Together with a steadily increasing urban population, South Africa and the city of Cape Town is facing continuously expanding informal settlements and communities with no access to basic human services or adequate housing. There’s an urgent need to design, plan and implement alternative and creative approaches to help stimulate an equal, inclusive and sustainable urban development and strategic spatial planning. Integrating methods and processes that includes participation, communication and collaboration by incorporating civil society and local community members in urban planning practices is one way of promoting sustainable and equal spatial growth. Co-production is a concept used in urban development theory that embraces this in and can be described as a communicative form of spatial planning where state, planners and citizens mutually interact in the planning process. In consideration of these challenges, this thesis aims to apprehend how marginalized, local communities in Cape Town can be included in matters regarding urban development and spatial planning practically and if co-production can be used to define and explain this form of approach. Therefore, this thesis is based on a case study research of the Better Living Challenge (BLC) incubator, a two-week long project in Cape Town, which supported 15 informal builders in improving and developing their designing, building and marketing skills. The practical implementation of this incubator and its process has been examined to determine if the theory of co-production can be used to outline the project and understand the results emerging from it. The incubator proved to be successful in several ways and was met with impressive feedback from the stakeholders. It was also followed with difficulties and restrictions like power dynamics and tension. The conclusions that were made highlights that the incubator can be defined as an alternative and unorthodox co-productive approach based on the aim and lay-out of the process.

Development of the balance-network models of the local communities and exploration of closed chains of exchanges in the models helps to take a new looks at the economy as a whole and on its different levels. Since the stability of the economy are always based on mutually supporting and reinforcing in-house production cycles, it can be argued that this problem is important and influences the decision of the major economic goals and on strengthening of the Russian economy in General. The purpose of this thesis is to develop balance and network models, the local community and the study closed loop network model. In the course of work systematized mathematical results and methods of calculation of indicators of the interdependence of agents in the network, and analyses the dependencies between them. / Разработка балансово-сетевых моделей локальных сообществ и исследование замкнутых цепей обмена в моделях помогает по-новому взглянуть на как на всю экономику в целом, так и на ее уровни. Так как стабильность экономики всегда основана на взаимно поддерживающих и усиливающих друг друга внутренних производственных циклах, можно утверждать, что научная проблема, сформулированная в диссертации, является важной и актуальной, влияющей на решение важнейших экономических задач и на усиление экономики России в общем. Целью данной диссертационной работы является разработка балансово-сетевых моделей локального сообщества и исследование замкнутого контура сети обмена модели. В ходе работы систематизируются математические результаты и методы вычисления показателей взаимозависимости агентов в сети, а также анализируются зависимости между ними.

Various forecasting tools, based on historical data, exist for planners of national networks that are very effective in planning national interventions to ensure energy security, and meet carbon obligations over the long term. However, at a local community level, where energy demand patterns may significantly differ from the national picture, planners would be unable to justify local and more appropriate intervention due to the lack of appropriate planning tools. In this research, a new methodology is presented that initially creates a virtual community of households in a small community based on a survey of a similar community, and then predicts the energy behaviour of each household, and hence of the community. It is based on a combination of the statistical data, and a questionnaire survey. The methodology therefore enables realistic predictions and can help local planners decide on measures such as embedding renewable energy and demand management. Using the methodology developed, a study has been carried out in order to understand the patterns of electricity consumption within UK households. The methodology developed in this study has been used to investigate the incentives currently available to consumers to see if it would be possible to shift some of the load from peak hours. Furthermore, the possibility of using renewable energy (RE) at community level is also studied and the results presented. Real time pricing information was identified as a barrier to understanding the effectiveness of various incentives and interventions. A new pricing criteria has therefore been developed to help developers and planners of local communities to understand the cost of intervention. Conclusions have been drawn from the work. Finally, suggestions for future work have been presented.

