Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:23:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Olivia P Pinese.pdf: 2123287 bytes, checksum: 99e595cec57e6cc0a2ec39d6250b54b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-13 / One of the oldest and best known global biological patterns in ecology is the latitudinal gradient of richness, characterized by a decrease in the number of species from Equator toward the poles. Several hypotheses, even today, attempt to explain the variation that occurs in the pattern of diversity of many animal and plants. Despite the advances that have been followed in Biogeography and Macroecology in recent decades, studies on biodiversity at a global scale have yet targeted mainly terrestrial and marine groups. This study presented three main objectives, first, to create a representative database of continental zooplankton diversity at global scale, that could demonstrate the distribution of richness patterns for their major groups (Total Zooplankton, Microcrustacea, Copepoda, Cladocera, Rotifera); second, to analyze the adequacy of global richness data to the Metabolic Theory of Ecology (MTE); and third, to establish the balance between local and regional components which determined the observed gradients. In this research, data collection was made from scientific papers concerning the diversity of continental zooplankton around the world. The sampling methodology effect on richness data was controlled through regressions, whose residuals were assumed as being the corrected richness. Latitudinal patterns analyses were performed with the corrected richness, developing latitudinal distribution graphs and global maps with color-weighted richness. The MTE was tested basically by analyzing the adequacy of the theory to angular coefficients, generated by multiple regressions between logarithm of raw richness, temperature (1/kT) and methodological variables. The contribution of local and regional components in determining richness was accessed through partial regressions. The results showed variation in the latitudinal patterns observed for different groups of zooplankton. Zooplanktonic crustaceans diversity peaked outside of Equator, while Rotifera diversity showed the classic latitudinal gradient, often found for many organisms around the world. Concerning the MTE, all groups showed different patterns from the one predicted by the theory. The local components were more crucial for crustaceans diversity while the regional components most strongly influenced total zooplankton richness and rotifers, which corroborates the observed results of latitudinal global patterns. This work represents a viable macroecological approach for access diversity patterns of biological groups whose taxonomic data and global geographical coverage about diversity knowledge are scarce, as they are for continental zooplankton organisms. / Um dos padrões biológicos globais mais antigos e conhecidos em Ecologia é o do gradiente latitudinal de riqueza, caracterizado pela diminuição no número de espécies do Equador em direção aos polos. Várias hipóteses, ainda hoje, tentam explicar esta variação, que ocorre no padrão de diversidade de muitos organismos animais e vegetais. Apesar dos avanços que se seguiram em Biogeografia e Macroecologia nas últimas décadas, estudos sobre biodiversidade em escala global ainda atentam-se principalmente para grupos terrestres e marinhos. O presente estudo apresentou três objetivos principais, primeiramente, construir um banco de dados representativo da diversidade do zooplâncton continental em escala global, capaz de demonstrar os padrões de distribuição de riqueza de espécies para seus principais grupos (Zooplâncton Total, Microcrustacea, Copepoda, Cladocera, Rotifera); segundo, analisar a adequabilidade dos dados de riqueza globais à Teoria Metabólica da Ecologia (Metabolic Theory of Ecology - MTE); e terceiro, estabelecer um balanço entre os componentes locais e regionais responsáveis pelos gradientes observados. A coleta de informações para a realização do trabalho foi feita a partir de publicações científicas sobre a diversidade do zooplâncton continental em todo o mundo. O efeito da metodologia de amostragem nos dados de riqueza foi controlado através de regressões, cujos resíduos foram utilizados como sendo a riqueza corrigida. As análises dos padrões latitudinais foram efetuadas a partir da riqueza corrigida, por meio da construção de gráficos de distribuição por latitudes e de mapas globais com a riqueza ponderada por cores. A MTE foi testada, basicamente, analisando-se a adequação da teoria aos valores dos coeficientes angulares gerados através de regressões múltiplas entre o logaritmo da riqueza bruta, a temperatura (1/kT) e as variáveis metodológicas. A contribuição dos componentes locais e regionais na determinação da riqueza foi acessada por meio de regressões parciais. Os resultados mostraram variação nos padrões latitudinais observados para os diferentes grupos do zooplâncton. Crustáceos zooplanctônicos apresentaram picos de diversidade fora do Equador, enquanto que a diversidade de Rotifera apresentou o gradiente latitudinal clássico, frequentemente encontrado para muitos organismos no mundo. Quanto à MTE, todos os grupos analisados apresentaram padrões diferentes do previsto pela teoria. Os componentes locais foram mais determinantes para a diversidade de Crustáceos e os componentes regionais influenciaram mais fortemente a riqueza de Zooplâncton Total e de Rotifera, o que condiz com os resultados observados para os padrões globais latitudinalmente. Este trabalho representa uma abordagem Macroecológica viável para o acesso de padrões de diversidade de grupos biológicos cujas informações taxonômicas e cobertura geográfica global do conhecimento sobre a diversidade ainda são escassos, como são para os organismos do zooplâncton continental.

