Thesis (M.D.)--Columbia University, 1806. / Microform version available in the Readex Early American Imprints series.

No description available.

In this study, leaf anatomies of five species of Limonium Mill. (L. echioides, L. globuliferum, L. tamaricoides, L. anatolicum and L. Sinuatum) are studied. Taca belonging to five different sections of the genus Limonium as / L. echioides of the section Schizyhymenium, L. globuliferum of the section Sphaerostachys, L. tamaricoides of the section Limonium, L. anatolicum of the section Sarcophyllum and L. sinuatum of the section Pteroclados are used in this study. Throughout the species studied, L. tamaricoides and L. anatolicum are endemic to Turkey. In order to examine anatomy of leaves, the paraffin sectioning and hand cross sectioning methods are used. Avarage stomata length, width and number per 210.68&micro / m x 263.27&micro / m area of the leaves are examined and the stomata types due to epidermal cells are defined. Additionally, the vascular bundles, upper and lower epiderms of leaves of each species are defined. It is determined that except the species L. globuliferum and L. tamaricoides, the stomata density per 210.68&micro / m x 263.27&micro / m area of the leaves are approximately same for upper and lower epidermis, but in these species, the stomata numbers at upper epidermis is higher than the stomata numbers in lower epidermis, which might be related with the altitude, microclimate and habitat of these two species. It is also found that except the shoot leaf of L. sinuatum, the phloem is closer to lower epiderm than xylem in vascular bundles. But in shoot leaf of L. sinuatum, the phloem circularly covers the xylem and makes a closed circle around.

Para se conseguir fitoterápicos com qualidade precisa-se avaliar as diversas etapas de sua obtenção, analisar a da matéria-prima até a obtengao do produto acabado. Seguindo esta premissa foi desenvolvida uma preparação farmacêutica na forma de extrato hidroalcoólico das raízes de Limonium brasiliense (Boiss.) Kuntze, Plubaginaceae (Baicuru). As raízes foram caracterizadas a partir da identificação botânica, de métodos físico-químicos, avaliação quantitativa da composição química por CCD associada a espectrometria no ultravioleta, através do ácido gálico. A influância dos seguintes fatores tecnológicos; teor de etanol no líquido extrativo, tempo de maceração e granulometria da droga, foi avaliada através da análise fatorial do tipo 2n. O projeto fatorial mostrou-se adequado para avaliação da influência dos fatores tecnológicos a produção de fitoterápicos com o baicuru, pela obtenção de maior rendimento em acido gálico. A concentração etanólica do mênstruo e o tempo de maceração são os fatores tecnológicos com maior influência sobre rendimento de ácido gálico. A avaliaçao de estabilidade do extrato hidroalcoólico estandardizado foi realizada pelo método da degradação térmica acelerada. / In order to obtain phytotherapeutic drugs with quality it must be important evaluate the raw-matherial and the several stages of manifacture. Hydroalcoholic macerates were prepared with roots from Limonium brasiliense(Boiss.) Kuntze, Plubaginaceae (Baicuru). The roots were standardized through botanic identification, physico-chemical methods and quantitative evaluation by TLC associated to ultraviolet, based on the contend of galic acid. The influence of some technological factors such as ethanol concentration in the extraction liquid, maceration time and granulometry of the plant matherial was analysed using 2 n factorial design. The factorial analysis demonstrated to be suitable to evaluate the influence of these technological factors to phytotherapeutic production with the baicuru. The ethanolic concentration of the menstruum and the maceration time were the most influents technological factors on the yield of galic acid. The evaluation of hydroalcoholic extract stability was realized under acelerated thermal degradation conditions.

