The Irish immigrants have been an important part of London throughout the centuries. Their presence can be found from the 17th century and onwards. Initially occupied as seasonal workers in agrarian fields the Irish later found alternative ways of supporting themselves as the Industrial Revolution transformed the whole of England. Despite their vital importance to the construction of what was to be known as "the modern Babylon" the Irish have been victims of both social prejudice and maltreatment. Some historians have imposed a comparison between the Irish in England and the African slaves in the United States. They have viewed the Irish with the spectacles of modern racism and in their presumptions created an unfair image of the relationship of the British and the Irish as the European equivalent of that of the African slaves and the American slave owners. Not content with superimposing the image of "the racist Englishman" solely on the 19th century, scholars such as L. P Curtis and R. N. Lebow have sought to explain any questionable act committed by the British as a sign of xenophobia towards their Celtic neighbours, whether it be Cromwell’s Irish Campaign in 1649 or the lack of British aid during the Great Famine in Ireland in the 1840s. This essay sets out to examine how Irish women were perceived at the Old Bailey Session House in London. Women have always received verdicts of a more lenient character than their male counterparts. It is therefore plausible to suppose that, if Cutis and Lebow are correct in their assumptions, Irish women should receive harsher verdicts and a higher frequency of those committed than those acquitted of crimes in comparison with their British counterparts, which simply is not the case.

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This paper examines the short and long-term interdependencies between stock prices and dividends. I utilize firm level data from FTSE ALL SHARE from 1990-2014 and apply panel vector error correction model estimated with Engle & Grangers (1987) two-step procedure. The results show that there is a bi-directional long-term relationship between stock prices and dividends, i.e. an adjustment process is at work when a disequilibrium occurs. I also find a bi-directional short-term relationship. This paper also shows that Lintners model and the present value model are relevant frameworks in stock valuations.

From Introduction: As the headmaster of a large co-educational High School in East London, I have to counsel Standard 7 pupils at the end of each year with regard to their subject choices for the Senior Secondary phase. In consultation with the teacher-psychologists and the Standard 7 teachers, one has to make decisions with regard to subjects which could have far-reaching effects on the pupil. Year after year the greatest discussion and most difficult decisions concern whether or not to continue with mathematics. At the end of the Standard 7 year, the pupil is faced with a choice of subjects, one of which is usually mathematics. Depending on the school, this choice is often wide and the average Standard 7 pupil can, in spite of careful counselling and advice, still be bewildered and confused. One of the best methods of objectively predicting pupil performance is through the use of various standardised tests. Although some norm-based tests exist, very few schools apply these tests to help predict mathematics performance in the Senior Secondary Course. To aid the pupil in deciding whether or not mathematics should be taken in Standards 8, 9 and 10 it would be extremely useful if there were some guide or predictor on which this decision could be based, as it is generally accepted amongst teachers that mathematics can be a stumbling block in the Cape Senior Certificate, particularly by the weaker candidate. If it could be shown that the Standard 7 year-end mathematics mark could be used to help predict whether :- •the pupil would be likely to pass or fail mathematics in the Cape Senior Certificate; •what symbol the pupil would obtain; a decision as to whether or not he should continue with the subject could be made at this stage, and, depending on his Standard 7 mark, what the likely consequences of this decision would be. In the United Kingdom in particular, the use of A-level examination results have been used as predictors in subsequent educational courses and this has been the subject of fairly extensive research during the 1970's. The extent to which O-level examination results are predictive of A-level achievement has, however, received very little attention. The situation in South Africa is very similar and very little, if any, work has been done in assessing the effectiveness of using school marks in the lower standards of high school to predict marks in the upper standards. It is difficult to suggest a reason for this as such work would be of inestimable value in providing information for use in the counselling and selection of subjects for pupils embarking on the Senior Secondary Course.

The flourishing city of East London has received but scant attention from historians. Its importance has been overshadowed by that of Cape Town, Durban and Port Elizabeth, each with a foundation bordering on the romantic. The introduction to this thesis indicates traces of the existence of primitive man in these parts. The historical survey will commence with notices taken of the region by nautical and land expeditions in search of either shipwrecked sailors, or news of native races. The first serious notice of East London taken by the white people came in the time of Sir Benjamin D'Urban who sought a seaport for his new province of Queen Adelaide. Our port was opened in 1836 under the appellation of Port Rex, but faded into temporary insignificance, almost oblivion, with the reversal of Sir. B. D'Urban's frontier policy by Lord Glenelg and the abandonment of the new province in 1837. It was not destined to remain forgotten, for Sir Harry Smith at the end of 1847, saw in the mouth of the Buffalo River the same possibilities as had struck the advisers of Sir B. D'Urban. To him it was the future London of the East, and the connecting link between British Kaffraria and the world outside. From that time East London has grown steadily, and of recent years very rapidly. It is not proposed to carry this survey much beyond 1866 in which year British Kaffraria was annexed to the Cape Colony.

