas, while plant height was positively correlated with number of produced seeds. For F. vulgaris seed set was positively correlated with moss cover, and number of seeds per plant was positively correlated with population density. These results suggest that reproductive success among insect pollinated plants are more sensitive to habitat degeneration than among wind pollinated plants. The status of pollination services in traditionally managed wooded hay meadows should be evaluated further.

The quest to discover simple, sensitive and global bioindicators of nutrient enrichment and ecological health continues. The present study is the first to address this quest in Hervey Bay by investigating links between key physico-chemical water quality parameters and two diatom forms. Free floating in the water column as phytoplankton, and attached to seagrass leaves and artificial substrates as microalgal epiphytes, diatoms are assessed for their abundance and diversity along an environmental gradient. Relationships between Secchi depth (Zsd), light attenuation coefficient (Kz) and minimum seagrass compensation depth (Zc) are established for the recovery, growth and survival of aquatic plants following disturbance, with equations derived specifically for this region to allow conversions from Zsd to Kz. These relationships allow predictions to be made and provide a management tool to meet water quality targets and combat elevated nutrient and sediment loads that result from anthropogenic activity and affect all marine life, from microalgae to marine mammals. Environmental links, identified as drivers of change to biodiversity, focus research effort and provide predictive management tools. Consequently, catchment and coastal activities such as dredging, construction and canal development, with the potential to increase nutrient and sediment loads, can be managed and scheduled at times least likely to adversely impact near shore ecosystems and therefore improve the balance between growth and sustainability. Seasonal and zone differences were significant for many of the water quality parameters monitored in Hervey Bay during 1994. Water clarity measures consistently showed significant differences between near and offshore zones (Secchi depth; P<0.01, turbidity; P<0.05 and TSS; P<0.01) as well as oxygen (P<0.01), soluble reactive phosphate (SRP, P<0.05), oxides of nitrogen (NOx, P<0.01), chlorophyll a (Chl a, P<0.01) and pH (P<0.01). Some default trigger values for water quality targets listed by ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000) for concentrations of key indicators, a threshold for risk of adverse biological effects, were exceeded in dry and flood periods during the 1993 to 1995 survey. The community structure of phytoplankton and seagrass epiphytes were examined by monitoring changes to and 35 seagrass epiphyte species coincident with changes in some key water quality parameters along a water quality gradient. Chl a, Secchi depth (Zsd), soluble reactive phosphate (SRP) and pH were found to be the best subset of water quality parameters to maximise the rank correlation with phytoplankton communities whereas NOx and temperature maximised the rank correlation with the Halophila ovalis seagrass epiphyte communities. These parameters statistically link key water quality parameters to changes in phytoplankton and seagrass epiphyte density and assemblage structure and are supported as significant drivers of change in biodiversity research. Evidence for nitrogen limitation was found in the post flood surveys for phytoplankton and the growth and assemblage structure for seagrass systems and their epiphytes. Seasonal and zone differences in phytoplankton assemblage structure were most apparent with some site influence detected. Cylindrotheca closterium dominated the phytoplankton assemblage structure at the near shore zone while Thalassionema nitzschioides and Chaetoceros sp. differentiated the river from the Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) creek site. Rhizolsolenia and Guinardia sp. were found in significantly higher concentrations at offshore sites (P < 0.01) and Thalassionema nitzschioides (P < 0.01), Thalassiosira sp. (P < 0.01) and Pseudonitzschia sp. (P < 0.05) were found in significantly higher abundance in the near shore zone A Trichodesmium bloom was examined and post flood changes to the phytoplankton assemblage structure associated with increased nutrient loads, reduced water clarity (Secchi depth, TSS and turbidity) and changes to pH and salinity were assessed. The results of analyses of variance provided support to multivariate statistical analyses to identify phytoplankton as a useful and sensitive bioindicator of environmental change. Post flood phytoplankton cell density increased and species diversity rose from 10 to 38 species at the Mary River mouth however, the changes to cell density and assemblage structure were not reflected in Chl a concentrations. The