Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:03:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao paulo menezes.pdf: 3080026 bytes, checksum: 27fc4469f9413ad9117d4813295e9db7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-14 / In a composite system, a steel beam (laminated, welded or cold formed) is associated with a concrete slab, forming a composite beam. The interaction between concrete and steel can be mechanical, by friction or, in some cases, only by adherence. One of the major advantages of the composite beams is the increase in strength and stiffness due to association of steel and concrete that makes possible the reduction of the height of the structural elements, implicating in material economy. The present research has the purpose to present a general vision of the structural behavior of the composite steel-concrete beams and to proceed to a more detailed study of the behavior of the shear connectors made from cold formed steel. A modeling study of the push-out test is accomplished with the intention to find the factors that influences the resistance and rigidity of the connection. The numerical study consists in the elaboration of a three-dimensional numerical model to simulate the push-out test from which is obtained the force-displacement curve, ultimate load, deformations and tensions along the connector. The numeric results are compared with obtained experimental values of rehearsals accomplished at laboratory for validation of the same ones. For the accomplishment of the numeric modeling the computational program ANSYS® 6.1 was used, which uses non-linear material and geometric Finite Element Method models. The numeric models present as variables of interest the thickness, the height of the shear connectors made of cold formed steel and the resistance of the concrete used in the premolded slab with reinforced concrete lattice joist. Results showed that the thickness of the connector is the most important variable in the connection strength, however the height of the connector also has influence in the resistance and, mainly, in the rigidity of the connection. / Denomina-se sistema misto aço-concreto aquele no qual um perfil de aço (laminado, dobrado ou soldado) trabalha em conjunto com uma laje de concreto, formando uma viga mista. A interação entre o concreto e o perfil de aço pode se dar por meios mecânicos, por atrito, ou, em alguns casos, por simples aderência. Uma das vantagens da utilização de vigas mistas em sistemas de pisos é o acréscimo de resistência e de rigidez propiciados pela associação dos elementos de aço e de concreto, o que possibilita a redução da altura dos elementos estruturais, implicando em economia de material. O presente trabalho tem por finalidade apresentar uma visão geral do comportamento estrutural das vigas mistas aço-concreto e proceder a um estudo mais detalhado do comportamento da ligação com conectores de cisalhamento tipo U em perfil formado a frio. É realizada a modelagem computacional do ensaio de cisalhamento direto (push-out test) com o intuito de determinar os fatores que mais influenciam na resistência e rigidez da ligação A modelagem computacional consiste na elaboração de um modelo numérico tridimensional para simular o ensaio de cisalhamento direto, do qual se obtém a curva força-deslocamento, a força última e as deformações e tensões ao longo do conector. Os resultados numéricos são confrontados com valores experimentais obtidos de ensaios realizados em laboratório para validação dos mesmos. Para a realização da modelagem computacional, foi utilizado o programa comercial ANSYS® 6.1, elaborado com base no Método dos Elementos Finitos, cujas ferramentas disponibilizadas permitem análises em regime de não-linearidade física e geométrica. Os modelos computacionais apresentam como variáveis de interesse a espessura e a altura do conector tipo perfil U formado a frio e a resistência do concreto utilizado na confecção das lajes treliçadas. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a espessura do conector é a variável que mais influência a resistência da ligação, porém a altura do conector também tem influência na resistência e, principalmente, na rigidez da ligação.