The purpose of the study is to illustrate the challenge of providing sufficient micronutrients to the inhabitants of South Africa. Traditional foods have therefore been identified as one of the strategies that can be employed to lessen the problem in the community of Nompumelelo, Eastern Cape province and the research involves the availability of traditional foods in this area. It is common practice for most rural people in South Africa to include traditional foods in their diets and Nompumelelo is no exception. Hence, the study also explores the rural-urban linkage of the use of traditional foods by peri-urban households in the Xhosa community of Nompumelelo. It could be argued that the traditional foods produced in this community are accessible to the whole community, resulting in greater food sustainability. It is a fact that many communities are of the opinion that food is not readily available, not realising that traditional foods are locally available. / Human Ecology / M.A. (Human Ecology)

The thesis investigates anxieties about urban life in late Victorian and Edwardian culture, and examines emotional responses to urbanisation, industrialisation and modernity at this high point of urban growth and rural-urban migration: one that marked Britain’s decisive breakthrough to a largely and permanently urbanised society. During the period, earlier nineteenth-century tropes of the ‘shock’ of the city, and anxieties surrounding rapid early urbanisation and industrialisation, began to recede. But from the 1880s onwards, as life in industrial cities came to be regarded as the norm, new anxieties came to the fore: concerns that related to the very pervasiveness and inescapability of urban life. I argue that the historically unprecedented growth in the size of cities placed enormous strain upon conceptions of the individual in modern society: the impulse to conceive of mass urban society in the abstract was in constant tension with a new, modernistic awareness of the essential humanity of each individual. The research utilises insights from the recent ‘emotional turn’ within the humanities, which is more sensitive to psychological factors in cultural practices and social processes; and brings this historiographical turn to bear on attitudes towards the city. An emotional approach enables both a deeper and subtler exploration of high cultural responses, and the extension of the range of sources and actors beyond ‘ideas’ and ‘intellectuals’. The thesis integrates a wide range of sources: literature, art, the writings of urban planners and social commentators, medical writings, working-class autobiographical writing, and oral history transcripts. Such an approach reveals the common emotional impulses and shared structures of feeling behind a diverse range of responses to the urban environment, and provides a deeper understanding of contemporary emotional life. It thus illuminates the ways in which individuals, societies and culture react to the complexities of modernity, and provides insights into the relationship between social transformation and emotional experience.

