This is an architectural thesis on weaving. The city is a massive textile, a patchwork of buildings, infrastructure and people. We alter the urban environment within the confines established by lot lines, streets and zoning similar to the weft on a loom, conforming to the rules of the warp. The proposed design aims to incorporate the demands of a globalized world while retaining the identity and scale of the traditional Washington building type - the rowhouse. The architectural project, located near Fourteenth and U Streets, Northwest, in Washington, DC is a hybrid of programs - a textile school, a gallery and bar for the Textile Museum, artist studios, a restaurant, leaseable space for offices and residences as well as a public garden. This complex design reflects the evolving nature of cities and a building's ability to adapt to new demands and technology; similar to the ancient art of weaving's ability to transcend centuries of evolution while retaining its inherent qualities. / Master of Architecture

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Materials are a significant aspect of architectural design, the construction components are selected for their availability, location, cultural meaning, physical characteristics and properties. The construction components are defined by their processes of fabrication and making. This thesis investigates processes of making utilizing local materials. It focuses on the relationship between raw material, fabrication, building application and spatial experiences. The proposed site is the former brickyard located outside Bridgetown, Nova Scotia, Canada. Material excavation, fabrication, and construction will all take place on-site. Through material studies, site strategies, and phased program development, it is hoped that an architectural language has been generated that successfully represents the potentials of developing underutilized locally sources material.

Unrest has been going on in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo for several years. People live in refugee camps or temporary shelters, and children do not attend school for several years. Now it seems that the situation is calming down, so there could be an opportunity for change. The aim of the work is to design a school for Buleosa village in a cooperation with the local ranger Alain Hamisi Mitondo, with whom I have been communicated during the course. The school project is supported by Buleosa‘s management and locals. Everyone in the community should be involved in the construction, because above all they should benefit from the school. I know that it is not possible to build a European-type building here, but rather to combine knowledge of these two worlds with the use of local materials. The simplicity of such a project is fundamental, because it will involve more different people, even without the slightest experience.

[pt] Esta dissertação apresenta um debate sobre a técnica que aproveita os materiais disponíveis no local. Este debate começa pelo próprio conceito de técnica e pela ideia de progresso técnico, para se esclarecer mais sobre a natureza da técnica que estamos pesquisando. Diferentes movimentos que se relacionam à técnica que estamos pesquisando são apresentados, como a tecnologia apropriada, a permacultura e a arquitetura popular tradicional. O objeto de estudo é a construção em terra crua, bambu e fibras naturais, que são os materiais pesquisados no Laboratório de Investigação em Living Design (LILD). É utilizada a metodologia prática deste laboratório e sua experiência prévia com técnicas que trabalham com estes materiais para dar prosseguimento à investigação. / [en] This dissertation presents a discussion on the technique that uses materials available on site. This discussion begins with the concept of technique and the idea of technical progress, to further clarify the nature of the technique that we are researching. Different movements that relate to the technique that we are researching are presented, such as appropriate technology, permaculture and traditional folk architecture. The object of investigation is buildings with mud, bamboo and natural fibers, which are the materials studied by the Laboratório de Investigação em Living Design (LILD). This study uses the practical methodology of the laboratory and its previous experience with techniques that work with these materials to continue the investigation.