O histórico de criação e gestão de áreas protegidas brasileiras configurou-se como experiências antidemocráticas, pouco estimuladoras da participação social. O desenvolvimento do turismo no Brasil possui um histórico, a princípio, guiado por modelos centralizadores e, posteriormente, orientado pelas idéias políticas neoliberais que privilegiaram setores privados em detrimento do desenvolvimento de comunidades locais. Seguindo esses modelos, a criação da Estação Ecológica Juréia-Itatins (EEJI), uma unidade de conservação de proteção integral, não permitia moradias e usos de populações, gerando alterações no modo de vida das populações tradicionais inseridas em seu interior. Com as lutas dos povos da região, o local transformou-se em um Mosaico de Unidades de Conservação, englobando áreas protegidas de uso sustentável, categorias mais flexíveis, cujas possibilidades de usos ainda estão sendo discutidas e negociadas pelos atores da região: moradores, ocupantes não tradicionais e a Fundação Florestal, o órgão gestor da área. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar as possibilidades de desenvolvimento do turismo de base comunitária na Vila de Barra do Una, localizada no município de Peruíbe, São Paulo, e também inserida na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Barra do Una (RDSBU). Consideram-se os conflitos decorrentes da existência de áreas protegidas no local, bem como os impactos socioculturais ocasionados pelo turismo. A metodologia utilizada foi a etnografia, com foco na descrição densa de Clifford Geertz (2012), partindo da construção de uma narrativa de segunda mão, recurso importante para entendimento das mudanças ocorridas no local estudado e suas perspectivas futuras. Apresenta-se como resultados que a comunidade desenvolveu relativa experiência por meio de suas lutas políticas e vivência com a prática do turismo, onde é perceptível uma organização socioprodutiva da atividade. A comunidade estudada (incluindo todos os grupos sociais implicados na vila) possui alguns aspectos positivos para o desenvolvimento de um turismo de base comunitária: os moradores (tradicionais e ocupantes não tradicionais) possuem larga identificação e enraizamento territorial; apresentam uma organização social relevante; desenvolveram uma larga experiência tanto política e também com a atividade do turismo; e agregaram parceiros, ainda que em alguns momentos tenha havido conflitos com estes. Por outro lado, também possuem alguns desafios a serem transpostos: nas premissas de conservação da unidade de conservação, as instituições públicas como a Fundação Florestal precisam também incluir a sociodiversidade nos processos de tomada de decisões, levando em conta o direito indispensável da participação social; devem, além disso, pautar pela clareza e transparência na gestão da área protegida, para este fato recomenda-se os princípios estabelecidos por Graham, Amos, Plumptre (2003). Conclui-se que a comunidade necessita manter o esforço de buscar e ter consciência da importância da união coletiva, tencionando superar o subaproveitamento da atividade, retomar parcerias que já foram realizadas em outros tempos, para adiante trabalhar um turismo mais planejado. / The historical of establishment and management of protected Brazilian areas was configured as anti-democratic experiences that were marked by having lower stimulation of social participation. The development of tourism in Brazil has a history, at first, guided by centralizing models and subsequently guided by neoliberal political ideas which favored private sectors at the expense of the development of local communities. Following these models, the creation of Juréia-Itatins Ecological Station (EEJI), an integral protection conservation unit, did not allow housing and population uses, by the time generating changes in the lifestyle of the traditional populations, once inserted on their interiors. As a result of the struggles of the regional people, the local became in a Conservation Unit Mosaic, covering protected areas of sustainable use, flexible categories, whose uses possibilities are still being discussed and negotiated by the regional actors: residents, non-traditional occupants and the Forestry Foundation, the management body area. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential development of community-based tourism in Barra do Una village, located in the municipality of Peruibe, state of Sao Paulo, which is also included in the Sustainable Development Reserve Una Bar (RDSBU). The conflicts are considered due the existence of protected areas in the local, such as social and cultural impacts related to tourism. The methodology used was ethnography, focusing on the \"thick description\" of Clifford Geertz (2012), based on the construction of a narrative of \"second boot\", an important resource for understanding the changes in the studied site and its future prospects. It is presented as results of that, community developed on experience through their political struggles and experience with practice of tourism whose the socio-productive organization is noticeable. The community studied (including all social groups involved in the village) has some positive aspects to the development of a tourism community-based: residents (traditional and non-traditional occupants) have wide identification and traditional roots; have a relevant social organization; developed a wide experience both politically and with the tourism activity; and added partners, although in some instances has been conflict with each other. On the other hand, they also have some challenges to be overcome: in protected premises of the protected unit, public institutions such as the Forestry Foundation also need to include social diversity in decision-making processes, taking into account the essential right of social participation; should also be guided by clarity and transparency in the protected area management, for this fact recommended to the principles set out by Graham, Amos, Plumptre (2003). We conclude that the community needs to maintain efforts to seek and be aware of the importance of collective union intends to overcome the under-utilization of the activity, take back partnerships that have already been carried out at other times, to work on a more planned tourism.