Cette recherche porte sur l’une des traditions urbanistiques britanniques de l’après-guerre, le town design, et sur sa transmission en France dans le cadre de la construction des villes nouvelles. Ma thèse se développe ainsi en deux temps : la première partie définit ces savoirs urbanistiques dans le milieu britannique et étudie leur mise en pratique ainsi que leur formalisation ; la seconde partie analyse leur réception et leur reformulation dans le contexte français, ainsi que les motivations des acteurs impliqués. Mon travail s’attache à analyser la façon dont la tradition du town design se codifie progressivement au travers des plans anglais des années d’après-guerre, ces études urbaines commanditées par des municipalités dans lesquelles s’exprime et se formalise une façon de faire la ville. Un enjeu important de mon travail est de replacer, dans l’histoire des débats urbains, l’apport de ces professionnels « installés », modernistes, en tant qu'inventeurs de formes et de doctrines. Cette histoire des savoir-faire étudie plus spécifiquement la façon dont des concepts sont mobilisés par les acteurs et transformés par leur pratique. Au fondement de la tradition du town design se trouve la méthode du neighbourhood planning, qui repose sur l’opérationnalisation du concept d’unité de voisinage. Ce concept opératoire, appliqué au développement d’un territoire, se traduit directement par l’usage de trois outils de conception : le programme (distribution spatio-temporelle et fonctions des équipements), la mobilité (connexions et temporalité des déplacements) et la composition par groupements (et non via un tracé ordonnateur). Ces outils se trouvent appliqués dans la centralité avec l’opération du Barbican Centre, chef d’œuvre ambigu du town design qui, s’appuyant sur un dispositif de precinct, propose un environnement autonome et attractif comme réponse au défi de la construction de logements dans les conditions de la centralité. Un autre enjeu, qui fait l’objet de la seconde partie de ce travail, est d’étudier différents modes de transmission de ces savoir-faire urbanistiques et d’identifier des « chaînes de transmission » et les « agents de transfert » dans le contexte français. Je montre l’intérêt profond des concepteurs français de villes nouvelles pour le travail sur la programmation et pour l’exigence rationnelle générale (accumulation de données, élaboration d’hypothèses…) qui caractérisent l’approche britannique. À la fin des années 1960, les acteurs des villes nouvelles veulent rompre avec l’urbanisme de plan, caractéristique des savoir-faire urbains appliqués en France depuis l’après-guerre. Une étude de cas autour de la collaboration de la Mission de Cergy-Pontoise avec Shankland et Cox fournit un exemple clair de transfert de savoir-faire entre deux grandes institutions publiques : il s'agit d'une part du département d’architecture du London County Council (LCC) – en charge, notamment, de l’élaboration du plan de Londres de 1944 et de sa mise en application – et d'autre part de l’Institut d’aménagement et d’urbanisme de la région parisienne (IAURP), en charge de la création des villes nouvelles autour de la capitale. L’intérêt pour l’expérience britannique s’explique par les instructions très claires du ministère, relayées par le directeur de la Mission, Bernard Hirsch, qui exigent de laisser aux sociétés privées une plus grande part d’initiative dans le développement de la ville nouvelle. L’expérience britannique permet aussi aux jeunes architectes de la Mission, comme l’ont fait avant eux les jeunes architectes du LCC, de définir une nouvelle pratique d’aménageur-concepteur : un concepteur dont l’action n’est ni exclusivement réglementaire ni celle d’un « auteur », et qui accepte l’incertitude de l’évolution du projet dans le temps / My research focuses on a post-war British planning tradition called “town design”, and on its transfer and diffusion in France through the work of new towns designer. The first part of the dissertation defines this tradition as a specific set of urban skills and concepts developed during the British post-war years. The second part analyses its reception and reformulation in the 1960’s French context. The dissertation aims to show how the tradition of town design was gradually codified through the making of urban plans commissioned by municipalities in the post-war years. An important issue was to establish that “mainstream” professional modernist architects could be inventors of forms and doctrines. This study shows more specifically how concepts are mobilised and transformed by professional pratice. The tradition of town design relies on neighbourhood planning and uses the neighbourhood unit’ as an operational concept in the development of central areas. As such, the Barbican Center may be considered an ambiguous masterpiece of town design. It confronts the challenge of building dwellings in central areas within a pedestrian precinct conceived as an autonomous and attractive environment. The second part of this work is dedicated to the study of the different ways in which the urban tradition has been “transmitted” to France and of its "transmission chains" and "transfer agents" in the French context. The thesis shows that the French new town designers praise the British tradition for its emphasis on briefing and programming, as well as its data-driven, firmly rational approach. The case study of the close collaboration between the Mission de Cergy-Pontoise and the Shankland and Cox practice demonstrates that a full set of skills and concepts was transferred between two major public institutions: the architects’ department of London County Council (LCC) and the Institut d’aménagement et d’urbanisme de la région parisienne (IAURP), which was in charge of the creation of new towns around the capital

This masters thesis consists of a translation of acts I-IV from Dion Boucicault’s play London Assurance, a theoretical comment on the translation and a comparative study of asides. It is divided into four parts: an introduction, presenting the work and my translation strategy, as well as a short stylistic analysis; source text and translation; a theoretical comment, mainly based on theories from the field of Translation Studies, but also theories on lingustics and literature; and a comparative study of the use of asides as a theatrical convention in English and Swedish drama. The main focus of my translation strategy is to keep or adapt features that give the audience a sense of the cultural context where the play takes place, as well as the time – fashionable society in early Victorian England, while providing a text that is performable and speakable for the actors, and which preserves the humor present in the source text. / Den här masteruppsatsen består av en översättning av akt I-IV i Dion Boucicaults pjäs London Assurance, en teoretisk kommentar rörande översättningen samt en komparativ undersökning av avsidesrepliker. Den är uppdelad i fyra delar: en inledning där verket och min översättningsstrategi presenteras samt där en kort stilistisk analys görs, källtext och översättning, en teoretisk kommentar som främst grundar sig i översättningsvetenskapliga teorier, men även i språk- och litteraturvetenskapliga, samt en komparativ undersökning av användningen av avsidesrepliker som teaterkonvention i engelskt och svenskt drama. Min översättningsstrategi fokuserar på att behålla eller bearbeta sådana drag som ger publiken en känsla av pjäsens kulturella och tidsmässiga kontext – högre societet i det tidiga viktorianska England – samtidigt som texten ska vara spelbar och talbar för skådespelarna, och bevara den humor som finns i källtexten.

Despite high rates of unemployment in South Africa, there is little consensus about its origins and solutions to the problem. Job search (how and when people search for work) is one aspect of the unemployment problem. Job search is shown to be a complex process strongly linked to the endogenous structure of the labour market. The flaws in traditional methods (theoretical and measurement) highlight this. Using data from a tailor-made survey in Duncan Village (a peri-urban area in Buffalo City, South Africa) the research examines factors that influence the effectiveness of job search. The results show that mode of search (how people look for work) is used as a signal by employers. Degrees of success are stratified amongst searchers using either ‘word of mouth’, place-to-place or formal modes of search. The thesis provides a method-test to reveal a complex body of evidence that has yet to be fully explored by practitioners in this field.