Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-08-09T15:24:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCZO.pdf: 1359694 bytes, checksum: 90de19ac8dc5ae4c2ad7e286ab945d9b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-09T17:18:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCZO.pdf: 1359694 bytes, checksum: 90de19ac8dc5ae4c2ad7e286ab945d9b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-09T17:18:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCZO.pdf: 1359694 bytes, checksum: 90de19ac8dc5ae4c2ad7e286ab945d9b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-09T17:23:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCZO.pdf: 1359694 bytes, checksum: 90de19ac8dc5ae4c2ad7e286ab945d9b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-07 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / When a group of patients is monitored until a pre-established date for observation of the recurrence time of an event, it is possible that, at the end of the monitoring period, a parcel of such group has not yet suffered the event of interest. When that happens, even if the period is extended, there is evidence that an appropriate model for the theoretical survival function of the time until the event occurs would be one model able to bear this kind of data. This class of long duration models will be defined because the form presented by the nonparametric estimation of hazard function in this type of study indicates that the model should be flexible to allow such function to be increasing, decreasing, constant or U-shaped. In this report, we present the long duration modified Weibull model (LDMW) as a proposal to contemplate the issues in the medicine area. The LDMW model has a flexible hazard curve, which enables adjustment when the hazard is decreasing, increasing, U-shaped, unimodal, initially decreasing and posteriorly unimodal and constant. The report also particularizes models already known in the literature that contemplate long duration, such as the long duration Weibull (LDW), long duration Exponential (LDE) and short duration models, such as the modified Weibull (MW), Weibull and Exponential. The simulations showed that the odds of coverage reach the nominal probability of 95% for moderately to big sized samples, that the LDMW p model parameters estimation is costless when compared to the MW and that the selection criteria of the AIC and BIC models are not adequate to discriminate the LDMW model adjustment when compared to the LDW model adjustment for small or moderately sized samples. The LDMW model and its particular cases were adjusted into two sets of real data considering the Classic and Bayesian Inference. The first data set is about the time until the seroreversion of children born from HIV-positive mothers and the second data set is about the recurrence time of breast cancer in women. / Quando um grupo de pacientes é seguido até uma data pré-estabelecida, para a observação do tempo até a ocorrência de um evento, pode acontecer que, na data de término do acompanhamento, uma parcela do grupo não tenha sofrido o evento de interesse. Quando ocorre, ainda que se estenda o prazo, existem indícios de que um modelo adequado para a função de sobrevivência teórica do tempo até a ocorrência do evento seja um modelo que comporte esse tipo de dados. Será definida essa classe de modelos de longa duração, pois a forma apresentada pela estimativa não paramétrica da função de risco, nesse tipo de estudo, indica que o modelo deve ser flexível no sentido de permitir que a função de risco seja uma função crescente, decrescente, constante ou em forma de U. Nesta dissertação, apresenta-se o modelo Weibull modificado de longa duração (WMLD) como proposta para contemplar os problemas na área médica. O modelo WMLD possui curva de risco flexível, possibilitando o ajuste quando há o risco decrescente, crescente, forma de U, unimodal, inicialmente decrescente e, posteriormente, descrevendo forma unimodal e constante. Particulariza modelos já conhecidos na literatura que contemplam a longa duração como o Weibull de longa duração (WLD), exponencial de longa duração (ELD) e modelos de curta duração, como Weibull modificado (WM), Weibull e exponencial. As simulações feitas mostraram que as probabilidades de cobertura atingem a probabilidade nominal de 95% para amostras moderadas a grandes, que não existe custo de estimação do parâmetro p do modelo WMLD, quando comparado com o WLD, e que os critérios de seleção de modelos AIC e BIC não são adequados para discriminar o ajuste do modelo WMLD comparado com o ajuste do modelo WLD, para tamanhos de amostras pequenos ou moderados. Ajustou-se o modelo WMLD e seus casos particulares em dois conjuntos de dados reais, considerando a inferência clássica e a bayesiana. O primeiro conjunto de dados trata-se do tempo até a sororreversão de crianças que nasceram de mães portadoras do vírus HIV e o segundo trata-se do tempo até a recidiva em mulheres com câncer de mama.

Carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRPs) have gained widespread popularity as a lightweight, high-strength alternative to traditional materials. The unique anisotropic properties of CFRP make processing difficult, especially using conventional methods. This study investigates laser cutting by ablation as an alternative by comparing two near-infrared laser systems to a typical mechanical machining process. This research has potential applications in the automotive and aerospace industries, where CFRPs are particularly desirable for weight savings and fuel efficiency. First, a CNC mill was used to study the effects of process parameters and tool design on machining quality. Despite high productivity and flexible tooling, mechanical drilling suffers from machining defects that could compromise structural performance of a CFRP component. Rotational feed rate was shown to be the primary factor in determining the axial thrust force, which correlated with the extent of delamination and peeling. Experimental results concluded that machining quality could be improved using a non-contact laser-based material removal mechanism. Laser machining was investigated first with a Yb:YAG fiber laser system, operated in either continuous wave or pulse-modulated mode, for both cross-ply and woven CFRP. For the first time, energy density was used as a control variable to account for changes in process parameters, predicting a logarithmic relationship with machining results attributable to plasma shielding effects. Relevant process parameters included operation mode, laser power, pulse overlap, and cross-ply surface fiber orientation, all of which showed a significant impact on single-pass machining quality. High pulse frequency was required to successfully ablate woven CFRP at the weave boundaries, possibly due to matrix absorption dynamics. Overall, the Yb:YAG fiber laser system showed improved performance over mechanical machining. However, microsecond pulses cause extensive thermal damage and low ablation rates due to long laser-material interaction time and low power intensity. Next, laser machining was investigated using a high-energy nanosecond-pulsed Nd:YAG NIR laser operating in either Q-Switch or Long Pulse mode. This research demonstrates for the first time that keyhole-mode cutting can be achieved for CFRP materials using a high-energy nanosecond laser with long-duration pulsing. It is also shown that short-duration Q-Switch mode results in an ineffective cutting performance for CFRP, likely due to laser-induced optical breakdown. At sufficiently high power intensity, it is hypothesized that the resulting plasma absorbs a significant portion of the incoming laser energy by the inverse Bremsstrahlung mechanism. In Long Pulse mode, multi-pass line and contour cutting experiments are further performed to investigate the effect of laser processing parameters on thermal damage and machined surface integrity. A logarithmic trend was observed for machining results, attributable to plasma shielding similar to microsecond fiber laser results. Cutting depth data was used to estimate the ablation threshold of Hexcel IM7 and AS4 fiber types. Drilling results show that a 2.2 mm thick cross-ply CFRP panel can be cut through using about 6 laser passes, and a high-quality machined surface can be produced with a limited heat-affected zone and little fiber pull-out using inert assist gas. In general, high-energy Long Pulse laser machining achieved superior performance due to shorter pulse duration and higher power intensity, resulting in significantly higher ablation rates. The successful outcomes from this work provide the key to enable an efficient high-quality laser machining process for CFRP materials.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第16391号 / 工博第3472号 / 新制||工||1525(附属図書館) / 29022 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科建築学専攻 / (主査)教授 中島 正愛, 教授 河井 宏允, 教授 竹脇 出 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

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Le sous-sol de Paris est reconnu et topographié depuis environ deux siècles par plusieurs disciplines. Dans cette thèse, nous avons retenu et analysé depuis leur genèses, souvent intimement liées sur le territoire urbain, ces disciplines de l’épaisseur : la géologie, l’hydrogéologie, l’archéologie, la topographie, puis ce que nous nommons actuellement le génie urbain. L’urbanisme, accepté comme « science de l’organisation spatiale des villes », possède peu de méthodes d’appréhension à même de synthétiser dans le temps et l'espace la diversité de ces approches. La méthode proposée par la thèse rend représentables et quantifiables plusieurs évolutions longues issues des « mesures de ville » étalées dans le temps, à travers un Système d’Information Géographique construit dans une perspective diachronique. Il concerne ici spécifiquement la verticalité. Plusieurs cartographies originales concernant le mouvement du sol et de la nappe