Le bâtiment est l'un des secteurs les plus consommateurs d'énergie et producteurs de CO2 au monde. Au Maroc, ce secteur représente actuellement 33% de la consommation totale d’énergie à l'échelle nationale. Le nouveau règlement thermique au Maroc vise à introduire des pratiques éco énergétiques dans ce secteur pour réduire ces consommations. En effet, dans la région méditerranéenne, l’architecture du bâtiment a un impact primordial sur sa performance énergétique et thermique. Par ailleurs, l’intégration des techniques passives et l’utilisation des matériaux locaux pourraient réduire considérablement la consommation d’énergie dans le secteur du bâtiment. C’est dans ce contexte que se situe cette thèse de doctorat dont l’objectif est d’évaluer la capacité de rafraîchissement de quelques techniques passives pour la protection solaire des toitures et de montrer l’importance de l’utilisation des matériaux naturels locaux dans le climat chaud et semi-aride de Marrakech. En effet, trois techniques passives de rafraîchissement de l'air dans les bâtiments sont testées dans des conditions climatiques réelles dans la ville de Marrakech. Les techniques passives, à savoir la peinture blanche, l'ombrage et l'isolation thermique, sont appliquées sur les toits de trois cellules test métalliques placées à l’extérieur. Les performances thermiques de ces techniques sont évaluées simultanément via un monitoring de 29 jours d’été de quatre cellules test identiques, dont une cellule test de référence à toit nu (sans traitement). Ces cellules test ne représentent pas des bâtiments réels là où nous pouvons mener une étude approfondie. Pour cela, nous avons construit un bâtiment réel qui représente une salle de classe dans le milieu rural du Sud marocain, et ceci en utilisant des matériaux naturels et en intégrant des techniques passives dans la toiture. Les performances thermiques et énergétiques des mêmes techniques sont évaluées par le biais des simulations thermiques dynamiques sur l’outil TRNSYS ainsi qu’une étude expérimentale. / The building is one of the most energy-consuming and CO2-producing sectors in the world. Nowadays, this sector accounts for 33% of total energy consumption in Morocco. The new thermal regulation in Morocco aims to introduce eco-energy practices in this sector to reduce this consumption. Indeed, in the Mediterranean region, building architecture has a major impact on its energy and thermal performance. In addition, the integration of passive techniques and the use of local materials could significantly reduce energy consumption in the building sector. In this context where this thesis is located and whose objective is to evaluate the cooling capacity of some passive techniques for the solar protection of roofs and to show the importance of the use of local natural materials in the hot and semi-arid climate of Marrakech. Indeed, three passive cooling techniques are tested in real conditions in the Marrakech region. Passive techniques, namely white paint, shading and thermal insulation, are applied to the roofs of three outside test cells. The thermal performances of these techniques are evaluated simultaneously via a 29-day summer monitoring of four identical test cells, including a bare roof reference test cell (without treatment). Small scale test cells do not represent real buildings where an in-depth study can be conducted. To remedy this, we built a single-zone building that represents a classroom in rural region in southern Morocco, using natural materials and incorporating passive techniques into the roof. The thermal and energetic performances of the same techniques are evaluated by means of dynamic thermal simulations on TRNSYS as well as an experimental study.

Egg consumption in Sweden is very high, which means a lot of egg shells are thrown out. For example the average swede consumes about 350 eggs every year. In this thesis I have investigated how eggshells can be applied in new areas as a resource, and I want to inspire the reader and encourage them to rethink what is called waste. Is it really waste or a possible resource? The work began with literature search, interviews and a survey to understand people's views on eggshells. I have concluded that not a lot of people know what eggshells are made of, and what they are used for. In a literature search I came across many scientific articles on eggshells. According to King’ori (2011) eggshells are used as fertilizers, used in medicine, cosmetic surgery, and dental care, calcium supplements, in the food industry and in crafts. When eggshell is thrown as food waste it creates problems in recycling stations, the eggshell is like sediment and lies at the bottom of tanks and pipes. The recycling staff have to perform additional work when cleaning tanks and pipes as eggshells are like sediment and lay at the bottom. The staff have to manually shoot out eggshells with many other useful materials that could have been digested and become biogas. This is an exploratory thesis where I investigate the material eggshell through a material-driven design process to find new sustainable uses. I follow the material-driven design process method by Karana et al.( 2015) plus my own added steps during the process. Material driven design process is a process where designers use a material to find the attributes of the material. These are then presented in new contexts or already existing contexts, this means that the material on the existing product can be replaced. This differs from traditional design, where the material is chosen based on wanted attributes. This report will give you an understanding of the material-driven design process-method and how I have carried out a material-driven design process, to develop different material properties of eggshells. The report ends with a concluding discussion and presents new eggshell-based materials that I have produced in the form of a demonstrator. It is a book which has two different materials, a hard material and a paper material which are combined and put together with a steel thread. I will also share my knowledge about eggshells and what potential it has in the future.