The dissertation is about a community made up of settlers. Nova Ramada is determined by an intensive agricultural production work force constituted by the family. The presence of this new core in a given spatial municipal spatial circumstances has caused profound changes on the current rural landscape. The constituted social set has met, over twenty years, different times of economic production and social reproduction, moments that solidified the socioeconomic relations and contributed to the change in food production and its availability in the urban city, by offering new products and ensuring the supply of the urban population; moreover, promoting the emergence of initiatives that transform the products both in rural as in urban areas. At first, the need to produce to survive and obtain additional income secured forms of subsistence production and the market. Today, the option is to produce to achieve higher productivity gains through specialization. The use of added work on land and in complementary activities takes place incorporating technological mechanisms, with the use of machinery and planting techniques, seed and soil management. This production model, which guides the agricultural activities, has allowed transformations of the rural landscape. Today, Nova Ramada can be considered a place made up of family farmers, with intensive and diversified production, technology aggregator and serving the local market, and even to a regional level, promoting behavioral changes of the urban market and the local consumer society. / A dissertação trata de uma comunidade constituída por assentados. Nova Ramada se determina por uma produção agropecuária intensiva de trabalho constituído pela força familiar. A presença deste novo núcleo em uma dada espacialidade municipal causou profundas transformações espaciais determinadoras da atual paisagem rural. O conjunto social constituído conheceu, ao longo de vinte anos, diferentes momentos de produção econômica e reprodução social, momentos que solidificaram as relações socioeconômicas e contribuíram para a alteração da produção alimentar e sua disponibilidade no conjunto municipal urbano, através da oferta de novos produtos e garantindo o abastecimento da população urbana além de promover o surgimento de iniciativas transformadoras dos produtos quer na zona rural como na urbana. Nos primeiros tempos, a necessidade de produzir para a sobrevivência e obtenção de renda adicional garantiu formas de produção de subsistência e para o mercado. Hoje, a opção maior é a de produzir para alcançar ganhos de produtividade por meio da especialização. O emprego do mais-trabalho na terra e nas atividades complementares se realiza, hoje, incorporando mecanismos tecnológicos, com o emprego de máquinas e de técnicas de plantio, sementes e manejo do solo. Este modelo de produção, que norteia as atividades agrícolas, tem permitido transformações da paisagem rural. Hoje, Nova Ramada pode ser considerada uma ruralidade constituída por agricultores familiares, na forma de produtores familiares, com produção intensiva e diversificada, agregadora de tecnologias e atendendo ao mercado local e até regional, promotora de mudanças comportamentais do mercado urbano e do consumo da sociedade local.

