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In a rapidly globalizing economy, many communities are stranded in unemployment or work without meaning. This thesis asks the question: can local communities create economic development with fulfilling work? The experience of the author in African development projects is used to pose questions about modernist approaches to development. The alternative approaches to work and human development by Fritz Schumacher, Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers are melded with the political insight of Robert Putnam, to suggest that the answer to the above question can be positive. Their theories are distilled into an approach called Local Enterprise Facilitation, which is based on four principles: 1. Only work with individuals or communities that invite you. 2. Do not motivate individuals to do anything they do not wish to do. 3. Trust that they are naturally drawn towards self-improvement. 4. Have faith in community and the higher social needs that bond it together. The author’s experience of twenty years in applying and developing this approach is traced from its origins in rural Western Australia, through other parts of Australia and New Zealand to its extensive application in North America. The experience has created a methodology for successful Local Enterprise Facilitation based around a community Board that can provide the necessary support for networks for new enterprises. In particular the methodology uses a “Trinity of Management” approach whereby the separate skills of production/enterprise, financial accounting and marketing are facilitated as no individual can do more than one of these skills successfully. The Local Enterprise Facilitation philosophy has many implications and some of these are suggested in terms of planning, education, bureaucracy, and conservation. Whilst an evaluation of the businesses created can only be done in the long term, Local Enterprise Facilitation has opened up some hope for communities seeking to create good work.

Le tourisme de safari dans les zones protégées du Kenya se concentre sur quelques sites touristiques : les parcs nationaux jouissant d’une forte notoriété internationale, au détriment des autres, qui sont disséminés dans le pays. A travers l’étude de la région de l’ouest du Kenya, ce travail vise à s’interroger, d’une part sur l’attractivité des aires protégées moins mise en tourisme (notamment celles de l’ouest du Kenya), et d’autre part sur leur possible ‘ouverture’ au tourisme. Après avoir connu une évolution lente due à une moindre notoriété, le tourisme forestier et celui de montagne, diffèrent de celui de la savane caractérisé par le safari des big five, peuvent-ils faire émerger de nouvelles destinations dans le pays et puis selon quelles stratégies ? A partir d’une enquête réalisée auprès des touristes, des populations locales et des responsables des aires protégées de l’ouest du pays, ainsi qu’à partir de l’étude de la documentation existante, cette thèse montre que le flux touristique à destination des parcs et des réserves nationaux du pays demeure inchangé depuis des années. Alors, est-il possible d’ouvrir au tourisme de ‘nouveaux’ milieux naturels (paysages, forêts primaires, volcans) autres que les savanes de la Rift Valley caractérisées par l’exposition de la grande faune mammalienne ? En tant qu’objectif de dynamiser le secteur touristique du pays, cette thèse fait ressortir la nécessité de faire découvrir de nouveaux produits ou destinations touristiques, de donner une nouvelle présentation et interprétation aux attractions existantes, d’étaler l’offre touristique au-delà des destinations phares et enfin, d’anticiper la demande et les préférences des touristes pendant le montage des projets communautaires. / Kenya, as many other tourism destinations, is characterized by a geographical concentration of tourists in a few selected national parks and reserves to the detriment of others across the country. This study therefore, looks into the potential presented by the less visited parks and reserves, notably those in the Western Kenya Tourism Circuit and how they can be ‘opened up’ for the tourism activities. Apart from the savanna-based tourism known for the big five, can forests and mountains emerge as new tourism destinations in Kenya? What strategies need to be put in place to exploit their potential? The methodology applied in this research was the use of questionnaires targeting the tourists, the local communities as well as park managers. Therefore, Kenya needs to: propose new products and destinations, revisit and re-interpret the existing products, extend the product to take pressure off the existing attractions and keep close contact with tourists’ tastes when coming up with community based projects.

The Role of Planning in mediating conflicts involving tourism development and land access by local communities in the Matutuine district, south of Mozambique, is the theme of this research report. The aim of the study was to analyse and understand how tourism development in a particular context, the Matutuine district, has impacted on the life of the local communities. Access to land and to the other natural resources as well as associated socio-economic aspects was explored. Present and proposed planning approaches and their role in minimising land use conflicts were also investigated. In order to address the research problem, the following research question has been proposed: Are the problems arising from the conflict of interest that involve tourism development and land access by local communities responsible for land degradation in the district? The following subsidiary questions have been proposed to assist in answering the main question: What type of land use conflicts exist in the district of Matutuine and how has tourism affected the local communities? Has tourism been beneficial to local communities in terms of land access, participation and tourism spin-offs? To what extent do land use conflicts influence land degradation and how does planning respond to this? After developing the theoretical and conceptual framework of the study, a combination of methods such as documentary analysis, sampling and interviews, participant observation and spatial observation was used to collect primary and secondary data under analysis. Data collection mainly focused on the main land use types and land use conflicts, participation of local communities in tourism development, socio-economic benefits that accrue from tourism development, land degradation and planning and management of tourism, land and the other natural resources. The resulting data and information were organised and analysed through out the chapters in order to answer the research questions. The research revealed that tourism development has not been beneficial to the local communities. Institutional fragmentation and overlapping of mandates, a lack of common understanding and enforcement of legislation, corruption, and a lack of capacity building and legal status of the local communities are the main reasons for a dysfunctional tourism system in the study area. In order to contribute for the management and resolution of land use conflicts in the study area, it is recommended that planning and planners should introduce new planning processes such as collaborative and communicative approaches, facilitation and mediation techniques as well adaptive processes to address power relations among stakeholders.

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / Participatory monitoring and evaluation today, gives a whole new approach to participation. Local communities can now fully participate and be involved from the initiation of a project or from the beginning of a project, right up until when the project is completed as well as fully participate in the evaluation process as well. This goes a long way towards ensuring programmes, projects and policy outcomes are achieved. As a result, PM&E largely improves public accountability as well as improves community participation in the delivery of services to meet their needs. It ultimately enables communities to take ownership of policies, programmes and projects designed to meet their needs and to improve the quality of services provided to them. Thus, this research seeks to monitor and evaluate the participatory nature of the C3 Notification system towards improved service delivery within Site C Khayelitsha community. The challenge confronting many communities such as Site C Khayelitsha, is the inability of government to allow the communities fully take ownership of community projects and programmes designed to improve service delivery. This leaves a huge gap in truly ascertaining what communities truly want and what they need. Through the use of a mixed research method, a total of 50 respondents (users of the C3 notification system) living in Site C Khayelitsha were randomly selected and administered questionnaires; and 5 in-depth interviews were conducted with City of Cape Town officials in the Department of Solid Waste Management. From the data collected, the following research findings were ascertained. It was evident that there was a lack of awareness around the various channels through which users could log complaints. Many users found the Municipal offices and Call Centre an easier way to log complaints as compared to the other channels provided by the City to log complaints. It also revealed that services were not provided within the period stipulated in the Service level agreements. The qualitative analysis also underlined critical factors affecting the City of Cape Town and users of the C3 notification system in Khayelitsha. Call Centre agents obtain incomplete information of service requests or complaints logged by users and users fail to provide complete information when logging service requests especially through e-service channels provided to log complaints. Both mistakes contribute to the delay or non-response of the City of Cape Town to service requests or complaints.

No / Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a mechanism for aligning company policies and practices within the socio-economic, cultural and environmental challenges facing society and, in particular, communities. Though the majority of empirical research on CSR has been conducted in Western companies, there is growing interest in CSR in transitional and developing economies, as well as Western firms working in developing countries.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.