Para se conseguir fitoterápicos com qualidade precisa-se avaliar as diversas etapas de sua obtenção, analisar a da matéria-prima até a obtengao do produto acabado. Seguindo esta premissa foi desenvolvida uma preparação farmacêutica na forma de extrato hidroalcoólico das raízes de Limonium brasiliense (Boiss.) Kuntze, Plubaginaceae (Baicuru). As raízes foram caracterizadas a partir da identificação botânica, de métodos físico-químicos, avaliação quantitativa da composição química por CCD associada a espectrometria no ultravioleta, através do ácido gálico. A influância dos seguintes fatores tecnológicos; teor de etanol no líquido extrativo, tempo de maceração e granulometria da droga, foi avaliada através da análise fatorial do tipo 2n. O projeto fatorial mostrou-se adequado para avaliação da influência dos fatores tecnológicos a produção de fitoterápicos com o baicuru, pela obtenção de maior rendimento em acido gálico. A concentração etanólica do mênstruo e o tempo de maceração são os fatores tecnológicos com maior influência sobre rendimento de ácido gálico. A avaliaçao de estabilidade do extrato hidroalcoólico estandardizado foi realizada pelo método da degradação térmica acelerada. / In order to obtain phytotherapeutic drugs with quality it must be important evaluate the raw-matherial and the several stages of manifacture. Hydroalcoholic macerates were prepared with roots from Limonium brasiliense(Boiss.) Kuntze, Plubaginaceae (Baicuru). The roots were standardized through botanic identification, physico-chemical methods and quantitative evaluation by TLC associated to ultraviolet, based on the contend of galic acid. The influence of some technological factors such as ethanol concentration in the extraction liquid, maceration time and granulometry of the plant matherial was analysed using 2 n factorial design. The factorial analysis demonstrated to be suitable to evaluate the influence of these technological factors to phytotherapeutic production with the baicuru. The ethanolic concentration of the menstruum and the maceration time were the most influents technological factors on the yield of galic acid. The evaluation of hydroalcoholic extract stability was realized under acelerated thermal degradation conditions.

Para se conseguir fitoterápicos com qualidade precisa-se avaliar as diversas etapas de sua obtenção, analisar a da matéria-prima até a obtengao do produto acabado. Seguindo esta premissa foi desenvolvida uma preparação farmacêutica na forma de extrato hidroalcoólico das raízes de Limonium brasiliense (Boiss.) Kuntze, Plubaginaceae (Baicuru). As raízes foram caracterizadas a partir da identificação botânica, de métodos físico-químicos, avaliação quantitativa da composição química por CCD associada a espectrometria no ultravioleta, através do ácido gálico. A influância dos seguintes fatores tecnológicos; teor de etanol no líquido extrativo, tempo de maceração e granulometria da droga, foi avaliada através da análise fatorial do tipo 2n. O projeto fatorial mostrou-se adequado para avaliação da influência dos fatores tecnológicos a produção de fitoterápicos com o baicuru, pela obtenção de maior rendimento em acido gálico. A concentração etanólica do mênstruo e o tempo de maceração são os fatores tecnológicos com maior influência sobre rendimento de ácido gálico. A avaliaçao de estabilidade do extrato hidroalcoólico estandardizado foi realizada pelo método da degradação térmica acelerada. / In order to obtain phytotherapeutic drugs with quality it must be important evaluate the raw-matherial and the several stages of manifacture. Hydroalcoholic macerates were prepared with roots from Limonium brasiliense(Boiss.) Kuntze, Plubaginaceae (Baicuru). The roots were standardized through botanic identification, physico-chemical methods and quantitative evaluation by TLC associated to ultraviolet, based on the contend of galic acid. The influence of some technological factors such as ethanol concentration in the extraction liquid, maceration time and granulometry of the plant matherial was analysed using 2 n factorial design. The factorial analysis demonstrated to be suitable to evaluate the influence of these technological factors to phytotherapeutic production with the baicuru. The ethanolic concentration of the menstruum and the maceration time were the most influents technological factors on the yield of galic acid. The evaluation of hydroalcoholic extract stability was realized under acelerated thermal degradation conditions.