Mary River mouth experienced growth of mainly small phytoplankton species (< 20 µm) while Pulgul Creek, a source of WWTP effluent, experienced a disproportional increase in the larger phytoplankton species (>20µm). The increase in phytoplankton cell density at offshore sites occurred for both large and small species. Phytoplankton species dominance changed at each site during the postflood period. C. closterium remained the dominant species but increased from 34 to 648 cells/mL at Pulgul Creek however, C. similis, the second most dominant species was replaced by Pseudonitszchia sp., whose cell density rose from 2.0 to 320 cells/mL. A recent study also found that Cylindrotheca closterium, Skeletonema costatum, and Cyclotella choctawhatcheeana had strong positive relationships with coastal nutrients and suggested these species be used as potential reliable indicators of eutrophication (Toming and Jaanus, 2007). Some Pseudonitszchia sp. and dinoflagellate species have previously been noted as toxic and Chaetoceros sp. are associated with gill damage and fish kills. Rhizosolenia sp. and the Guinardia species G. flaccida and G. striatula, were indicators for the offshore relatively pristine sites, which may conversely, determine these species as indicators of environmental health in this waterway. Specificity of epiphyte attachment to particular seagrass species were detected and microalgal epiphyte assemblages on Halophila ovalis were identified as useful bioindicators of environmental gradients as this seagrass species is located at intertidal, shallow and deep water sites for a substantial part of the year. H. ovalis also recorded the highest average annual epiphyte loads (3873 ± 1882 cells/mm2) with the diatoms Diatoma vulgare and Cocconeis scutellum representing 19.6% and 17.2% of the total epiphyte cover. Highest cell density was recorded in autumn, followed by summer and winter: spring recorded the lowest epiphyte cover. Micro-algal epiphyte load was assessed as dry weight (g/m2), Chl a (µg/L) and cell density (cells/mm2) on artificial seagrass deployed along a water quality gradient. Equations were derived to describe percentage light transmission as a function of each measure of epiphyte load which allows transformation of data from one unit of expression to another and hence, allow comparison of past, current and future studies. Water column light attenuation was evaluated along a water quality gradient and linked to Secchi depths (Zsd) to derive equations that describe this relationship where for Hervey Bay, when Zsd < 4.26m, Kz = -1.2 ln Zsd + 1.74 and when Zsd ≥ 4.26m, Kz=1.37/Zsd. Species succession, diversity and seagrass growth were monitored for the first time during a recovery phase and limits for the seagrass compensation depth (Zc), were established on a seasonal basis for five seagrass species at four locations within intertidal, shallow and deep water zones in Hervey Bay and the Great Sandy Straits. Conceptual models for each site were constructed to describe habitat characteristics and include nutrient concentrations for SRP, NOx and ammonia (NH4+), Chl a, phytoplankton density, epiphyte density and light requirements measured as light attenuation, total suspended sediment, turbidity and Secchi depth at each location. The study provides a descriptive model for light attenuation and establishes (1) an annual and seasonal baseline water quality data set that characterises the waterways of Hervey Bay and the Great Sandy Straits (2) identification of phytoplankton species in Hervey Bay and their response to post flood changes in water quality (3) phytoplankton density and diversity along an environmental gradient with links established to Chl a, Secchi depth, SRP and pH (4) seagrass epiphyte assemblage structure along an environmental gradient with links established to NOx and temperature (5) conversion factors for epiphyte load expressed as dry weight, Chl a and cell density (6) functions to convert Secchi depth to light attenuation coeffiecients (Kz) (7) seagrass species succession at intertidal, shallow and deep water sites during a recovery growth phase in Hervey Bay (8) seagrass compensation depths (Zc) for five seagrass species at four locations and (9) habitat characterisation for seagrass recovery in Hervey Bay. Identification catalogues for phytoplankton and seagrass epiphytes were prepared with light and electron micrographs to assist future identification studies of diatoms in this region and for other similar biogeographical areas. The management of water quality to reach specific targets requires the capacity to predict seagrass compensation depth (Zc) as a function of water quality. Seasonal and annual light attenuation measurements are derived as a function of water quality at intertidal, shallow and deep water habitats during the colonisation of Zostera Capricornii, Halodule uninervis, Halophila ovalis, Halophila spinulosa and Halophila decipiens.

