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This thesis is a re-evaluation of Lin Shu (1852-1924) and his literary translations. Lin Shu is one of China’s most influential translators. He initiated modern literary translation in China, and his translations imported new ideas, literary concepts, styles and techniques from the West. These, in turn, influenced the emergence and development of modern Chinese literature. Nevertheless, Lin Shu and his translations have been belittled and even dismissed for various reasons over the years. The emergence and development of target/culture-oriented translation theories offer the possibility of re-assessing Lin Shu and his translations. The re-assessment of Lin Shu and his translations in this study is based on target/culture-oriented translation theories, which emerged in the 1970s. Target/culture-oriented translation theories focus on the mutual influence between a translation and its target culture, especially on the influence of a translation on the target culture and readers as a criterion for successful translation rather than examining whether the target text is faithful to the source text, as in the traditional linguistic approach. These target/culture-oriented theories can effectively explain the translational phenomenon of Lin Shu, as Lin Shu translated with the needs of the target culture and readers in mind. He attached great importance to the cultural function and influence of his translations during a period of historical transition in China. The criticisms of Lin Shu and his translations in China and elsewhere have largely been negative, often highlighting political issues - his endorsement of the constitutional Qing monarchy and his conservative attitude to the New Culture Movement - as well as his free translation method. Target/culture-oriented translation theories offer a framework for the re-assessment of Lin Shu and his translations that bypasses these narrow approaches. Adopting target/culture-oriented translation theories, this thesis examines Lin Shu’s translations in a trans-cultural context. Lin Shu based his translations on the needs for the Chinese culture and readers of that time, which was clearly embodied in his choice of, and response to, the originals works. The prefaces and postscripts that he wrote for his translations illustrate the new cultural and literary factors that Lin Shu introduced into China. In this respect, Lin Shu’s translation of La Dame aux Camelia is perhaps the most famous case study of his translation method. Through a comparative analysis of the Target Text (TT) and Source Text (ST), the thesis discusses the ‘truthfulness’ of Lin Shu’s translation, and stresses that ‘truthfulness’ lies in seeking poetic equivalence rather than formal equivalence between the target and source texts. We argue that poetic equivalence is similar to Nida’s principle of correspondence, but is beyond his dynamic equivalence. It lays special stress on literary or aesthetic equivalence. Poetic equivalence in Lin Shu’s translations relates to the stylistic expression in China’s literary language and is therefore intrinsic to sinicization. Lin Shu’s skill in classical Chinese is central to our notion of poetic equivalence. However, I argue that Lin Shu’s translation strategy is actually also beyond equivalence. It is primarily embodied in his constant adaptation of the original to the perceived needs of Chinese culture and the acceptability of his translations to Chinese readers. Adaptation includes omission, addition, alteration and abridgment. In terms of target/culture/reader-oriented translation theories, Lin Shu’s adaptations were acceptable in the cultural context of his time. In brief, this study clarifies Lin Shu’s contribution in introducing Western culture and literature into China. The study also stresses the cultural influence of Lin’s translations on modern Chinese culture and on later generation of Chinese writers and translators. This thesis concludes that Lin Shu played a role of utmost importance in the establishment and evolution of early-modern and modern Chinese translation, particularly of modern literary translation in China. Therefore, Lin Shu is the father of modern Chinese literary translation.