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-06-21T20:19:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lázaro Antônio da Fonseca Júnior - 2016.pdf: 4302435 bytes, checksum: d5e83d077c918367e41f439d3bab359e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2017-07-07T19:54:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lázaro Antônio da Fonseca Júnior - 2016.pdf: 4302435 bytes, checksum: d5e83d077c918367e41f439d3bab359e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-07T19:54:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lázaro Antônio da Fonseca Júnior - 2016.pdf: 4302435 bytes, checksum: d5e83d077c918367e41f439d3bab359e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Currently, the structures are increasingly diverse and complex. In many cases, these structures are model by numerical approximations methods because, due to its complexity, the analytical model does not exist or is not feasible. The finite element method is a numerical approximation methods most used. Thus, the model generated by the finite element method is in most cases considerably too large, and the time taken to perform computer simulations is high. In this context, models reduction methods, it has been studied to meet the need of accurate results while maintaining the dynamic properties of the structure with less processing time. A comparative study of three reduction methods will be presented, the Improved Reduced System (IRS) and the Iterative Improved Reduced System method (IIRS). The third reduction method, it is an enrichment of the IRS method proposed by the author, which provided great improvement in time savings during simulations. This method was called Improved Reduced System Enriched (IRSE). Such reduction methods were applied in non-linear systems with non-localized linear and geometric nonlinearity due to large displacements. Keywords: Finite element method, nonlinear modeling, not linearity located and geometric, reduced models. / Atualmente, as estruturas estão cada vez mais diversificadas e complexas. Em muitos casos, essas estruturas são modeladas por métodos de aproximações numéricas, pois, devido à sua complexidade, o modelo analítico não existe ou não é viável. O método dos elementos finitos é um dos métodos de aproximação numérica mais utilizado. Assim, o modelo gerado pelo método dos elementos finitos é na maioria dos casos consideravelmente muito grande, e o tempo gasto para realizar simulações computacionais é alto. Neste contexto, os métodos de redução de modelos, tem sido estudados a fim de satisfazer a necessidade entre obter resultados precisos, mantendo as propriedades dinâmicas da estrutura, com menor tempo de processamento. Um estudo comparativo entre três métodos de redução será apresentado, a saber Improved Reduced System (IRS) e o método Iterative Improved Reduced System (IIRS). O terceiro método de redução, trata-se de um enriquecimento do método IRS, proposto pelo autor, que proporcionou grande melhora na economia de tempo durante as simulações. Esse método foi chamado Improved Reduced System Enriched (IRSE). Tais métodos de redução, foram aplicados em sistemas não lineares, com não linearidade localizada e não linearidade geométrica, devido a grandes deslocamentos.

O projeto de amplificadores de baixo ruído (LNA) aparenta ser um trabalho simples pelos poucos componentes ativos e passivos que o compõe, porém a alta correlação entre os seus parâmetros de projeto dificulta muito esse trabalho. Esta dissertação apresenta uma proposta para contornar essa dificuldade: o uso de algoritmos metaheurísticos, em particular algoritmos genéticos e simulated annealing. Algoritmos metaheurísticos são técnicas avançadas que emulam princípios físicos ou naturais para resolver problemas com alto grau de complexidade. Esses algoritmos estão emergindo nos últimos anos porque têm mostrado eficiência e eficácia. São feitos neste trabalho os projetos de três LNAs, dois (LNA1 e LNA2) para sistemas com arquitetura homódine (LNA com carga capacitiva) e um (LNA3) para sistemas com arquitetura heteródine (LNA com carga resistiva) utilizando-se algoritmos genéticos e simulated annealing (recozimento simulado). Apresenta-se inicialmente a análise detalhada da configuração escolhida para os projetos (fonte comum cascode com degeneração indutiva FCCDI). A frequência de operação dos LNAs é 1,8 GHz e a fonte de alimentação de 2,0 V. Para o LNA1 e o LNA2 se atingiu uma figura de ruído de 2,8 dB e 3,2 dB, consumo de potência de 6,8 mW e 2,7 mW e ganho de tensão de 22 dB e 24 dB, respectivamente. Para LNA3 se atingiu uma figura de ruído de 3,5 dB, consumo de potência de 7,8 mW e ganho de tensão de 15,5 dB. Os resultados obtidos e comparações feitas com LNAs da literatura demonstram viabilidade e eficácia da aplicação de algoritmos metaheurísticos no projeto de LNA. Neste trabalho utilizaram-se as ferramentas ELDO (simulador de circuitos elétricos), versão 2009.1 patch1 64 bits, ASITIC (para projetar e simular os indutores), versão 03.19.00.0.0.0 e MATLAB (o toolbox fornece os algoritmos metaheurísticos), versão 7.9.0.529 R2009b. Além disso, os projetos foram desenvolvidos na tecnologia CMOS 0,35 m da AMS (Austria Micro Systems). / The design of low noise amplifiers (LNA) seems to be a simple work because the small number of active and passive device that they are composes, nevertheless the high trade off of LNA parameters complicates very much the work. This research presents a proposal to contour act the obstacle: to use metaheuristic algorithms, in special genetic