<p>The variety of fish species found at the archaeological sites indicates the exploitation of local and regional ecosystems. The focus of the fisheries varies from site to site. </p><p> The study is based on the analyses of faunal materials from 10 archaeological sites from Eastern Middle Sweden, Gotland, and Åland dating to approximately 3800 – 1850 B.C. The mainland assemblages are mainly burnt and highly fragmented. When comparing burnt and unburnt bone materials, results showed a marked predominance of fish specimens within the unburnt assemblages. The burnt bone materials showed a striking preponderance of marine mammals. The burning process impairs identification and quantification of fishbone. Species presence per context complemented summary data and showed that low and medium frequency species were handled more often than summary data indicate. Intra-site studies of burnt bones demonstrated the importance of detailed studies of the taphonomic history of the faunal assemblages.</p><p> At Ajvide on the island of Gotland, large amounts of well preserved unburnt faunal remains, and ca. 600 bone fishhooks have been unearthed. Replicas of fishhooks from this assemblage were subjected to strength test, osteometric, morphological, and breakage studies. Results point to an elaborated fishing technology for capturing medium sized cod. Incremental studies of cod otoliths (ear stones) from Ajvide showed that most cod were captured in fall and winter. A comparison with the contemporaneous Jettböle site on the Åland islands, showed that in general smaller cod and herring were captured there. </p><p> The ecological conditions were somewhat different during the Neolithic. The growth pattern for cod indicate a more rapid growth for young cod but with a lower asymptotic length compared to modern cod.</p>

The variety of fish species found at the archaeological sites indicates the exploitation of local and regional ecosystems. The focus of the fisheries varies from site to site. The study is based on the analyses of faunal materials from 10 archaeological sites from Eastern Middle Sweden, Gotland, and Åland dating to approximately 3800 – 1850 B.C. The mainland assemblages are mainly burnt and highly fragmented. When comparing burnt and unburnt bone materials, results showed a marked predominance of fish specimens within the unburnt assemblages. The burnt bone materials showed a striking preponderance of marine mammals. The burning process impairs identification and quantification of fishbone. Species presence per context complemented summary data and showed that low and medium frequency species were handled more often than summary data indicate. Intra-site studies of burnt bones demonstrated the importance of detailed studies of the taphonomic history of the faunal assemblages. At Ajvide on the island of Gotland, large amounts of well preserved unburnt faunal remains, and ca. 600 bone fishhooks have been unearthed. Replicas of fishhooks from this assemblage were subjected to strength test, osteometric, morphological, and breakage studies. Results point to an elaborated fishing technology for capturing medium sized cod. Incremental studies of cod otoliths (ear stones) from Ajvide showed that most cod were captured in fall and winter. A comparison with the contemporaneous Jettböle site on the Åland islands, showed that in general smaller cod and herring were captured there. The ecological conditions were somewhat different during the Neolithic. The growth pattern for cod indicate a more rapid growth for young cod but with a lower asymptotic length compared to modern cod.

This thesis deals with an analysis of the economic performance of the Pardubice region and with an evaluation of a selected regional development project. It is divided into two parts. Firstly, the historical development and the current status of local governance in the Czech Republic are defined in the theoretical part. Further, the definition of regional policy with the emphasis on the role of the region in regional development is provided. Final section of the theoretical part is dedicated to the financial aspects of local governance, particularly to detailed description of the income and expenditure components of the budget. The analytical part of this thesis begins with the characteristics of the Pardubice region, especially from the geographical and socio-economic perspectives and continues with the analysis of economic performance of the Pardubice region in the period 2011 -- 2013. A comparison of the indebtedness of this region with other regions and the national average is added. Final part of the thesis provides an assessment of the selected regional development project called "Effective Public Administration and Friendly Public Services -- Smart Administration".