In this study, current infrageneric taxonomic status of Limonium Mill. in Turkey was assessed by using numerical taxonomy (phenetics) method. Herbarium materials belong to 21 species of Limonium Mill., collected all around Turkey, and were examined. In order to evaluate the infrageneric status, 52 characters based on ecological and morphological features of the genus were determined and recorded to construct a data matrix which was analyzed by MultiVariate Statistical Package (MVSP) and Statistica software with Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) method to construct phenograms. Then, by assesing the phenograms, an overall comparison of Limonium Mill. species were made and infrageneric taxonomic status of the genus was discussed. The result of this study indicated that 5 sections of the genus are represented in phenograms which was a compatible result with theoretical information written in 7th Volume of &ldquo / Flora of Turkey&rdquo / . Moreover, in UPGMA trees, a new section (belonging Section Limonium) is observed. Section nova species live only near seashore and distinctively separated from other Section Limonium species in phenograms and Principle Component Analysis (PCA). PCA was carried out to indicate most important characters used in this study. In addition, in this study, a dichotomous key comprising all the species of Limonium Mill. in Turkey was also presented. In appendix part, brief information about each species such as distribution, habitat, conservation status, habit, endemism ratio, flowering period, IUCN categories was given to review all Limonium Mill. species in Turkey.

Amb l'objectiu d'analitzar com la biodiversitat i l'adaptació al clima mediterrani es tradueixen en una diversitat de trets ecofisiològics i la seva resposta a la sequera, i d'estudiar si aquesta diversitat està relacionada amb formes de creixement i amb la història evolutiva de les espècies, es van seleccionar 24 espècies mediterrànies de les Illes Balears. Es va analitzar la capacitat germinativa, els efectes de la sequera en el creixement de plàntules, respostes ecofisiològiques a la sequera a nivell foliar i l'adaptació de l'especificitat de la Rubisco. Es va observar una elevada variabilitat entre espècies, la meitat de la qual associada a les diferents formes de creixement. No s'observà cap diferenciació entre les espècies endèmiques i les no endèmiques. Aquesta elevada diversitat en els trets ecofisiològics i la seva resposta a la sequera suposa un recurs potencial per identificar caràcters adaptatius i un banc genètic per millorar la productivitat de cultius. / Con el objetivo de analizar como la biodiversidad y la adaptación al clima mediterráneo se traducen en una diversidad de caracteres ecofisiológicos y su respuesta a la sequía, y de estudiar si esta diversidad está relacionada con formas de crecimiento y con la historia evolutiva de las especies, se seleccionaron 24 especies mediterráneas de las Islas Baleares. Se analizaron la capacidad germinativa, los efectos de la sequía sobre el crecimiento de las plántulas, las respuestas ecofisiológicas a la sequía a nivel foliar y la adaptación de la especificidad de la Rubisco. Se observó una elevada variabilidad entre especies, la mitad de la cual asociada a las diferentes formas de crecimiento. No se encontraron diferencias entre las especies endémicas y las no endémicas. Esta elevada biodiversidad en respuesta a la sequía supone un recurso potencial para identificar caracteres adaptativos y un banco genético para la mejora de la productividad de cultivos. / The objectives of this work were to analyze how biodiversity and adaptation to Mediterranean climate is reflected in a diversity of ecophysiological traits and their responses to drought, and to study whether such diversity was related to growth forms and endemicity. The analysis covered the germination capacity, the effects of drought on seedling growth, the leaf ecophysiological responses to drought, and the adaptation of Rubisco specificity, in 24 Mediterranean species from the Balearic Islands. A wide range of variation has been observed among the species, with about half of this variability associated to different growth forms. However, no differentiation was found between endemic and non-endemic species of the Balearic Islands. The high diversity in the ecophysiological traits and their responses to drought found among Mediterranean species must be considered as a 'resource' to identify target adaptive traits for breeding plans, but also as a genetic bank to improve crop productivity.