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar os processos de governança entre grupos culturalmente diferenciados e as áreas protegidas, e como esses processos interferem na definição de novos territórios e territorialidades, envolvendo unidades de conservação (proteção integral e uso sustentável) e espaços de uso comum. Identificou-se uma modalidade singular de gestão comunitária e compartilhada, iniciada em 1993, entre a comunidade caiçara do Marujá e o Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso (PEIC), em Cananeia, SP. Protagonizada por lideranças locais e empreendedores de políticas públicas, o estudo de caso demonstra a viabilidade de comunidades tradicionais planejarem seus próprios futuros, o que inclui o ordenamento ecológico e territorial. Propõe-se a adoção do termo comunidade de referência para designar o Marujá e outras comunidades que desempenham protagonismo e constituem locus de aprendizagem de práticas sustentáveis. / This work analyzes governance processes in culturally differentiated groups and protected areas, seeking to understand how these processes interfere in the definition of new territorialities and territories, with protected areas (strict-use and sustainableuse) and commons. A singular model of community management and co-management starting in 1993 was identified among the caiçara community of Marujá and Ilha do Cardoso State Park, Cananeia, SP. Led by local leaderships and public policy entrepreneurs, the case study shows how apt traditional communities are to take care of their future, including ecologic and spatial planning. The term community of reference was adopted to refer to Marujá as well as other communities that are a learning locus of sustainable practices.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T14:31:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raimundo Alberto Mulhaisse.pdf: 5051675 bytes, checksum: 3f577849e100c304f5d27137d09cb9cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-07-27 / The present research evaluates lhe influence that lhe enviornrnental speech syllabus exercises on environrnental speech of local communities in Dondo District, in other words, it studies lhe interference that lhe environrnental speech of local commuinities undergoes in school environrnental speech. The study starts with a theoretical revision in arder to build lhe contextual frame of environrnental education, on which it analises lhe integral fonnation of the citizen, focuses on a brief history of environrnental education and analises lhe ways of its accomplishment, institutionalisation, necessity of aquiring the knowledge and teacher trainning taking into account lhe inviornrnental education. The methodologic approach is based 00 qualitative reserch and trom this poiot a case study is developed. The selected teaching institutions for the case study were Dondo Secondary school and Mafambisse Secondary School, in Dondo District, Sofala Privince in Mozambique. These are two schools with sem i-rural caracteristics and it is only in these two schools where students attended lhe fIrst cycle, that is, trom grade 8 to grade 10 of lhe general secondary education in Dondo District, till lhe 2005 academic real. The research results show that the environrnental speech syllabus is not clearly reflected on teachers speech Dor on student's parents and this last speech reflects the way how local communities are organised and deal with nature. The students' environrnental speech reflects lhe teahers' environrnental speech. The teacher trainning with relevant knowledge on environrnental issues appears to be fundamental condition so that lhe environrnental speech syllabus can be reflected on communities' environrnental speech. The research aims to contribute on the improvement of lhe school perfonnance in lhe context of environrnental education of the local communities. A school has to be lhe responsible for lhe education of the individual and consequently of lhe society, since there is transmission of a variety of infonnation and knowledge, this generates dynamic system that covers every one / A presente pesquisa avalia a influência que o discurso ambiental curricular exerce sobre o das comunidades locais do distrito de Dondo, ou seja, estuda a interferênciaque o discurso ambientaldas comunidades locais sofre do discurso ambientalescolar. O estudo inicia com a revisão teórica para a construção do quadro contextual da Educação Ambiental no qual faz uma análise da formação integral do cidadão, apresenta um breve historial sobre a Educação Ambiental e analisa as formas da sua realização, institucionalização, necessidade de resgate dos saberes dos educandos e temlina com a abordagem da formaçãode professores na perspectiva de EducaçãoAmbientaI. O tratamento metodológica circunscreveu-se na investigação qualitativa e a partir daí desenvolveu-seum estudo de caso. Os estabelecimentosde ensino seleccionadospara o estudo de caso foram as Escolas Secundárias do Dondo e de Mafambisse, no distrito do Dondo, província de Sofala em Moçambique. Trata-se de duas escolas com características gemi-ruraise as únicas que ministram o 10ciclo do Ensino SecundárioGeral no distrito do Dondo (até ao ano 2005). Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que o discurso ambiental curricular não se rei1ecte de fonna notória no discurso dos professores e no dos pais e encarregados de educação e este último reflecte a forma como as comunidades locais se organizam e se relacionam com a Natureza. O discurso ambiental dos alunos reflecte o discurso ambiental dos professores. A fonnação de professores com elevado domínio sobre as questões ambientais afigura-se como a condição fundamental para que o discurso ambiental curricular se possa reflectir no discurso ambiental das comunidades. A investigação pretende contribuir para melhoria do desempenho da escola no contexto da Educação Ambiental das comunidades locais. A escola deve ser responsável pela educação do indivíduo e consequentemente da sociedade, uma vez que há o repasse de informações e conhecimentos e isso gera um sistema dinâmico e abrangente a todos

<p>There is a growing interplay of competing realities facing the international community in the general areas of innovation, technological advancement and overall economic development. The highly industrialised wealthy nations, largely located on the Northern hemisphere are on the one hand undoubtedly at the forefront in global research, technology and infrastructure development. The developing and least developed countries on the other hand are mostly situated on the Southern hemisphere. They are not as wealthy or technologically advanced as their&nbsp / Northern counterparts, but are naturally endowed with unique variations of plant, animal and micro-organism species occurring in natural ecosystems, as well as the traditional knowledge on&nbsp / how to use these unique species. This knowledge has been adjudged to be responsible for the sustainable maintenance of the earth&rsquo / s biodiversity. Increasing exploitation of biodiversity,&nbsp / spurred on by the competing realities identified above, has left the earth in a present state of alarm with respect to the uncontrolled loss of biodiversity. The traditional knowledge of local&nbsp / peoples has significantly offered leads to research institutes from the North in developing major advancements in drugs, cosmetics and agriculture. Little or no compensation has however been seen to go back to the indigenous&nbsp / communities and countries that provide resources, and indicate various possibilities through their traditional knowledge to the use of such resources. Efforts by some biodiversity rich countries to&nbsp / ddress this trend through legislation developed in accordance with the principles of the Convention on Biological Diversity have been frustrated due to the inability to enforce their domestic laws outside their borders. Theft of genetic resources and its associated traditional knowledge&nbsp / from such countries has therefore remained a major challenge. Against this backdrop, and on the&nbsp / insistence of biodiversity-rich developing countries, an international regime on access and benefit sharing was negotiated and its final text adopted in 2010. This international regime is as&nbsp / contained in the Nagoya Protocol. This research sets out to examine whether the Nagoya Protocol offers a final solution to the protection of traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity in&nbsp / biodiverse countries. It further examines the importance of domestic legislation in achieving the objectives of the Protocol. The research has been tailored to African biodiverse countries, and&nbsp / seeks these answers within the context of Africa.<br /> &nbsp / </p>

<p>There is a growing interplay of competing realities facing the international community in the general areas of innovation, technological advancement and overall economic development. The highly industrialised wealthy nations, largely located on the Northern hemisphere are on the one hand undoubtedly at the forefront in global research, technology and infrastructure development. The developing and least developed countries on the other hand are mostly situated on the Southern hemisphere. They are not as wealthy or technologically advanced as their&nbsp / Northern counterparts, but are naturally endowed with unique variations of plant, animal and micro-organism species occurring in natural ecosystems, as well as the traditional knowledge on&nbsp / how to use these unique species. This knowledge has been adjudged to be responsible for the sustainable maintenance of the earth&rsquo / s biodiversity. Increasing exploitation of biodiversity,&nbsp / spurred on by the competing realities identified above, has left the