Orientador: Diva Cardoso de Camargo / Banca: Célia Maria Magalhães / Banca: John Milton / Banca: Cláudia Maria Ceneviva Nigro / Banca: Arnaldo Franco Júnior / Resumo: Esta pesquisa é parte de um projeto maior, o PETra II - Padrões de Estilo de Tradutores, coordenado pela Profa. Dra. Diva Cardoso de Camargo. O presente trabalho tem como um dos objetivos observar o comportamento de tradutores diferentes em face de fragmentos (re)aproveitados e semelhantes extraídos de três obras de Clarice Lispector A Descoberta do Mundo, traduzida por Giovanni Pontiero como Discovering the World, Uma Aprendizagem ou o Livro dos Prazeres, traduzida por Richard A. Mazzara e Lorri A. Parris como An Apprenticeship or The Book of Delights e Água Viva, traduzida por Elizabeth Lowe e Earl Fitz como The Stream of Life. Outro objetivo é identificar aspectos de normalização encontrados nas respectivas traduções desses fragmentos. A metodologia situa-se no campo dos Estudos da Tradução baseados em corpus, (proposta de Baker, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2004; estudos sobre normalização de Scott, 1998); pesquisas e projeto de Camargo 2003a, 2003b, 2004, 2008), e no da Linguística de Corpus (estudos de Berber Sardinha, 2004); também se apóia na fortuna crítica da autora (trabalhos de Gotlib, 1993, 2009; Nunes, B., 1995; Sant'Anna, 1997; Ruggero 2000; Sá, O., 2000; Franco Júnior, 2000; Ranzolin (1985), Varin, 2002; e Cherem, 2003). A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de uma combinação de análises semi-manuais e de análises computadorizadas. Inicialmente, baseamo-nos na fortuna crítica de Lispector, para levantar seis vocábulos considerados fundantes da autora: ―vida‖, ―morte‖, ―silêncio‖, ―palavra‖, ―estado‖ e ―graça‖. A seguir, utilizamos o programa WordSmith Tools para verificar se esses vocábulos eram recorrentes e significativos sob a perspectiva da Linguística de Corpus. Com base em Scott (1998), examinamos a tradução desses vocábulos em relação a aspectos de normalização. Em uma... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study is part of a bigger project, PETra II - (Padrões de Estilos de Tradutores), coordinated by Prof. Diva Cardoso de Camargo. One of the objectives of the thesis is to observe the behaviour of different translators when faced with similar (re)utilized textual fragments extracted from three books written by Clarice Lispector, A Descoberta do Mundo, translated into English by Giovanni Pontiero as Discovering the World , Uma Aprendizagem ou O Livro dos Prazeres, translated into English by Richard A. Mazzara and Lorri A. Parris as An Apprenticeship or The Book of Delights and Água Viva, translated into English by Elizabeth Lowe and Earl Fitz as The Stream of Life. Another objective of this study is to identify aspects of normalization found in the respective translations of these fragments. The methodology employed is that of corpus-based translation studies proposed by Baker, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2000 and 2004); Scott's study concerning normalization, 1998; Camargo's research studies and research project, (2003a, 2003b, 2004, 2008), and that of corpus linguistics (Berber Sardinha's studies, 2004); as well as Lispector's critical heritage (studies by Gotlib, 1993, 2009; Nunes, B., 1995; Sant'Anna, 1997; Ruggero, 2000; Sá, O., 2000; Franco Júnior, 2000; Ranzolin (1985), Varin, 2002; and Cherem, 2003). The research was carried out by means of a combination of semi-manual and computerized analyses. Initially, we used Lispector's critical heritage in order to select six words which are considered to be preferred and recurring in Lispector's writing: ―life‖, ―death‖, ―silence‖, ―word‖, ―state‖and ―grace‖. We went on to use the computer software WordSmith Tools to verify whether Lispector's preferred words were recurring and meaningful from the perspective of corpus linguistics. Based on Scott (1998), we analyzed... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo apresentar uma tradução comentada e anotada, para a língua portuguesa, de Il Decameroncino [O pequeno Decameron], do escritor italiano Luigi Capuana (1839-1915), obra publicada em 1901 na Itália. Juntamente a esta tradução comentada, apresentamos um estudo sobre o papel desempenhado por Capuana tanto na literatura, quanto na cultura italiana, tendo se destacado como uma das personalidades que mais contribuíram para a modernização e a atualização da literatura de seu país, através da participação ativa nos debates que se fizeram após o advento da Unificação Italiana. / This paper aims at presenting a commented and annotated translation to Portuguese of Il Decameroncino, by the Italian writer Luigi Capuana (1839-1915), published in 1901 in Italy. Along with this commented translation, I have presented a study on the role played by Capuana in both Italian literature and culture, as he emerged as one of the most important personalities in modernization and updating process of Italian literature, through taking an active part in the debates which happened after the Unification of Italian States.

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo apresentar uma tradução comentada e anotada, para a língua portuguesa, de Il Decameroncino [O pequeno Decameron], do escritor italiano Luigi Capuana (1839-1915), obra publicada em 1901 na Itália. Juntamente a esta tradução comentada, apresentamos um estudo sobre o papel desempenhado por Capuana tanto na literatura, quanto na cultura italiana, tendo se destacado como uma das personalidades que mais contribuíram para a modernização e a atualização da literatura de seu país, através da participação ativa nos debates que se fizeram após o advento da Unificação Italiana. / This paper aims at presenting a commented and annotated translation to Portuguese of Il Decameroncino, by the Italian writer Luigi Capuana (1839-1915), published in 1901 in Italy. Along with this commented translation, I have presented a study on the role played by Capuana in both Italian literature and culture, as he emerged as one of the most important personalities in modernization and updating process of Italian literature, through taking an active part in the debates which happened after the Unification of Italian States.