Under den andra stenbyggnadsperioden på Gotland började bönderna på landsbygden att bygga sina hus utav sten. De hade egna stenbrott där de kunde bryta både byggnadssten och sten till kalkbränning. Stenen brände de i milor eller husbehovsugnar. Även ekonomibyggnaderna uppfördes i sten på Gotland, detta är unikt i ett svenskt och nordiskt sammanhang. Murbruksprover från tio ekonomibyggnader har samlats in, alla gårdarna belägna i det stora kalkstensbältet på norra Gotland. Området är intressant att studera eftersom kalkbruksindustrin växte sig så stor här. En okulär besiktning av murbruksproverna i fält har genomförts, där provets kulör noterats och murbrukets innehåll av exempelvis sand och kalkklumpar med mera beskrivits. Det har tillverkats tunnslip av murbruksproverna för att på djupet kunna analysera dess innehåll och sammansättning. Genom analyserna kan vi spåra hur kalkbrukstraditionerna sett ut ute på landsbygden och vilka lokala traditioner som finns. Resultatet visar att stenen från Lärbroområdet har varierande kvalitet och egenskaper, där både ren och mer eller mindre oren sten bränts och nyttjats i kalkputs och kalkfärg. Stenen har gett ett kalkbruk med vissa orenheter i kalkpastan och inslag av ballastbildande hydrauliska korn, som inte gett bruket andra egenskaper än att det kan räknas som ett luftkalkbruk. Denna kalken är karakteristisk för gården i Vägume, där även en svagt hydraulisk kalk har dokumenterats. Denna har man dock behövt torrsläcka för att kunna göra bruk av den. En grynig luftkalk i vissa fall med inslag av hydrauliska ballastkorn ses också i bruksproverna från Hägvide i Lärbro, Stora Ire i Hellvi och vid Lunderhage i Fleringe där även ren kalkpasta använts. Gotland är känd för sin rena feta luftkalk, så som kan ses i proverna från Risungs i Rute, Gaustäde i Bunge och på Fårö. Det är därför intressant att se att svagt hydraulisk sten använts på Gotland och att de som haft tillgången till denna stenen lärt sig använda den. Hydraulisk kalk fanns även i ett av bruksproverna från Angelbos, denna var starkt hydraulisk och skulle kunna vara ett KC-bruk, eftersom de hydrauliska partiklarna näst intill är glasartade så som klinker. Blandningsförhållandet ligger generellt på 1:2 men även magrare och kalkrikare bruksblandningar förekommer i de undersökta proverna. Proverna är förhållandevis kompakta. I Rute och Bunge har man blandat fetare bruk, de flesta bruksproverna visar ett blandningsförhållande omkring 1:1, vissa något magrare. I Bunge påträffades troligen ett medeltida bruk, det var mycket kalkrikt, innehöll lite sand och många kalkklumpar som delvis bildade ballast. Fetare än 1:1. Det är en kalk som lagrats över länger tid och kan mycket väl ha jordsläckts. Denna traditionen ser vi inte i de andra bruksproverna där kalken släckts och använts direkt. Ballasten i näst intill samtliga bruksprover är mycket finkornig, omkring 0,5 mm och mindre. Inslag av större sandkorn förekommer med även dessa är små. Kalkklumparnas storlek varierar mycket från mm stora korn till 1 cm. De största mellan 2 – 3 cm. Ett modernare inslag och förhållningssätt till bruksblandning påträffades vid Risungs i Rute. Här har luftporbildare tillsatts vilket resulterat i ett bruk med ett kollapsat porsystem som ger dålig beständighet. Kontrasten är stor jämfört med de äldre feta och kompakta 1:1 bruken från Risungs.  Två av proverna innehöll större mängd lera. I provet från Vägume kommer lerinnehållet troligen från sanden som i delar av området är rik på lera, det är det enda provet som kan räknas som ett lerblandat kalkbruk i studien. Detta visar att även sanden kan skilja rätt mycket lokalt inom ett litet område som i sin tur ger bruk med olika egenskaper. I provet från Hägvide ses inslag av tegelröda partiklar som kommer av lerlager i den brända kalkstenen. Den tegelröda kulören kommer av att leran innehåller järnmineraler. I spritputsen har enbart kalk och naturgrus nyttjats, vilket är något ovanligt eftersom det gärna tillsätts lite sand även i spritputs. Det skulle kunna bero på att kalken i sig bidrar med ballast i form av kalkklumpar som gjort att sanden setts på som onödig. En regional variant som setts i flera av de analyserade bruksproverna. Studien visar att lokala material använts under den andra stenbyggnadsperioden på Gotland och att stenförekomsten har lokala variationer i och mellan socknarna, vilket gör att lokala traditioner kan utskiljas. Sanden är i större utsträckning av samma typ i de undersökta områdena, medans det i Vägume nyttjats både lerblandad sand och ren finkornig sand. Blandningsförhållandet generellt är omkring 1:2 vilket överensstämmer det nationala förhållningssättet som kom utöver 1700-talet. Så sätt skiljer sig Risungs och Gaustäde ut där traditionen för något fetare kalkbruk levt kvar. Vägumes lokala tradition där svagt hydraulisk kalk och grynig kalk med inslag av hydrauliska partiklar använts är därför intressant. / During the second stone building period on Gotland, the farmers in the countryside began to build