algorithms and simulated annealing. The metaheuristic algorithms are advanced techniques that emulate physics or natural principles to solve problems with high grade of complexity. They have been emerging in the last years because they have shown effectiveness and efficiency. In this dissertation were designed three LNAs using genetic algorithms and simulated annealing: two (LNA1 and LNA2) to homódine architecture (LNA with capacitive load) and one (LNA3) to heteródine architecture (LNA with resistive load). First it is show the detailed analysis of configuration chosen to the designs (common source cascode with inductive degeneration). The operation frequency is 1.8 GHz and power supply is 2.0 V for all LNAs. LNA1 and LNA2 reached a noise figure of 2.8 dB and 3.2 dB, a dissipation power of 6.8 mW and 2.7 mW, and a voltage gain of 22 dB and 24 dB respectively. LNA3 reached 3.5 dB of noise figure, 7.8 mW of dissipation power, and 15.5 dB of voltage gain. The results obtained and the comparisons with LNAs from the literature demonstrate that the metaheuristic algorithms show efficiency and effectiveness in the design of LNA. This study was developed with the help of the tools ELDO (electric circuit simulator) version 2009.1 patch1 64 bits, ASITIC (to design and simulate the inductors) version 03.19.00.0.0.0, and MATLAB (the toolbox provides the metaheuristic algorithms) version 7.9.0.529 R2009b. Furthermore, the designs were developed on CMOS 0.35 AMS (Austria Micro Systems) technology.

Aplica-se uma formulação Lagrangeana total do Método dos elementos Finitos (MEF) baseada em posições para obter a resposta dinâmica não linear de risers bidimensionais em contato com o leito do mar. Os elementos finitos adaptados e aplicados nas soluções são de barras curvas de pórtico com cinemática de Reissner. Os risers são estruturas cilíndricas e esbeltas utilizadas na indústria offshore para transportar desde o fundo do mar até a plataforma gases, óleos, minerais ou lodo, entre outros produtos. Na modelagem dessas estruturas, destacam-se três problemas de imediato, são eles: a determinação da catenária inicial da tubulação, o comportamento estrutural após a aplicação de deslocamentos severos no topo do riser quando ancorado à plataforma ou embarcação flutuante e o contato do riser com o leito do mar. Estes problemas resultam ou são agravados pela forte instabilidade presente nessas estruturas em razão da grande relação entre a extensão dos dutos e sua rigidez transversal. Para obter a configuração inicial, três técnicas de penalização foram desenvolvidas e comparadas. A primeira utiliza a redução progressiva da rigidez da seção transversal do riser, a segunda aplica a penalização direta nos deslocamentos nodais do riser e a terceira emprega uma solução dinâmica amortecida com redução progressiva da massa e do amortecimento. As técnicas são comparadas entre si e com resultados das bibliografias. A metodologia desenvolvida para a aplicação de deslocamentos severos no topo do riser é fundamentada na suavização da posição tentativa, através de fórmula empírica baseada na remodelagem de malhas da mecânica dos fluidos. Discretiza-se o solo com molas distribuídas, de comportamento linear e não linear físico, cuja influência nodal é desenvolvida consistentemente. De forma geral a introdução dessas molas é feita através da técnica da penalização da energia potencial total. Descreve-se o comportamento não linear, comumente utilizado para solos coesivos argilosos, com um modelo P-y que considera a penetração inicial, a elevação, assim como a repenetração e alguns ciclos de carregamento e descarregamento delimitados pelas curvas das cargas extremas. Uma técnica de moderação das penalidades é utilizada para auxiliar no problema de contato entre o solo e o riser. Além desses aspectos específicos do trabalho, implementaram-se na formulação do MEF as ações decorrentes de carregamentos de flutuação, peso próprio, forças das correntes do mar e condições de contorno (forças e deslocamentos) devidas às ondas do mar. Realiza-se a integração temporal pelo método clássico de Newmark. A formulação desenvolvida junto com as estratégias implementadas mostram-se adequadas e precisas para o tratamento de risers. / A total Lagrangian Finite Element Method (FEM) formulation based on positions is applied to achieve the static and dynamic responses of two dimensional risers that touch the seabed. The adapted finite elements to model risers are curved frame elements based on the Reissner kinematics. Risers are cylindrical slender structures used in the offshore industry to transport from the underground mineral resources (gas, petroleum, mud etc) to the platforms or vessels. In the analysis of this kind of structure three problems immediately arise, that are: the determination of the initial static position (catenary) of the riser, its dynamic behavior when