phréatique en sont issues.Sur la base de ce support, intégrant la topographie historique, environnementale et tridimensionnelle de plusieurs disciplines urbaines, nous développons deux pistes d’analyse.La première est la compréhension de la construction du projet urbain au XIXe siècle jusqu’aux « grands travaux » à la lumière de la mesure de l’espace et des représentations disponibles. Une chronologie spécifique est proposée.La seconde est une proposition pour un récolement urbaniste souterrain appréhendant le temps long et l'épaisseur de la ville. Elle peut contribuer aux bases de données urbaines, actuellement en majorité construites sur un espace conçu comme parcellaire.Le modèle vise donc à fournir une contribution et de nouvelles pistes de recherches à la fois pour la morphologie préindustrielle de Paris, pour l’archéologie industrielle et plus généralement pour l'approche urbaniste de la couche, désormais connue dans un cadre géologique et environnemental, mais encore non définie du point de vue stratigraphique, sous le nom d'anthropocène. / For more than two centuries now, researchers from different backgrounds and disciplines have started studying and making topographical surveys of the Parisian underground.These different ways of studying urban thickness all inform this thesis. They are all analyzed from their very origins, which are often closely linked in an urban context. These methods include: geology, hydrology, archeology, topography, and what is currently called urban engineering. Urbanism, although it is often described as “the science of spatial organization in cities”, can seldom yield as much temporal and spatial information as these various approaches can when put together. This thesis proposes to present and quantify several long-term evolutions, traced through a series of “urban measurements” performed over time by a Geographical Information System, which was designed for the purposes of a diachronic study. The system here specifically targets urban verticality. It has resulted in the creation of many original maps of ground and ground-water movement.Based on these maps, which include historical, environmental and tridimensional topography, two analyses are then conducted.The first deals with understanding the construction of an urban project in the 19th century - up until the “grands travaux” - by looking at space measurement and available representations. A specific chronology is then proposed.The second analysis offers to compile information concerning the thickness of the urban underground and its evolution through time. This could then dispense information to urban databases, many of which are currently based on an urban space fragmented by plots.The model thus built serves to contribute and to give new research perspectives, to the study of Parisian preindustrial morphology, and industrial archeology, and more generally the urban approach of the layer - known in geological and environmental contexts, but which has yet to be defined from a statigraphic point of view - under the name anthropocene.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:23:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6323.pdf: 10772992 bytes, checksum: 813a1652f063e5d074e1dbf75a29212c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-29 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / This work aims to discuss the cinema of Carlos Reygadas, with the focuses on the importance of sound and its dynamics within the long duration take, a procedure that strongly characterizes the style of this director. Initially, excerpts from films Japón (2002), Battle in Heaven (2005) and Silent Light (2007) were analyzed to highlight the formation of a stylistic corpus and a predominantly contemplative and sensory conception of cinema. Then we elected Silent Light as a conductive thread of a broader analysis in relation to the main crop. Therefore, we had as main references studies by David Bordwell (2008) on traditional directors of the plan-sequence, as well as the categories and theoretical assumptions of Michel Chion (1994, 2009) on the uses of sound in cinema. / Esta dissertação tem por objetivo discutir o cinema de Carlos Reygadas, sob um recorte que se concentra especificamente na importância do som e de sua dinâmica no interior dos planos de longa duração, procedimento que caracteriza fortemente o estilo deste diretor. Inicialmente, trecho dos filmes Japón (2002), Batalha no Céu (2005) e Luz Silenciosa (2007) foram analisados para salientar a conformação de um corpus estilístico e de uma concepção de cinema de caráter predominantemente contemplativo e sensorial. Em seguida, elegemos Luz Silenciosa como o fio condutor de uma análise mais abrangente em relação ao principal recorte. Para tanto, tivemos como principais referências os estudos de David Bordwell (2008) sobre tradicionais diretores do plano-sequência, bem como as categorias e pressupostos teóricos de Michel Chion (1994; 2009) sobre usos do som no cinema.