Research on sustainability, multi-level governance, and public transport has shown increasingattention to how the purpose of the transport system is framed and has generally advocatedshifting the focus of transport planning and policy from physical infrastructure to mobility andaccessibility on the local scale. Using multi-level governance theory, this research examines theimpact of multi-level governance on potential problems of public transport by analysing theinteraction between public transport's formal/informal actors, policy-making arrangements, andexisting institutional structures. The article argues that, starting from the local scale, solutionscan be proposed with multi-level governance to the governance problems in a city and regionaltransport unit in Sweden. It also explains that the role of the local scale in multi-level governanceneeds to be defended, and how planning decisions from the local scale shape the economic andsocial framework of public transport. Due to the limited literature on multi-level governance andpublic transport, it is also intended to contribute to literature and research in this field.Thus, understanding and managing a range of multi-level governance issues involves solving anddiscussing many transport issues from a multi-level governance framework that requires workingwith and/or seeking assistance from, public, private, civil society or others. The findings alsopoint to the benefits of this approach, although some challenges remain. Multi-level and multiactor governance is known to apply to local challenges, including a municipal-scale meetings tounderstand Sweden's public transport dynamics and approaches. The findings show that localauthorities use multi-level governance theories and positively affect public transport socially andeconomically

Esta dissertação apresenta o estudo arqueológico e etnoarqueológico dos conjuntos cerâmicos provenientes de sítios arqueológicos históricos - Tacaimbó 1 e Tacaimbó 2 - e dos conjuntos cerâmicos etnográficos produzidos em comunidades locais, ambos do Agreste Central Pernambucano. Adotando uma abordagem etnoarqueológica para a análise de sítios arqueológicos históricos, através de perspectivas descolonizadas e multivocais, discutimos o papel do arqueólogo na valorização dos conhecimentos tradicionais. Esta valorização é fundamental para a construção das identidades locais e para a elaboração de narrativas históricas alternativas que incluam estas populações historicamente marginalizadas. Concluindo, a partir da análise tecnológica dos conjuntos cerâmicos arqueológicos e etnográficos elaboramos uma matriz de correlatos para artefatos cerâmicos de produção local/regional, contribuindo para a caracterização dos mesmos e para as discussões arqueológicas sobre variabilidade artefatual. / This dissertation is resulted from an archaeological and ethnoarchaeological research study of pottery sets from historical archaeological sites - Tacaimbó 1 and Tacaimbó 2 - and of ethnographic pottery sets produced on local communities, both from Agreste Central region (Pernambuco state, Brazilian Northeast). Using an ethnoarchaeological approach for the historical archaeological sites analysis, and the decolonized and multivocal perspectives, the role of the archaeologist on traditional knowledge valuation was discussed. This valuation is a fundamental aspect for the local identities construction and formulation of an alternative historical narrative, which include these historically marginalized populations. In conclusion, from the technological analysis of archaeological and ethnographic pottery sets, a matrix of correlates for local and regional production of pottery artifacts was proposed, contributing to its characterization and for the archaeological discussions of artefactual variability

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:31:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paginas iniciais.pdf: 88749 bytes, checksum: 5c5c17b48f7db9b0028ccfde8357c849 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-25 / This paper reflects about the communication processes from the 30 first legal community radios from Piauí&#8223;s backcountry (sertão do Piauí). Aiming to: seek and draw those stations panoramas, identify the radios with most community relations and interactions, and also analyze its social roles and differences. Objective is still their its communication processes. Besides mapping, providing its working views, knowing how the community participates, understanding the views on doing broadcasting and comprehend the meaning of the stations that are considered emblematic on the community doing. Methodologically, the quantitative method has been applied, being developed based no bibliographical research, documental studies and field research, using the following techniques: bibliographical production and, virtual and hemerographic documents studies, and semi-structured personal interviews with members of the stations. The researched community radios have a great magnitude in the areas in which are installed, helping to promote information, new citizenship demands and new routes to Piauís backcountry region (região sertaneja piauiense).(AU) / O trabalho reflete sobre os processos comunicacionais das 30 primeiras rádios comunitárias legalizadas do sertão do Piauí. Procura traçar o panorama dessas emissoras, identificar as rádios que têm mais vínculos e atuação comunitária e também analisar seus papéis sociais e diferenças. Objetiva-se ainda seus processos comunicativos, além de mapear e fornecer visão do funcionamento de cada emissora, entender como ocorre a participação das comunidades, a visão do fazer radialismo e o significado das emissoras consideradas emblemáticas no fazer comunitário. Metodologicamente adota-se o método qualitativo, o qual foi desenvolvido com base em pesquisa bibliográfica, estudo documental e pesquisa de campo, cujas técnicas usadas foram: estudos de produção bibliográfica e de documentos virtuais e hemerográficos e realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas presenciais com membros das emissoras. As rádios comunitárias pesquisadas têm ampla importância nos espaços em que estão instaladas porque contribuem difundindo informação local e favorecendo o debate sobre novas demandas de cidadania e novos rumos para a região sertaneja piauiense.(AU)