subjected to severe loads or displacements at the top (floating platforms or vessels) and the interaction among the riser and the seabed. These problems come from or are worsened by the strong instability resulting from the large rate between the extension and the transverse dimension of the riser. In order to solve the initial position three techniques are developed and compared. The first uses a progressive reduction of the transverse stiffness of the riser, the second applies a direct penalization on the nodal displacements of the riser and the third employs a dynamic solution with mass and damping reduction. The achieved results are compared with the ones available in literature. The developed methodology to apply severe displacements at the top of risers is a smoothing procedure of the first trial position, based on a strategy of remeshing used in fluid-structure interaction analysis. The soil (seabed), with linear or non-linear behavior is represented by distributed springs and their nodal influence is consistently developed. In a general way the introduction of these springs is done penalizing the total potential energy function. The non-linear behavior, commonly used for cohesive and clayey soil, is done by a P-y model that takes into account the initial penetration, the elevation, as well as some cyclical loads established by extreme curves. A moderation technique of penalty is used to improve the convergence of the soil-structure interaction process. In addition to these specific aspects of the thesis, there are implemented actions resulting from floating, selfweight, sea streams, and waive forces. The time integration is performed by the Newmark method. Examples reveal that the developed formulation and the proposed strategies are adequate to model submersed risers in contact with the seabed.

Le présent document a pour objet la modélisation transitoire non linéaire du comportement vibratoire des systèmes de frein aéronautiques. Le but est de reproduire numériquement l’apparition et le niveau des vibrations au cours du temps, afin de les maîtriser et d’adapter la conception du frein. Les essais de freinage mettent en évidence deux modes de vibration que sont le whirl et le squeal. Si les niveaux de ces vibrations deviennent trop importants, la structure de la roue et du train d’atterrissage peut être endommagée. Afin d’éviter de tels dommages, la conception du frein doit être adaptée. Pour réaliser cela, Messier-Bugatti-Dowty doit disposer d’un modèle capable de prédire les niveaux de vibration du frein au cours du temps pendant la phase de freinage. Le modèle doit avoir une précision suffisante, être en lien avec la maquette numérique et ne doit pas exiger de recalage. Un premier travail vise à améliorer le modèle éléments finis existant qui se révèle être trop imprécis. Une étude portant sur les effets gyroscopiques permet d’évaluer leur impact sur la fréquence et la stabilité des modes de whirl. Une modélisation plus complète du bâti d’essai améliore la précision de la fréquence du mode de squeal. Enfin, le mode de whirl est mieux simulé grâce au développement d’un modèle de pneumatique à partir de son analyse modale. Ce modèle est ensuite réduit afin de réaliser une intégration temporelle. Une sous-structuration permet de séparer l’ensemble des disques du frein, où le frottement et la non-linéarité se situent, du reste de la structure considérée comme linéaire. Trois techniques de réduction de l’ensemble des disques sont exposées. On évalue leur représentativité par rapport au modèle non-réduit en comparant les fréquences et la stabilité des modes propres. La première méthode est une représentation nodale de l’ensemble des disques. Les équations décrivant la non-linéarité et le frottement sont analytiques. Pour la deuxième méthode, la non-linéarité est déplacée à l’extrémité de l’ensemble des disques pour la découpler du frottement. La troisième méthode, plus ambitieuse et complexe, conserve à la fois l’emplacement de la nonlinéarité aux interfaces frottantes et la géométrie des disques. Une technique de réduction modale permet d’abaisser le nombre de degrés de liberté non linéaires. Pour clore ce rapport, des simulations transitoires sont calculées à partir des modèles réduits. Des études d’influences sont réalisées. Les paramètres étudiés sont le type d’algorithme d’intégration temporelle, l’amortissement introduit, la loi non linéaire, la pression hydraulique d’entrée et le coefficient de frottement. Leurs impacts sur les niveaux et la durée d’apparition des vibrations est évalué. / This report deals with the non-linear transient simulation of the dynamic behaviour of aeronautic brake systems. The objective is to reproduce the occurrence and level of vibrations versus time in order to control and adjust design consequently. The braking tests highlight two eigenmodes, which are called whirl and squeal. If