Submitted by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2017-11-01T14:40:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Rafael Agostini.pdf: 883692 bytes, checksum: 15d5d4feff64006d386e8cf3f786bb6e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2017-11-01T14:40:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Rafael Agostini.pdf: 883692 bytes, checksum: 15d5d4feff64006d386e8cf3f786bb6e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-01T14:40:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Rafael Agostini.pdf: 883692 bytes, checksum: 15d5d4feff64006d386e8cf3f786bb6e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Comitê Comunitário Assessor do Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas / Ao longo das quase quatro décadas que convivemos com o Vírus da Imunodeficiência Adquirida sua administração clínica sofreu mudanças consideráveis. O prolongamento temporal impõe aos sujeitos VIH+ pre) posicionamentos no agenciamento da vida e da enfermidade a partir da perspectiva de uma doença de longa duração. Necessidade de adequação dos hábitos e comportamentos, frequente interação com serviços e profissionais da saúde e uso contínuo de medicamentos – além da convivência com os impactos sociais, subjetivos e mesmo físicos da enfermidade – são algumas das questões. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi compreender e os sentidos e significados atribuídos à convivência com a doença e suas consequentes implicações. Foram realizadas seis entrevistas abertas em profundidade com jovens VIH+ de camadas populares, de ambos os sexos, de transmissão materno-infantil entre 18 e 22 anos. A partir de uma questão disparadora, espraiamos para dimensões da vida dos jovens referentes à revelação do diagnóstico, relações afetivas e representações do vírus, do tratamento e da doença. O material produzido foi analisado a partir de uma perspectiva socioantropológica que se ancorou na análise temática. Os resultados indicam que os antirretrovirais têm centralidade nos discursos e são vistos como responsáveis pela manutenção da saúde. A normalidade como eixo estruturante do diagnóstico contrastou com o fato de que a maioria dos entrevistados preferia manter segredo sobre sua sorologia. O ativismo aparece como forma de encontrar lugar para a sorologia no curso da vida e como estratégia acionada para lidar com o cotidiano após o diagnóstico. No campo da sexualidade, a possibilidade de compartilhar a gestão de cuidados com os parceiros, o medo de ser rejeitado e a enorme preocupação com a possibilidade de infectar alguém formam um caudaloso misto de experiências. Enfim, os dados apontam que as fronteiras entre os sentidos e experiências do “agudo” e “crônico” não são um Aqueronte a ser transposto, mas dois lados que se tocam / Over the nearly four decades that lived with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus their clinical management has undergone considerable changes. The temporal extension requires the subject HIV + (re) positioning the assemblage of life and illness from the perspective of a long-term illness. Adequacy need of habits and behaviors, frequent interaction with services and health professionals and continued use of drugs - in addition to familiarity with the social, subjective and even physical infirmity - are some of the issues. The aim of this study was to understand and the meanings attributed to living with the disease and its consequent implications. They were held six open interviews in depth with young mother to child transmission from 18 to 22 years. From a starter question, espraiamos to dimensions of life of young people regarding the disclosure, emotional relationships and representations of the virus, treatment and disease. The material produced was analyzed from a socio-anthropological perspective that is anchored in the thematic analysis. The results indicate that antiretroviral drugs are central in the discourse and are seen as responsible for the maintenance of health. Normality as structure diagnosis contrasted with the fact that most respondents preferred to keep secret about their HIV status. Activism appears as a way to find a place for serology in the course of life and as a strategy driven to deal with everyday life after diagnosis. In the field of sexuality, the possibility of sharing the care management with partners, fear of being rejected and the enormous concern about the possibility of infecting someone form a mixed mighty experiences. Finally, the data show that the boundaries between the senses and experiences of the "acute" and "chronic" are not a Acheron to be overcome, but two sides meet

Analyzes in an open and exploratory as seniors who reside in long-stay institutions in the municipalities of Arapiraca-AL and Caruaru-PE represent old age and life institutionalized. Therefore, traces a characterization of the process of demographic transition and seeks to place the impact of this process on the expansion of demand for formal long-term care in Brazil and especially in cities where the institutions surveyed included. Observes how the process of demographic transition is accompanied by a decrease in the availability of family caregivers and how the expansion of demand for long-term care requires a redefinition of the distribution of roles among family, society and state in the provision of care. Discusses the approach of Norbert Elias about the process of concealment of death and dying that would have developed in northern European societies in the course of the civilizing process and seeks to show how dependent old age still produce feelings of shame and embarrassment that hinder identification with the old and the dying. Finally, assess how the subjects represent the old age and the life institutionalized and inquire about the possibility of reconciling the representations produced in the context of characterization of the dying of loneliness that is presented in the Elia’s work / FAPEAL - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / Esse estudo analisa de forma aberta e exploratória como idosos que residem em instituições de longa permanência nos municípios de Arapiraca-Al e Caruaru-PE representam a velhice e a vida institucionalizada. Para tanto, traça uma caracterização do processo de transição demográfica e procura situar os impactos desse processo na ampliação da demanda por cuidados formais de longa duração no Brasil e em especial nas cidades onde figuram as instituições pesquisadas. Observa como o processo de transição demográfica é acompanhado de uma diminuição da disponibilidade de cuidadores familiares e como a ampliação da demanda por cuidados de longa duração exige uma redefinição da distribuição de papéis entre família, sociedade, mercado e Estado na oferta desses cuidados. Discorre sobre a abordagem eliasiana acerca do processo de ocultação da morte e dos moribundos que teria se desenvolvido nas sociedades norte europeias no curso do processo civilizador e procura indicar como a velhice dependente ainda produziria sentimentos de vergonha e embaraço que dificultariam a identificação com os velhos e os moribundos. Por fim, avalia como os sujeitos da pesquisa representaram a velhice e a vida institucionalizada e inquire sobre a possibilidade de compatibilizar as representações produzidas no quadro de caracterização da solidão dos moribundos que é apresentado na obra eliasiana.