This diploma thesis deals with fiscal rules at the sub-national government level. The main goal is to make an analysis of the evolution and current situation of fiscal rules at the sub-national government level and to make the systematic classification of fiscal rules parameters and their choice in the EU member countries. The literary overview includes the introduction into the topic of fiscal rules and explains the connection between short-terms and long-terms goals of public finances and motives for the implementation of fiscal rules. There is also presented their typology. The next important part of this theme is the fiscal decentralization, which is also introduced here. This part is concluded by the overview of studies, which examine and evaluate the strength and effectiveness of fiscal rules at sub-national government level. The part of solutions and results includes the descriptive analysis of evolution and current situation of fiscal rules in EU member countries (EU-27) with the focus on local and regional sub-national government level. Then some selected parameters (share of sub-national public debt to GDP, fiscal decentralization, fiscal autonomy and (non)membership of EU member countries in the Eurozone) are compared with the number of implemented fiscal rules at the sub-national government level and in some cases with the fiscal rule strength index to prove or refute the set hypotheses. The hypotheses which are formulated in the methodology of this thesis are not proved by the correlation and by the main graphs. But there are some examples supporting these hypotheses.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:01:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMRS.pdf: 2199402 bytes, checksum: 0f944134cb7a9e618c5f2eeabc82914c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-09-30 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / This work inserts in the debate of the sustainable local development, specifically about the formularization of the public politics of social habitation that generate changes of regional development and participation of agents in the production of public proposals. It considered the scales of performance of a public politic and the spheres that it participates. With the objective to identify the difficult of this process we were adopted a strategy of research an only case in a small city. In Itararé, located in the southwestern region of São Paulo state, with experience to formulate public politics of social habitation with regional development, there is a project "Social Habitation in Economic Wood as Alternative for Multiple Uses of the Forest". This case permits us understand the different performance by the social agents during the process to elaborate lines of direction of public politics. It was distinguishes differet citizens like analytic categories (representative of the administration, the organized society, private initiative, researchers and others like owner of carpenters or sawmills) and the way like them participation in this process. The revision of literature, the systematization of data, the direct comment and interviews, evidenced the difficult of a small city to elaborate its proper public politics. Such limits are associates the diverse factors related to the agents who compose the project: public administration, local population, private initiative, universities and other partners. From the analysis of the participation of these actors in Itararé s experience, we give an important conclusion: it did not have the sufficient interaction between the public administratio, the productive sector, the organized population and the assessorship technique, so that the project in this city was consolidated. / Este trabalho se insere no debate do desenvolvimento local sustentável, especificamente na formulação de políticas públicas de habitação social que gerem oportunidades de desenvolvimento regional e participação de agentes na produção de propostas públicas. Considerou-se neste debate as escalas de atuação de uma política pública e as esferas que dela participam. Com o objetivo de identificar os limites no processo de formulação de propostas de diretrizes para políticas públicas de habitação social com desenvolvimento local, adotou-se a estratégia do estudo de caso único exploratório do município de Itararé, localizado na região sudoeste do estado de São Paulo, a partir da experiência de formulação de políticas públicas de habitação social com desenvolvimento regional pelo Projeto Habitação Social em Madeira como Alternativa Econômica para Usos Múltiplos da Floresta . O estudo desse caso visa compreender o fenômeno da atuação de diferentes agentes naquela região durante o processo de elaboração de diretrizes de políticas públicas. A unidade analisada refere-se à experiência de elaboração de propostas de políticas públicas no município de Itararé, onde se distinguem como categorias de análise sujeitos (representantes da administração, representantes da sociedade organizada, iniciativa privada, pesquisadores e outros representantes de marcenarias e serrarias do município) que participaram do processo de formulação de programas de políticas públicas no município.Com a utilização da revisão da literatura, da sistematização de dados, da observação direta e de entrevistas, constatou-se que existem limites que dificultam ao pequeno município elaborar suas próprias políticas públicas. Tais limites estão associados a diversos fatores relacionados aos agentes que compõem o projeto: poder público, população local, iniciativa privada, universidade e outros parceiros. A partir da análise da participação destes atores na experiência conduzida em Itararé, concluiu-se que não houve a interação necessária entre a administração municipal, o setor produtivo da cadeia da madeira, a população organizada e a assessoria técnica, para que fosse consolidado o Projeto no município.