ABSTRACT Speech-language pathology practice in the acute hospital setting has changed dramatically over the last 25 years. A significant increase in the number of referrals and a broadening of the speech-language pathologist’s caseload to include patients with dysphagia has meant there has been less time to see hospital inpatients with communication disabilities. This change in practice has caused speech-language pathologists working in the acute hospital setting to question their role in relation to patients with communication disabilities in the acute hospital setting. The thesis applies the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework to explore the role of speech-language pathologists in the acute hospital setting, specifically the acute hospital stroke unit, in relation to patients with communication disabilities. The ICF proposes that a health condition can be understood in terms of four separate components. These components are Body Structures and Functions, Activities and Participation, Environmental Factors and Personal Factors. Whilst the distinction between body structures and body functions within the ICF Body Functions and Structures component is clear, there is less clarity about the relationship between the ICF concepts of activity and participation in the ICF Activities and Participation component. Therefore, the first part of the thesis explores the conceptual similarities and differences between the concepts of activity and participation generally and communication activity and communication participation in particular. This discussion concludes that the ICF concepts of activity and participation are distinct concepts that are considered separately in this thesis. Following this conceptual clarification, the thesis applies the ICF framework to patients with communication disabilities in the acute hospital stroke unit. Specifically, patients with communication disabilities are described from the perspective of communication-related body functions within the ICF Body Structures and Functions component, communication activities within the ICF Activities and Participation component and communication-related environmental factors in the ICF Environmental Factors component. It is important to understand how many patients experience a communication disability in the acute hospital stroke unit so that adequate supports can be developed. Therefore an efficient way of identifying patients in acute hospital stroke units with a communication-related body function impairment such as hearing, vision, speech, language and/or cognitive communicative impairment was required. Hence, the first study describes the development of ICF compatible scales, called the OHW scales, to rate a patient’s degree of speech, language and cognitive communicative impairment. These three rating scales were called the OHW scales because they reflect the WHO framework and also represent the authors’ initials. The concurrent validity and interrater reliability of the OHW scales were then investigated. Results indicated that the OHW had acceptable levels of concurrent validity against standardised measures of speech, language and cognitive communicative impairment. The speech and cognitive communicative OHW scales also demonstrated moderately high interrater reliability, but exact agreement on the OHW language impairment scale was low. At a minimum, the OHW scales were valid measures of speech, language and cognitive communicative impairment and therefore they were used by the researcher to determine the number of patients with communication-related impairments in the acute hospital stroke unit. Patients in acute hospital stroke units may have communication-related impairments, such as speech, language or cognitive communicative impairments as a consequence of stroke. Patients may also have communication-related impairments (e.g., in hearing, vision and cognitive communicative) due to ageing and age related illnesses. Therefore, the second study of the thesis describes the number of patients with communication-related impairments in acute stroke units, regardless of the cause. Of the 69 patients screened, 88% had a mild or more severe communication-related impairment. In addition, 69% of inpatients, screened on two or more measures, had multiple communication-related impairments. Although many patients in acute stroke units have communication-related impairments, what may be particularly important is how many patients experience difficulty communicating their healthcare needs with healthcare providers in acute hospital stroke units. The ICF describes a person’s ability to carry out an activity, such as communicate healthcare needs, as an activity limitation. The ICF describes activity limitations in four different ways. Two ways are capacity with assistance and performance. Capacity with assistance indicates the person’s highest probable level of function in an activity given assistance and performance indicates a person’s level of function in the context of everyday life. Therefore, the third study of the thesis details how many patients experienced capacity with assistance limitation, that is, difficulty communicating their healthcare needs given assistance, and performance limitation, that is, difficulty communicating their healthcare needs during everyday healthcare routines. Results indicated that 51% of 65 patients had a capacity with assistance limitation and 57% had a performance limitation. Strong and significant relationships were found between patients’ degree of communication-related impairments and their degree of communication activity limitation, in both capacity with assistance and performance. Furthermore, the presence of a communication-related impairment accounted for up to 77% of the variance in a patient’s capacity with assistance limitation. Such impairments only accounted for up to 32% of the variance in a patient’s performance limitation. This finding suggests that other factors, such as environmental factors also affect a patient’s ability to communicate, particularly during everyday health care routines. In light of this, a review of the literature on the range of environmental factors that influence communication between patients with communication-related impairments and healthcare providers in the acute hospital setting was conducted. The review of the literature indicated the need for research on the environmental factors that influence communication between patients and healthcare providers in the acute hospital stroke unit. Therefore, the final study of the thesis investigates this further. This study employed a focused ethnographic methodology to identify the range of environmental factors that appeared to influence communication between patients and their healthcare providers. Seven themes were identified including the healthcare providers’ knowledge of communication-related impairments, skills, attitudes, and individual characteristics. Other themes included the presence of family, the physical environment and hospital systems and services. In summary, this series of studies indicates that the majority of patients admitted into acute hospital stroke units have a communication-related impairment and approximately half to two thirds of patients experience difficulty communicating their healthcare needs with healthcare providers. Whilst having a communication-related impairment increases the likelihood that a patient will experience difficulty communicating with healthcare providers, other factors, such as the communicative environment also appear to play an important role. Speech-language pathologists working in the acute hospital stroke unit may have an important role in identifying patients who are experiencing difficulty communicating their healthcare needs and supporting these patients and their healthcare providers to communicate in optimal ways. Further research is required to demonstrate that improving a patient’s ability to communicate with his or her healthcare providers improves a patient’s health outcomes. With this evidence, speech-language pathologists may be more able to support patients with communication disabilities to get the healthcare they deserve.