Le sous-sol de Paris est reconnu et topographié depuis environ deux siècles par plusieurs disciplines. Dans cette thèse, nous avons retenu et analysé depuis leur genèses, souvent intimement liées sur le territoire urbain, ces disciplines de l’épaisseur : la géologie, l’hydrogéologie, l’archéologie, la topographie, puis ce que nous nommons actuellement le génie urbain. L’urbanisme, accepté comme « science de l’organisation spatiale des villes », possède peu de méthodes d’appréhension à même de synthétiser dans le temps et l'espace la diversité de ces approches. La méthode proposée par la thèse rend représentables et quantifiables plusieurs évolutions longues issues des « mesures de ville » étalées dans le temps, à travers un Système d’Information Géographique construit dans une perspective diachronique. Il concerne ici spécifiquement la verticalité. Plusieurs cartographies originales concernant le mouvement du sol et de la nappe phréatique en sont issues.Sur la base de ce support, intégrant la topographie historique, environnementale et tridimensionnelle de plusieurs disciplines urbaines, nous développons deux pistes d’analyse.La première est la compréhension de la construction du projet urbain au XIXe siècle jusqu’aux « grands travaux » à la lumière de la mesure de l’espace et des représentations disponibles. Une chronologie spécifique est proposée.La seconde est une proposition pour un récolement urbaniste souterrain appréhendant le temps long et l'épaisseur de la ville. Elle peut contribuer aux bases de données urbaines, actuellement en majorité construites sur un espace conçu comme parcellaire.Le modèle vise donc à fournir une contribution et de nouvelles pistes de recherches à la fois pour la morphologie préindustrielle de Paris, pour l’archéologie industrielle et plus généralement pour l'approche urbaniste de la couche, désormais connue dans un cadre géologique et environnemental, mais encore non définie du point de vue stratigraphique, sous le nom d'anthropocène. / For more than two centuries now, researchers from different backgrounds and disciplines have started studying and making topographical surveys of the Parisian underground.These different ways of studying urban thickness all inform this thesis. They are all analyzed from their very origins, which are often closely linked in an urban context. These methods include: geology, hydrology, archeology, topography, and what is currently called urban engineering. Urbanism, although it is often described as “the science of spatial organization in cities”, can seldom yield as much temporal and spatial information as these various approaches can when put together. This thesis proposes to present and quantify several long-term evolutions, traced through a series of “urban measurements” performed over time by a Geographical Information System, which was designed for the purposes of a diachronic study. The system here specifically targets urban verticality. It has resulted in the creation of many original maps of ground and ground-water movement.Based on these maps, which include historical, environmental and tridimensional topography, two analyses are then conducted.The first deals with understanding the construction of an urban project in the 19th century - up until the “grands travaux” - by looking at space measurement and available representations. A specific chronology is then proposed.The second analysis offers to compile information concerning the thickness of the urban underground and its evolution through time. This could then dispense information to urban databases, many of which are currently based on an urban space fragmented by plots.The model thus built serves to contribute and to give new research perspectives, to the study of Parisian preindustrial morphology, and industrial archeology, and more generally the urban approach of the layer - known in geological and environmental contexts, but which has yet to be defined from a statigraphic point of view - under the name anthropocene.

