Human right protection is a trend all over the world. Nowadays, there¡¦s no country that implements democratic constitution doesn¡¦t take Constitution as the basic regulation for human right protection, expecting to achieve the goal of protecting human right with the implementation of constitutional government. However, does human right receive absolute protection? Should conflicts occur between public interest and private interest, based on the consideration of public interest, restrictions shall be imposed on private interest. Fighting crimes to establish a society of justice, then there can be space created for individual basic rights. As progresses of the times and advancements of technology, techniques in collecting criminal evidences are renewed constantly. The more advanced high tech crime investigating instruments would have the greater inclination to violate people¡¦s rights. Although the society can¡¦t exist without controls to certain extent, an individual can¡¦t survive without freedom to certain degree, either. Communications surveillance, though a keen weapon applied to criminal investigation, would unavoidably clash with the maintenance of individual rights. High tech monitoring of communications surveillance would inevitably infringe upon personal privacy. As our society changes and develops rapidly, there¡¦s room derived for advancement and development concerning the delimitation of human rights protection and associated concepts. It¡¦s hoped that the problems dwelling in the legal system of communications protection and electronic surveillance of Republic of China can be examined based on administrative law, by means of its five frameworks, namely, basic principles, administrative organization, limitation of administrative power, administrative relief, and administrative supervision. Furthermore, it¡¦s expected that practical suggestions against items required improvement in existing legal system can be brought forth herein pursuant to the discourse of five major frameworks of administrative law mentioned hereinbefore to make the legal system of communications protection and electronic surveillance more sound and complete.

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The focus of my thesis research is on the interplay between individual behavior, population dynamics and community-level processes within zooplankton communities in coastal Maine. The target organisms of my thesis work are marine copepods. Copepods are small (1-10 mm) crustaceans that perform the essential ecosystem function of consuming and assimilating primary production (phytoplankton) making it available to higher trophic levels such as commercially important fishes. Therefore, copepod population growth is of critical importance to marine food webs. Fertilization limitation has been suggested as a constraint on copepod population growth but field surveys describing the prevalence of fertilization limitation are lacking. During my doctoral research, I explored the in situ fertilization success of two marine copepod species, Temora longicornis and Eurytemora herdmani in coastal Maine. I collected monthly zooplankton samples and analyzed clutches from field-caught females using an egg-staining technique. My results indicate that both species exhibit fertilization limitation in nature and the factors correlated with their fertilization span population, community and ecosystem level factors. To determine a causal relationship between predator density and copepod mating success, I conducted laboratory experiments to assess the effects of a common mysid shrimp predator, Neomysis americana on Eurytemora herdmani mating success. I subjected males and females to predators or predator cues. I found that the presence of a mysid predator, or only a predator cue, reduced copulation frequency and spermatophore transfer leading to a 38-61% decrease in E. herdmani nauplii production. These results suggest that mysid predators can constrain copepod population growth through non-consumptive processes. To determine the effects that resources can impose on copepod behavior, I explored the behavioral and fitness consequences of Temora longicornis ingesting Alexandrium fundyense, a phytoplankton species that forms harmful algal blooms in coastal Maine. My results suggest that ingesting A. fundyense causes copepods to swim faster and with more directional persistence compared to control algae. Temora longicornis increased their average swimming velocity by 24%, which leads to a 24-54% increase in their theoretical encounter rate with predators. Therefore, these findings suggest behaviorally mediated copepod-algal interactions may have significant impacts on harmful algal bloom dynamics and the fate of toxins in marine food webs.

No description available.

In order to investigate the two-phase flow behaviour in a complex reactor-typical geometry and to supply suitable data for CFD code validation, a model of the hot leg of a pressurised water reactor was built at FZD. The hot leg model is operated in the pressure chamber of the TOPFLOW test facility, which is used to perform high-pressure experiments under pressure equilibrium with the inside atmosphere of the chamber. This technique makes it possible to visualise the two-phase flow through large windows, also at reactor-typical pressure levels. In order to optimise the optical observation possibilities, the test section was designed with a rectangular cross-section. Experiments were performed with air and water at 1.5 and 3.0 bar at room temperature as well as with steam and water at 15, 30 and 50 bar and the corresponding saturation temperature (i.e. up to 264°C). The total of 194 runs are divided into 4 types of experiments covering stationary co-current flow, counter-current flow, flow without water circulation and transient counter-current flow limitation (CCFL) experiments. This report provides a detailed documentation of the experiments including information on the experimental setup, experimental procedure, test matrix and on the calibration of the measuring devices. The available data is described and data sheets were arranged for each experiment in order to give an overview of the most important parameters. For the cocurrent flow experiments, water level histograms were arranged and used to characterise the flow in the hot leg. In fact, the form of the probability distribution was found to be sensitive to the boundary conditions and, therefore, is useful for the CFD comparison. Furthermore, the flooding characteristics of the hot leg model plotted in terms of the classical Wallis parameter or Kutateladze number were found to fail to properly correlate the data of the air/water and steam/water series. Therefore, a modified Wallis parameter is proposed, which takes the effect of viscosity into account.