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] La sequía y la salinidad son los factores ambientales que más afectan a las plantas, aunque en general, las plantas mediterráneas están bien adaptadas a las condiciones adversas. Las previsiones estiman que debido al calentamiento global las condiciones ambientales se volverán más estresantes, especialmente en las zonas semi-áridas y áridas como muchas áreas de la Península Ibérica. Estas condiciones pueden afectar a la presencia de muchas especies silvestres, en especial, de las que ya de por si están amenazadas, son raras o endémicas. Tanto la sequía como el estrés salino provocan la activación de una serie de mecanismos de defensa o respuesta de las plantas, que incluyen entre otros, el control del transporte iónico, la acumulación de solutos compatibles u osmolitos, y la activación de sistemas antioxidantes. Para contribuir a la conservación y/o reintroducción de las especies de interés en hábitats prioritarios se ha realizado un estudio multidisciplinar abarcando los parámetros que pueden afectar sus poblaciones, como el clima, el suelo, y la vegetación acompañante, junto a estudios comparativos sobre las respuestas a la sequía y a la salinidad. Para entender mejor los mecanismos de tolerancia se han incluido en el estudio además de los taxones de interés conservacionista, especies relacionadas genéticamente con diferentes niveles de tolerancia. El estudio presenta dos objetivos principales: i) establecer la tolerancia relativa al estrés hídrico y salino de las especies en base a su distribución en la naturaleza y en los análisis realizados en campo y, en función de la inhibición relativa de su crecimiento bajo condiciones provocadas de estrés; y, ii) evaluar los cambios bioquímicos inducidos por el estrés analizando diferentes mecanismos de respuesta (inhibición de la fotosíntesis, transporte iónico, acumulación de osmolitos, mecanismos antioxidantes). / [CA] La sequera i la salinitat són els factors ambientals que més afecten les plantes, encara que en general, les plantes mediterrànies estan ben adaptades a les condicions adverses. Les previsions estimen que a causa del calfament global les condicions ambientals es tornaran més estressants, especialment en les zones semi-àrides i àrides com moltes àrees de la Península Ibèrica. Aquestes condicions poden afectar la presència de moltes espècies silvestres, especialment, de les que ja de per si estan amenaçades, són rares o endèmiques. Tant la sequera com l'estrès salí provoquen l'activació d'una sèrie de mecanismes de defensa o resposta de les plantes, que inclouen entre altres, el control del transport iònic, l'acumulació de soluts compatibles u osmolits, i l'activació de sistemes antioxidants. Per a contribuir a la conservació i/o reintroducció de les espècies d'interès en hàbitats prioritaris s'ha realitzat un estudi multidisciplinari abastant els paràmetres que poden afectar les seues poblacions, com el clima, el sòl, i la vegetació acompanyant, al costat d'estudis comparatius sobre les respostes a la sequera i a la salinitat. Per a entendre millor els mecanismes de tolerància s'han inclòs en l'estudi a més dels tàxons d'interès conservacionista, espècies relacionades genèticament amb diferents nivells de tolerància. L'estudi presenta dos objectius principals: i) establir la tolerància relativa a l'estrès hídric i salí de les espècies sobre la base de la seua distribució en la naturalesa i en les anàlisis realitzades en camp i, en funció de la inhibició relativa del seu creixement sota condicions provocades d'estrès; i, ii) avaluar els canvis bioquímics induïts per l'estrès analitzant diferents mecanismes de resposta (inhibició de la fotosíntesi, transport iònic, acumulació de osmolits, mecanismes antioxidants). / [EN] Drought and salinity are the environmental factors that most affect plants, although in general Mediterranean plants are well adapted to adverse conditions. Predictions estimate that, due to global warming, environmental conditions will become more stressful, especially in semi-arid and arid areas, such as many areas of the Iberian Peninsula. These conditions may affect the presence of many wild species, especially those that are already threatened, rare or endemic. Both drought and salt stress cause the activation of a series of defence or response mechanisms in plants, which include, among others, the control of ionic transport, the accumulation of compatible solutes or osmolytes, and the activation of antioxidant systems. To contribute to the conservation and/or reintroduction of species of interest in priority habitats, a multidisciplinary study has been carried out covering parameters that may affect their populations, such as climate, soil and accompanying vegetation, together with comparative studies on responses to drought and salinity. To better understand tolerance mechanisms, genetically related species with different levels of tolerance have been included in the study, in addition to taxa of conservation interest. The study has two main objectives: i) to establish the relative tolerance to water and salt stress of the species according to their distribution in nature and based on field analyses and, according to the relative inhibition of their growth under stress-induced conditions; and, ii) to evaluate stress-induced biochemical changes by analysing different mechanisms (inhibition of photosynthesis, ionic transport, osmolyte accumulation, antioxidant mechanisms). / This research was partially funded by Project AICO/2017/039 from the Generalitat Valenciana. / González Orenga, S. (2021). Mecanismos de tolerancia a estrés salino e hídrico en plantas endémicas, raras o amenazadas [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/168443 / Compendio