Daniel Hahn is a writer, editor and translator with about 70 books to his name. His translations from Portuguese, Spanish and French include fiction and non-fiction for adults and children, from Europe, Africa and the Americas. His work has won him the Independent Foreign Fiction Prize, the International Dublin Literary Award and many others. He is a past chair of the UK's Society of Authors and the Translators Association, and a former programme director of the British Centre for Literary Translation. / Conversatorio entre el autor, editor y traductor Daniel Hahn y el panel docente de la carrera de Traducción e Interpretación Profesional. Daniel Hahn comparte sus perspectivas respecto a la traducción literaria, su experiencia profesional y responde preguntas de los estudiantes de la carrera.

La presente investigación tiene la finalidad de analizar el proceso de traducción por fans hispanoamericanos de la saga Cazadores de Sombras al traducir el libro Reina del aire y la oscuridad (2019) del inglés al español. Los fans traductores, al considerar que las traducciones oficiales previas realizadas por la Editorial Planeta no cumplieron con sus expectativas, optaron por organizarse a través de Facebook para iniciar un proceso de traducción comunitaria en línea, el cual se enfocó en producir un texto de forma rápida, pero sin perjudicar la calidad. Este estudio con enfoque cualitativo profundizará, mediante las técnicas de producción de datos de entrevista y análisis de documentos, en las etapas del proceso de traducción del equipo de fans traductores Shadowhunters contra la Ley, en la relación interna del equipo, y en la relación entre el equipo y la comunidad durante la traducción de la novela de fantasía Reina del aire y la oscuridad. / The present study aims to analyze the translation process of the book Queen of Air and Darkness (2019) of the Shadowhunters saga from English to Spanish by Hispanic fans. The fan translators considered that the previous official translations by Editorial Planeta did not fulfill their expectations. Therefore, they decided to use Facebook to start an online community translation process focused on producing a text in a short time, without compromising its quality. This qualitative study will allow us, through data production techniques such as interviews and document analysis, to learn more about the stages of the translation process of the fan translators team Shadowhunters contra la Ley. Also, it will help us to understand the internal relationship of the team and the relationship between the team and the fandom during the translation of the fantasy novel Queen of Air and Darkness. / Trabajo de investigación

Drama translation is an area in the discipline of Translation Studies that has been neglected compared with the translation of other literary texts, especially in the South African context. This dissertation contributes to this neglected area by exploring to what extent and how the principles associated with foreignisation, dynamic equivalence and shift theory can aid in the process of translating a literary text, specifically a dramatic text, from Afrikaans into English. This dissertation also discusses translation challenges specific to the translation of the source text, Deon Opperman’s Kaburu, from Afrikaans into English. The source text, Kaburu, was selected because of the playwright’s interesting use of the Afrikaans language and the numerous culture-specific references in the text. In addition, it was theorised that a larger global audience would be able to relate to the international themes of identity and migration while being exposed to themes pertaining to socio-political issues that are prevalent in contemporary South Africa, such as crime, land disownment, name changes and political programs to redress the injustices of the past. In order to retain the culture-specific nature of the text, the decision was made to produce a foreignised translation of the source text. Numerous examples of challenges encountered during the production of the target text are provided and discussed. The examples and discussions provided demonstrates that the theoretical concepts of equivalence, domestication and foreignisation and shift theory can be useful tools in analysing and producing solutions for dealing with challenging translation in a literary translation between Afrikaans and English. / MA (English), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Drama translation is an area in the discipline of Translation Studies that has been neglected compared with the translation of other literary texts, especially in the South African context. This dissertation contributes to this neglected area by exploring to what extent and how the principles associated with foreignisation, dynamic equivalence and shift theory can aid in the process of translating a literary text, specifically a dramatic text, from Afrikaans into English. This dissertation also discusses translation challenges specific to the translation of the source text, Deon Opperman’s Kaburu, from Afrikaans into English. The source text, Kaburu, was selected because of the playwright’s interesting use of the Afrikaans language and the numerous culture-specific references in the text. In addition, it was theorised that a larger global audience would be able to relate to the international themes of identity and migration while being exposed to themes pertaining to socio-political issues that are prevalent in contemporary South Africa, such as crime, land disownment, name changes and political programs to redress the injustices of the past. In order to retain the culture-specific nature of the text, the decision was made to produce a foreignised translation of the source text. Numerous examples of challenges encountered during the production of the target text are provided and discussed. The examples and discussions provided demonstrates that the theoretical concepts of equivalence, domestication and foreignisation and shift theory can be useful tools in analysing and producing solutions for dealing with challenging translation in a literary translation between Afrikaans and English. / MA (English), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014