the level of these vibrations becomes too high, the structures of the wheel and the landing gear may be damaged. To avoid damage, the design has to be adjusted. To achieve this, Messier-Bugatti-Dowty requires a model that is able to predict the levels of vibrations of the brake when it is braking. This model must have an adequate accuracy, be linked to the digital mockup and not require tuning. First, the existing finite element model has to be improved because its initial accuracy is not acceptable. A study about gyroscopic effects allows to assess their impact on the frequency and the stability of whirl modes. A complete modelling of the test frame improves the squeal modes’ frequency accuracy. At last, the whirl modes are better simulated due to the development of a tyre model based on modal analysis data. Then, the finite element model is reduced in order to perform a temporal integration. A substructuring allows to separate the set of brake discs (heat sink), where friction and non-linearities are located, from the rest of the structure which is considered linear. Three heat sink reduction techniques are proposed. Their representativeness are estimated compared to the non-reduced model. The first technique is a nodal description of the heat sink. The equations of friction and non-linearity are analytical. For the second technique, the non-linearity is displaced to the extremity of the heat sink to uncouple it from friction. The third technique, more ambitious and complex, keeps the location and non-linearity in friction interfaces and discs geometry. A reduction technique enables to decrease the number of non-linear degrees of freedom. As a conclusion, transient simulations are computed from reduced models. Sensitivity studies are performed. Studied parameters are the type of integration solver, introduced damping, non-linearities, hydraulic pressure, and friction coefficient. Their impacts on level and duration of occurrence of vibrations is estimated.

La mécanique quantique est sans aucun doute la théorie la mieux vérifiée qui n’a jamais existée. En se retournant vers le passé, nous constatons qu’un siècle de théorie quantique a non seulement changé la perception que nous avons de l’univers dans lequel nous vivons mais aussi est responsable de plusieurs concepts technologiques qui ont le potentiel de révolutionner notre monde.<p> <p>La présente dissertation a pour but de mettre en avance ces potentiels, tant dans le domaine théorique qu’expérimental. Plus précisément, dans un premier temps, nous étudierons des protocoles de communication quantique et démontrerons que ces protocoles offrent des avantages de sécurité qui n’ont pas d’égaux en communication classique. Dans un deuxième temps nous étudierons trois problèmes spécifiques en clonage quantique ou chaque solution<p>apportée pourrait, à sa façon, être exploitée dans un problème de communication quantique.<p><p>Nous débuterons par décrire de façon théorique le premier protocole de communication quantique qui a pour but la distribution d’une clé secrète entre deux parties éloignées. Ce chapitre nous permettra d’introduire plusieurs concepts et outils théoriques qui seront nécessaires dans les chapitres successifs. Le chapitre suivant servira aussi d’introduction, mais cette fois-ci penché plutôt vers le côté expériemental. Nous présenterons une élégante technique qui nous permettra d’implémenter des protocoles de communication quantique de façon simple. Nous décrirons ensuite des expériences originales de communication quantique basées sur cette technique. Plus précisément, nous introduirons le concept de filtration d’erreur et utiliserons cette technique afin d’implémenter une distribution de clé quantique bruyante qui ne pourrait pas être sécurisé sans cette technique. Nous démontrerons ensuite des expériences implémentant le tirage au sort quantique et d’identification quantique.<p><p>Dans un deuxième temps nous étudierons des problèmes de clonage quantique basé sur le formalisme introduit dans le chapitre d’introduction. Puisqu’il ne sera pas toujours possible de prouver l’optimalité de nos solutions, nous introduirons une technique numérique qui nous<p>permettra de mettre en valeur nos résultats.<p> <p> / Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation physique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The thesis deals with dynamic simulation of real bell behavior over time. The model is created according to principles of physical discretization as a spring in the FyDiK3D software. In order for the model to be declared as relevant, it is necessary to prove the behavior of the structures used in the elementary tasks of the mechanics. It shows the correlation between the stiffness of normal and diagonal springs. Describes how to use software import tools to create a model. The resulting model approaches its real bell behavior.