Transposable elements (TEs) have had immense impact on the structure, function and evolution of eukaryotic genomes. The work in this thesis identified Kat1, a novel domesticated DNA transposase of the hAT family in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. Kat1 triggers a genome rearrangement that results in a switch of mating type from MATa to MATα. Furthermore, Kat1 acts on sequences that presumably are ancient remnants of a long-lost transposable element. Therefore, Kat1 provides a remarkable example of the intricate relationship between transposable elements and their hosts. We showed that Kat1 generates two DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in MATa and that the DDE motif and several other conserved amino acid residues are important for Kat1 cleavage activity. DNA hairpins were formed on one end of the DSBs whereas the DNA between the DSBs was joined into a circle. Kat1 was transcriptionally activated by nutrient limitation through the transcription factor Mts1 and negatively regulated by translational frameshifting. In conclusion, Kat1 is a highly regulated domesticated transposase that induces sexual differentiation.  In another study, we developed an assay to measure switching rates in K. lactis and found that the switching rate was ~6x10-4 events/generation. In a genetic screen for mutations that increased mating-type switching, we found mutations in the RAS1 gene. The small GTPase Ras1 regulates cellular cyclic AMP levels and we demonstrated that Mts1 transcription is regulated by the RAS/cAMP pathway and the transcription factor Msn2. Since Ras activity is regulated by nutrient availability, these data likely explains why nutrient limitation induces mating-type switching.

As water stresses increase across the U.S., interest in household water reuse is growing. Such reuse typically focuses on light greywater, that is all wastewater generated in the house excluding toilet waste and kitchen wastewater. As this practice becomes more widespread, higher level reuse is expected to require greater greywater treatment prior to reuse. Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are an attractive technology for this application because they offer a robust combination of treatment processes and are already used in some households in countries such as Japan. This research sought to understand the role of phosphorus availability in determining the quality of effluent from MBR treatment of light greywater because phosphorus concentrations are expected to be low with phosphorus phased out of many consumer products. Less than 30 [mu]g/L of dissolved orthophosphate was present in synthetic greywater made from three common household products, and no measurable amount of dissolved orthophosphate was found in real greywater, but low concentrations of particulate phosphate were detected. These concentrations were well below levels believed necessary to achieve full BOD₅ removal in biological treatment. Nevertheless, MBR performance was not adversely affected until no supplemental phosphorus was provided. Measurement of extracellular enzyme activity showed an increase in the ratio of phosphatase activity to total glycosidase activity with declining phosphorus concentration, providing an early indication of nutrient stress before changes in effluent water quality were detected. Removal of three xenobiotic organic compounds (XOCs) in treatment of synthetic greywater was also evaluated under conditions of phosphorous limitation and balance. Abiotic removal mechanisms were not deemed to be important, but removal of methylparaben and sodium lauryl sulfate via biodegradation responded to nutrient limitation similarly to overall COD removal while removal of diethyl phthalate was affected to a greater extent. Measurement of plasmid DNA concentrations was evaluated as a potential indicator of the effect of nutrient limitation on plasmid-mediated biodegradation of XOCs. An overall reduction in the plasmid content was observed in all cases under conditions of phosphorus limitation; however, the extent of reduction was reactor dependent. / text

The southwestern Florida shelf marine environment has often been characterized as oligotrophic, yet these waters can support large, high biomass, persistent phytoplankton blooms, including blooms of the toxin producing dinoflagellate Karenia brevis. Little is known regarding which major nutrient potentially limits primary production in these waters as both inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations are often near the limits of analytical detection and it is difficult to estimate what percentage of the dissolved organic pool is available for phytoplankton uptake. To assess the nutrient status of phytoplankton populations on the southwest Florida shelf, this project examines the particulate nutrient stoichiometry of ambient phytoplankton assemblages from 1998-2000 as part of the ECOHAB: Florida Program. Particulate C, N, P concentrations and particulate ratios display a large range of values across the West Florida Shelf (WFS). The average particulate stoichiometry is well above the classic Redfield ratio with a geometric mean of 410C:56N:1P. Frequency percentages of particulate ratio values to total sample number binned according to potential nutrient limitation indicate that 39% (C:N) of the data have values suggesting N limitation and that from 88% (N:P) to 95% (C:P) of the data have values which suggest P-limitation. It is difficult to discern whether phytoplankton biomass is truly P-limited as related to the nutrient regime on the WFS or whether detrital contributions, which can potentially be large on this shallow shelf, are skewing the N:P and C:P ratios towards higher values. Errors which could potentially be related to the different methodologies of determining C, N and P concentrations must also be considered when interpreting the particulate nutrient ratios. The data were also analyzed as subsets to determine near-shore to offshore, latitudinal, seasonal, inter-annual and K. brevis bloom versus non-bloom trends. The near-shore to offshore transect indicates decreasing concentrations of particulate C, N, P concentrations and increasing C:N, N:P, C:P ratios with increasing distance offshore. Particulate nutrient concentrations and particulate ratio values are very similar between the Tampa Bay, Sarasota and Fort Meyers transects indicating that these latitudes are not spatially distinct with regards to these variables. There does not appear to be any relationship between the particulate C, N, P concentrations or C:N, N:P, C:P ratios and rainfall as indicated by Spearman Ranking Correlation coefficients. However, there does appear to be monthly trends across the shelf where peak particulate nutrient concentrations and particulate ratio values occur during the spring, summer and fall. The average particulate nutrient concentrations and ratios differ for each year as well as each K. brevis bloom which occurred during the study period. In summary, the particulate C, N, P concentrations and particulate nutrient ratios vary both spatially and temporally on the WFS and are potentially related to the flexibility of phytoplankton uptake kinetics in response to the varying nutrient regimes of the WFS.