Les processeurs intégrés dans des domaines critiques exigent une combinaison de fiabilité, de performances et de faible consommation d'énergie. Very Large Instruction Word (VLIW) processeurs améliorent les performances grâce à l'exploitation ILP (Instruction Level Parallelism), tout en maintenant les coûts et la puissance à un niveau bas. L’ILP étant fortement dépendant de l'application, le processeur n'utilise pas toutes ses ressources en permanence et ces ressources peuvent donc être utilisées pour l'exécution d'instructions redondantes. Cette thèse présente une méthodologie d’injection fautes pour processeurs VLIW et trois mécanismes matériels pour traiter les pannes légères, permanentes et à long terme menant à trois contributions.La première contribution présente un schéma d’analyse du facteur de vulnérabilité architecturale et du facteur de vulnérabilité d’instruction pour les processeurs VLIW. Une méthodologie d’injection de fautes au niveau de différentes structures de mémoire est proposée pour extraire les capacités de masquage architecture / instruction du processeur. Un schéma de classification des défaillances de haut niveau est présenté pour catégoriser la sortie du processeur. La deuxième contribution explore les ressources inactives hétérogènes au moment de l'exécution, à l'intérieur et à travers des ensembles d'instructions consécutifs. Pour ce faire, une technique d’ordonnancement des instructions optimisée pour le matériel est appliquée en parallèle avec le pipeline afin de contrôler efficacement la réplication et l’ordonnancement des instructions. Suivant les tendances à la parallélisation croissante, une conception basée sur les clusters est également proposée pour résoudre les problèmes d’évolutivité, tout en maintenant une pénalité surface/énergie raisonnable. La technique proposée accélère la performance de 43,68% avec une surcoût en surface et en énergie de ~10% par rapport aux approches existantes. Les analyses AVF et IVF évaluent la vulnérabilité du processeur avec le mécanisme proposé.La troisième contribution traite des défauts persistants. Un mécanisme matériel est proposé, qui réplique au moment de l'exécution les instructions et les planifie aux emplacements inactifs en tenant compte des contraintes de ressources. Si une ressource devient défaillante, l'approche proposée permet de relier efficacement les instructions d'origine et les instructions répliquées pendant l'exécution. Les premiers résultats de performance d’évaluation montrent un gain de performance jusqu’à 49% sur les techniques existantes.Afin de réduire davantage le surcoût lié aux performances et de prendre en charge l’atténuation des erreurs uniques et multiples sur les transitoires de longue durée (LDT), une quatrième contribution est présentée. Nous proposons un mécanisme matériel qui détecte les défauts toujours actifs pendant l'exécution et réorganise les instructions pour utiliser non seulement les unités fonctionnelles saines, mais également les composants sans défaillance des unités fonctionnelles concernées. Lorsque le défaut disparaît, les composants de l'unité fonctionnelle concernés peuvent être réutilisés. La fenêtre de planification du mécanisme proposé comprend deux ensembles d'instructions pouvant explorer des solutions d'atténuation lors de l'exécution de l'instruction en cours et de l'instruction suivante. Les résultats obtenus sur l'injection de fautes montrent que l'approche proposée peut atténuer un grand nombre de fautes avec des performances, une surface et une surcharge de puissance faibles. / Embedded processors in critical domains require a combination of reliability, performance and low energy consumption. Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) processors provide performance improvements through Instruction Level Parallelism (ILP) exploitation, while keeping cost and power in low levels. Since the ILP is highly application dependent, the processor does not use all its resources constantly and, thus, these resources can be utilized for redundant instruction execution. This thesis presents a fault injection methodology for VLIW processors and three hardware mechanisms to deal with soft, permanent and long-term faults leading to three contributions. The first contribution presents an Architectural Vulnerability Factor (AVF) and Instruction Vulnerability Factor (IVF) analysis schema for VLIW processors. A fault injection methodology at different memory structures is proposed to extract the architectural/instruction masking capabilities of the processor. A high-level failure classification schema is presented to categorize the output of the processor. The second contribution explores heterogeneous idle resources at run-time both inside and across consecutive instruction bundles. To achieve this, a hardware optimized instruction scheduling technique is applied in parallel with the pipeline to efficiently control the replication and the scheduling of the instructions. Following the trends of increasing parallelization, a cluster-based design is also proposed to tackle the issues of scalability, while maintaining a reasonable area/power overhead. The proposed technique achieves a speed-up of 43.68% in performance with a ~10% area and power overhead over existing approaches. AVF and IVF analysis evaluate the vulnerability of the processor with the proposed mechanism.The third contribution deals with persistent faults. A hardware mechanism is proposed which replicates at run-time the instructions and schedules them at the idle slots considering the resource constraints. If a resource becomes faulty, the proposed approach efficiently rebinds both the original and replicated instructions during execution. Early evaluation performance results show up to 49\% performance gain over existing techniques.In order to further decrease the performance overhead and to support single and multiple Long-Duration Transient (LDT) error mitigation a fourth contribution is presented. We propose a hardware mechanism, which detects the faults that are still active during execution and re-schedules the instructions to use not only the healthy function units, but also the fault-free components of the affected function units. When the fault faints, the affected function unit components can be reused. The scheduling window of the proposed mechanism is two instruction bundles being able to explore mitigation solutions in the current and the next instruction execution. The obtained fault injection results show that the proposed approach can mitigate a large number of faults with low performance, area, and power overhead.