Theme of the Master’s thesis is analysis of process for production of small plates. Main parts of the thesis are analysis of the production process, process mapping, data capture, analysis of the data by Pareto analysis and find causes of nonconformities. Causes analysis is based on data analysis and process observation. It is divided to chapters by factors which are influencing the process. Optimization measures are designed with regard to their simplicity of realization and system in organization.

Lors de la conception d’un frein, le confort et le bien-être du consommateur font partie des critères principaux. En effet, les instabilités de crissement, qui engendrent une des pollutions acoustiques les plus importantes, représentent un challenge actuel pour la communauté scientifique et les industriels du domaine. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à la mise en évidence du caractère variable du crissement, observé pour deux systèmes de freinage d’un même véhicule, grâce à des plans d’expériences, expérimental et numérique. Pour être représentatif d’une famille de structures, il est désormais indéniable qu’il faille prendre en compte les variabilités observées sur de multiples paramètres liés au système étudié dès la phase de conception. L’enrichissement des simulations déterministes actuelles nécessite la mise en place d’outils non déterministes rapides et respectant le conservatisme des solutions étudiées. Pour ce faire, nous avons contribué au développement de méthodes numériques dédiées à la propagation des données floues dans le cas des graphes de coalescence, à la détermination des positions d’équilibre de corps en contact frottant à partir d’une méthode de régulation basée sur la logique floue. Cette solution permet d’appliquer une technique de projection pour réduire le coût numérique en utilisant des bases modales des composants réanalysées par un développement homotopique. / During a brake design, consumer comfort and well-being are the main criteria. Indeed, squeal instabilities, that produce main acoustic pollution, represent a current challenge in the scientific community and for industrials. In this thesis, we interest first in the highlight of the variability of squeal, observed for two brake systems of a same vehicle, thanks to experimental and numerical designs of experiments. To be representative of a structure family, it is now undeniable that we must take into account variability observed in various parameters of the studied system, from the design phase. To enrich existing deterministic simulations, quick non deterministic tools must be established, respecting the studied solutions conservatism. For this, we have contributed to the development of numerical methods to propagate fuzzy data in the case of diagram of coalescence, to determine the equilibrium position of frictional contact bodies with a fuzzy logic controller. This solution allows to apply a projection technique for reducing the computational cost. The modal bases of components are reanalyzed by homotopy perturbation.

Recent scholarship around the topic of 3D mainly deals with the visual developments that have occurred in the medium during the 21st century. A common perception in these strands of research is that in comparison to the production workflows employed in the analogue era, the 3D compositions that are being crafted through the aid of the ever-evolving digital technology have made 3D develop for the better. Yet a question that nevertheless remains is how the technology itself employed to craft these compositions has evolved. Rather than focusing on the visual developments, the primary aim of this thesis is to render visible the processes and operations of the stereoscopic technology employed to realise this 3D imagery in the first place. Utilising a media archaeological approach indebted to Wolfgang Ernst’s notion of “reverse engineering” technical media objects, I intend to analyse the primary technical components of digital and analogue 3D recording, projection and viewing devices utilised in the production of stereoscopic motion pictures. Moreover, Jonathan Crary’s writings on “the observer” will be used to highlight the important role of the human subject in relation to these binocular media technologies. I conclude that despite the varying production contexts and traditions the digital and analogue formats have been developed in, the primary methods and techniques that characterise digital 3D recording, projection and viewing systems are not specifications simply invented from scratch during the digital age. Through close scrutiny of the stereoscopic systems’ configurations with the aid of Ernst’s media archaeological approach, we are able to trace these supposed developments of the digital age back to the 19th century, when 3D was first realised.