Social insect colonies are complex systems with emergent properties that arise from the cooperation and interaction amongst individuals within colonies. By dividing reproduction and physical labor amongst them, individuals contribute to the growth and ecological success of their colonies, a success that is greater than individuals could achieve on their own. A key characteristic of social insects is a division of labor amongst workers that is determined primarily either by age, morphology, or dominance. Social insects are considered one of the most ecologically successful groups of organisms on earth. Colony life cycles include: 1) growth, in which workers are produced, 2) reproduction, in which queens and males with reproductive capabilities are produced, and 3) senescence. In life history theory, phenotypic plasticity (i.e. a change in phenotype in response to an environmental change), allows organisms to adjust and optimize fitness in response the change in environments. Central to life history theory is the idea that traits have costs and benefits. Using an energetics framework that considers the costs and benefits of traits contributes to our understanding as to why organisms exhibit the sets of traits that they have within their ecological environments. Using the annual bumble bee Bombus impatiens, my dissertation investigates the effects of resource availability on worker production and on the relative allocation of energy towards growth and reproduction within colonies. Bumble bees have a morphological division of labor and concomitantly, they show large intra-colony size variation amongst workers. Because body size is an important life history trait, I also examined the costs and benefits of producing various sized workers. Lastly, I examined the association among worker body size, metabolic rate (a measure of maintenance costs), and lifespan.

Šiame darbe analizuojamas „tuščios laikmenos“ mokestis, jo įgyvendinimas Lietuvoje, bandoma numatyti galimus jo raidos variantus ateityje. Šį darbą suskirstėme į tris dalis: pirmojoje nagrinėjome „tuščios laikmenos“ mokesčio pagrindą – atgaminimo asmeniniais tikslais apribojimą, antrojoje – įvertinome esamą mokesčio surinkimo ir paskirstymo sistemą Lietuvoje, trečiojoje įžvelgėme galimas „tuščios laikmenos“ mokesčio vystymosi perspektyvas. Nagrinėdami asmeninio atgaminimo apribojimą didelį dėmesį skyrėme bendriesiems klausimams (atgaminimo sąvokai, autorių teisių apribojimo sampratai, trijų pakopų testui), tačiau atskleidėme ir konkretaus apribojimo turinį (išnagrinėjome jo apibrėžimus pateikiamus įvairiuose teisės aktuose, aptarėme atgaminimo šaltinio teisėtumo problematiką, apribojimo santykį su vartotojų sudaromomis licencinėmis sutartimis). Vertindami „tuščios laikmenos“ mokesčio įgyvendinimo praktiką Lietuvoje tyrėme kiek mokėtojai ir gavėjai atitinka asmeninio atgaminimo išimties keliamus reikalavimus, kaip mokesčio paskirstymas yra susiejamas su asmeninio atgaminimo išimtimi, nagrinėjome mokesčio tarifo ir apmokestinamų objektų sąrašo pagrįstumą. Įvertinę esamą padėti bandėme įžvelgti galimus jos vystymosi variantus, aptarėme jų tikimybę. / The paper analyzes „blank media“ levy, its practice in Lithuania, looks through possible future development. This work consists of three parts: in the first part we examined the ground of the „blank media“ levy – private copy exception, in the second part we evaluated the system of collection and distribution which is functioning in Lithuania, in the third part of this work we perceived possible future development of „blank media“ levy. Analyzing private copying exception we payed attention on common questions (such as conception of reproduction, limitations of copyright and three step test), but also desclosed the contents of the exact limitation (we have analyzed the conception of private copying exception in various legal acts, discussed problems related to requirements of legality of reproduction source, the relation of consumer licence agreements and limitation). We have evaluated „blank media“ levy realization practice in Lithuania, this was done by studing how payers and recievers of „blank media“ levy coresponds with requirements set by private copy exception, how distribution of levy is connected with limitation, we have searched for the grounds of object and rate of levy. After evaluating the practice of private copying levy, we tryed to percieve future development models of „blank media“ levy and the probability of each of it.