Introduction: Gout affects approximately 15% of Maori and Pacific men, these men being at risk of early onset, severe disease with formation of gouty tophi and joint damage. Gout most frequently affects the foot, particularly the big toe and midfoot. This disease initially presents as self-limiting attacks of severe joint inflammation, and in the presence of persistent hyperuricaemia, tophaceous disease may also develop. Tophi are collections of monosodium urate crystals surrounded by chronic inflammatory cells and connective tissue. Tophi typically occur in both subcutaneous tissues and within affected joints, and may cause pain, cosmetic problems, mechanical obstruction of joint movement, and joint destruction. Despite the predilection of gout to the foot, the impact of gout on foot function is currently unknown and only case studies relating to hallux pain, tibial sesamoid pain and longitudinal tears in peroneal tendons have been reported in the literature. The aim of this study is to assess the intra-tester reliability of certain biomechanical tests to evaluate foot structure and function (plantar pressure measurements, gait parameters, range of motion at the ankle and first MTPJ and the foot posture index) in individuals with gout and to assess the differences between disability, impairment, foot structure and function between individuals with gout and non-gout controls. Subjects: A total of 25 patients with chronic gout with a mean age of 61.2 (11.7) years old were recruited from a rheumatology clinic within the Auckland District Health Board. A further 25 age-and sex-matched controls with a mean age of 57.3 (12.2) years old were recruited from AUT University. Methods: Disability, impairment, foot structure and foot function were assessed for the gout and the control group. Disability and impairment was assessed using the Health Assessment Questionnaire, Foot Function Index, Leeds Foot Impact Scale and Lower Limb Task Questionnaire. Foot structure was investigated using the Foot Posture Index, first metatarsophangeal joint (MTPJ) dorsiflexion, ankle dorsiflexion movement, subtalar joint and midtarsal joint motion, Foot Problem Score, tophi count and muscle strength of extrinsic and intrinsic foot muscles. Foot function was investigated using an in-shoe pressure system measuring mean peak plantar pressures and pressure-time integrals. Temporal-spatial gait parameters were evaluated, as well as peripheral sensation and vibration perception threshold. Plantar pressures were assessed using the Tekscan pressure insole system, gait parameters were measured using the Gaitmat walkway system, peripheral sensation and vibration threshold were assessed using 10gm monofilament and biothesiometer respectively. Intra-tester reliability was investigated using ICC, Standard Error of Measurement and Smallest Real Difference in the gout group for key measures (Foot Posture Index, first MTPJ dorsiflexion, ankle dorsiflexion movement, peak plantar pressures, pressure-time integrals and gait parameters). To investigate the significant difference between the groups, the left and right foot in gout were compared with the left foot of the control group using ANOVA with post-hoc comparisons. Non-parametric tests were used for muscle strength, peripheral sensation and Foot Problem Score and motion at the subtalar and midtarsal joints for comparison between the groups. Walking velocity, cadence and disability and impairment scores between the groups were assessed using an independent t-test with 95% confidence intervals. Significance for all these measures was set to 0.05 except for Chi square where a significance of 0.02 was set. Results: The ICC for the intra-tester reliability was excellent with low measurement error for the measured outcomes. The gout group recorded significantly higher disability and impairment scores than controls (p<0.01). Significant differences between the two groups were recorded for vibration pressure threshold, muscle strength, Foot Problem Score, first MTPJ dorsiflexion, foot motion and gait parameters (p<0.05). Significant differences were demonstrated under the toes for mean plantar pressures and under the lateral heel, midfoot and hallux regions for pressure-time integrals in the gout cases (p<0.05). Conclusions: Individuals with gout have reduced quality of life due to greater disability and impairment. The gouty foot is slightly supinated with reduced dorsiflexion at the first MTPJ. Rearfoot and forefoot motions are limited with a high incidence of digital deformities and dermatological lesions. The foot function in gout is characterized by reduced walking velocity, cadence, step and stride length. The plantar pressures are reduced under the toes with increased duration of loading under the hallux, lateral heel and midfoot regions. Further research using three-dimensional gait analysis is recommended to quantify motion at the foot and ankle joints and also to ascertain the role of proximal joints. Future work could be undertaken to evaluate the impact of acute gout on objective measures of foot function, and to determine predictors of poor foot function in patients with this disease. This will allow further work to investigate or formulate a podiatric management plan in conjunction with pharmacological therapy to improve impairment, disability and function in chronic gout.

Thesis (M.A.)--Carleton University, 1992. / Also available in electronic format on the Internet.