their houses out of stone. They had their own quarries where they could mine both building stone and stone for lime burning. They burned the stone in lime kilns or household furnaces. The agricultural buildings were also built in stone on Gotland, this is unique in a Swedish and Nordic context. Mortar samples from ten agricultural buildings have been collected, they are all located in the large limestone belt in northern Gotland. This area is interesting to study because of the expansion in the lime industry here. An ocular inspection of the mortar samples was carried out during the field studies, where the colour of the sample was noted as well as the mortars content of, for example sand and lime lumps etc. Thin sections were made from the mortar samples in order to be able to analyse its content and composition. Through analysis we gained knowledge about the lime mortar traditions in the countryside and their local traditions.   The results shows that the stone from the Lärbro area has varying quality and properties, where both clean and more or less impure stone was burned and used in lime render and lime wash. The stone has given us a lime mortar with certain impurities in lime paste and elements of hydraulic grains forming aggregate. This type of lime is characteristic for the studied area in Vägume, where a sub hydraulic lime also where documented. The sub hydraulic one would have to be dry slaked in order to use it in mortar. A grainy lime in some cases with elements of hydraulic grains is also seen in the mortar samples from Hägvide in Lärbro, Stora Ire in Hellvi and at Lunderhage in Fleringe where pure lime paste also were used. Gotland is known for its pure and lime rich slime, as can be seen in the samples from Risungs in Rute, Gaustäde I Bunge and at Fårö. Its therefore interesting to see that sub hydraulic lime has been used on Gotland. Hydraulic lime was also found in one of the samples from Angelbos, where the amount of hydraulic binder was high, it could in fact be a KC-mortar, the hydraulic particles remind of clinker. The mixing ratio is generally 1:2, although leaner and more lime rich mortars occur in the examined samples. The mortars are relatively compact. In Runte and Bunge, the lime mortars appear to be fatter, most of the samples show a mixing ratio of around 1:1, some slightly leaner. In Bunge, a medieval mortar was probably found. It was extremely lime rich, containing little sand and many lumps of lime which partly formed aggregate. Fatter than 1:1. The lime that’s been used in this mortar has been stored for a long time and were probably earth slaked. We do not see this tradition in the other mortar samples where the lime was slaked and used directly. The aggregate in almost all of the mortars is very fine-grained sand, with a grain size around 0,5 mm and smaller. Elements of larger sand grains occur. The size of the lime limps varies greatly from mm-sized grains to 1 cm. The largest between 2-3 cm.  A more modern element and approach to traditional lime mortar was found in one of the samples from Risungs in Rute, where air entraining agent has been added. Resulting in a mortar with a collapsed pore system that gives the mortar poor durability. The contrast I great compared to the older lime rich and compact 1:1 mortars from Risungs.  Another interesting result showed that two of the samples contained larger amounts of clay. In the sample from Vägume the sand itself contained clay, which can be seen in parts of the area. This is the only clay-mixed lime mortar in the study. This shows that even the sand can differ quite a lot within a small area, which in turn produces mortars with different properties. In the sample from Hägvide, elements of brick-red particles can be seen in the thin section. This comes from layers of clay in the burnt lime stone. The brick-red colour comes from a clay containing iron minerals.  In the type of lime render that creates a granulated surface, only lime and see gravel have been used, which is somewhat unusual because a little amount of sand is often added. Maybe the sand was seen as unnecessary because the lime itself contributes with aggregate through the lime lumps. A regional variant seen in several of the analysed mortar samples.   The study shows that local materials were used during the second stone building period on Gotland, and that the stone that’s been used has local variations within and between the parishes, which means that local traditions can be distinguished. The sand is to a greater extent of the same type in the investigated areas, while in Vägume both clay-mixed sand and pure fine-grained sand were used. The mixing ratio is generally around 1:2, which corresponds to the national approach that came beyond the 18th century. This is how Risungs and Gaustäde stands out, where the tradition of somewhat fatter lime mortar has survived. Vägumes local tradition where sub hydraulic lime and gritty lime with elements of hydraulic particles were used is therefore interesting.