earth in a present state of alarm with respect to the uncontrolled loss of biodiversity. The traditional knowledge of local&nbsp / peoples has significantly offered leads to research institutes from the North in developing major advancements in drugs, cosmetics and agriculture. Little or no compensation has however been seen to go back to the indigenous&nbsp / communities and countries that provide resources, and indicate various possibilities through their traditional knowledge to the use of such resources. Efforts by some biodiversity rich countries to&nbsp / ddress this trend through legislation developed in accordance with the principles of the Convention on Biological Diversity have been frustrated due to the inability to enforce their domestic laws outside their borders. Theft of genetic resources and its associated traditional knowledge&nbsp / from such countries has therefore remained a major challenge. Against this backdrop, and on the&nbsp / insistence of biodiversity-rich developing countries, an international regime on access and benefit sharing was negotiated and its final text adopted in 2010. This international regime is as&nbsp / contained in the Nagoya Protocol. This research sets out to examine whether the Nagoya Protocol offers a final solution to the protection of traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity in&nbsp / biodiverse countries. It further examines the importance of domestic legislation in achieving the objectives of the Protocol. The research has been tailored to African biodiverse countries, and&nbsp / seeks these answers within the context of Africa.<br /> &nbsp / </p>

Submitted by JOAQUIM NOTICE null (jonotice@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-12-19T15:17:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOAQUIM NOTICE_TESE IGCE UNESP.pdf: 13535830 bytes, checksum: d5599a7623394733758b73d7e516a24c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Aparecida Puerta null (dripuerta@rc.unesp.br) on 2017-12-19T18:10:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 notice_j_dr_rcla.pdf: 13535853 bytes, checksum: f853cc8c929efcbfca0c1bbd3e6891cd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-19T18:10:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 notice_j_dr_rcla.pdf: 13535853 bytes, checksum: f853cc8c929efcbfca0c1bbd3e6891cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-10 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Esta pesquisa resulta da perspectiva de verificação dos efeitos degradantes da ação das mineradoras concessionadas para a exploração do carvão em Moatize, Moçambique, com objetivo de analisar os impactos adversos sobre as comunidades locais de Cateme, fruto da relação direta entre livrar-se da pobreza que o país se encontra mergulhado desde a sua independência, e o quadro legal do processo em território moçambicano, que envolvessem investimentos privados, nacionais e estrangeiros, suscetíveis de contribuir para o desenvolvimento e o bem-estar social do país. A hipótese é de que as comunidades locais de Moatize acreditam na possibilidade do aparecimento de mais empresas, tal como a Vale Moçambique, para a extração dos recursos naturais nos seus lugares de origem, gerando assim piores condições de vida para elas. A metodologia do interacionismo simbólico, articulado principalmente por uma abordagem etnográfica, nos permitiu junto das populações abrangidas pelo processo de reassentamento em Cateme, mesmo nas cidades de Moatize e Tete, constatar a situação deplorável derivada da exploração desequilibrada e não sustentável do carvão na província de Tete. Diante disso, como forma de oferecer informações para o resgate da concordância e o conforto das comunidades locais, trabalhamos com a presente tese, fundamentados nas teorias de resiliência de comunidades e dos sistemas socioecológicos, justificada no contexto de um processo atual que envolve a superação de condições adversas das comunidades locais em suas vidas, fortalencendo os processos de resiliência comunitária. Entendemos, ao partirmos deste estudo, buscar uma relação socioecológica mais justa e responsável, contemplando a sustentabilidade das diversas comunidades locais, por meio de uma gestão ambiental participativa e adaptativa, integrando as instituções governamentais, as multinacionais e a população, na tomada de decisões e de políticas públicas voltadas à conservação dos recursos naturais e à preservação das raízes socioculturais tradicionais, cooperando no desenvolvimento da resiliência das comunidades envolvidas, a fim de proporcionar uma qualidade de vida e ambiental adequada para a população em Moçambique, diante das transformações referentes às multifuncionalidades de suas paisagens. / This research results from the perspective of verifying the degrading effects of coal mining operations in Moatize, Mozambique, in order to analyze the adverse impacts on the local communities of Cateme, as a result of the direct relationship between getting rid of poverty The country has been immersed since its independence and the legal framework of the process, in Mozambican territory, involving private investments, national and foreign, likely to contribute to the development and social welfare of the country. The hypothesis is that the local communities of Moatize believe in the possibility of the appearance of more companies, such as Vale Moçambique, to extract natural resources in their places of origin, thus generating worse living conditions for them. The methodology of symbolic interactionism, articulated mainly by an ethnographic approach, allowed the populations affected by the resettlement process in Cateme, even in the cities of Moatize and Tete, to note the deplorable situation derived from the unbalanced and unsustainable exploitation of coal in the province of Tete. Therefore, as a way to offer informations to the recovery of the concordance and comfort of local communities, we work with the present thesis, based on the resilience theories of communities and socioecological systems, justified in the context of a current process that involves overcoming conditions Local communities in their lives, strengthening community resilience processes. We intend to seek a more just and responsible socioecological relationship, taking into account the sustainability of the various local communities, through participatory and adaptive environmental management, integrating governmental institutions, multinationals and the population, in decision-making and of public policies aimed at the conservation of natural resources and the preservation of traditional socio-cultural roots, cooperating in the development of the resilience of the communities involved, in order to provide a suitable quality of life and environmental for the population in Mozambique, in face of the transformations regarding the multifunctional Its landscapes. / CNPq: 190668/2013-0

Submitted by Daniele Santos (danielesantos.htl@gmail.com) on 2016-04-18T19:30:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jaynet_RESEARCH PAPER THESIS - FINAL VERSION JAYNET D KABILA Oct 2015-EDITED NOV 1.pdf: 3372745 bytes, checksum: 901303b3261ac5801e2bdfef15a9d438 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2016-06-02T14:24:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Jaynet_RESEARCH PAPER THESIS - FINAL VERSION JAYNET D KABILA Oct 2015-EDITED NOV 1.pdf: 3372745 bytes, checksum: 901303b3261ac5801e2bdfef15a9d438 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2016-06-06T17:44:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Jaynet_RESEARCH PAPER THESIS - FINAL VERSION JAYNET D KABILA Oct 2015-EDITED NOV 1.pdf: 3372745 bytes, checksum: 901303b3261ac5801e2bdfef15a9d438 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-06T17:44:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jaynet_RESEARCH PAPER THESIS - FINAL VERSION JAYNET D KABILA Oct 2015-EDITED NOV 1.pdf: 3372745 bytes, checksum: 901303b3261ac5801e2bdfef15a9d438 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-26 / Purpose – This case study presents an impact assessment of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs of the TFM Company in order to understand how they contribute to the sustainable development of communities in areas in which they operate. Design/Methodology/Approach - Data for this study was collected using qualitative data methods that included semi-structured interviews and Focus Group Discussions most of them audio and video recorded. Documentary analysis and a field visit were also undertaken for the purpose of quality analysis of the CSR programs on the terrain. Data collected was analyzed using the Seven Questions to sustainability (7Qs) framework, an evaluation tool developed by the Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development (MMSD) North America chapter. Content analysis method was on the other hand used to examine the interviews and FGDs of the study participants. Findings - Results shows that CSR programs of TFM SA do contribute to community development, as there have been notable changes in the communities’ living conditions. But whether they have contributed to sustainable development is not yet the case as programs that enhance the capacity of communities and other stakeholders to support these projects development beyond the implementation stage and the mines operation lifetime need to be considered and implemented. Originality/Value – In DRC, there is paucity of information of research studies that focus on impact assessment of CSR programs in general and specifically those of mining companies and their contribution to sustainable development of local communities. Many of the available studies cover issues of minerals and conflict or conflict minerals as mostly referred to. This study addressees this gap.