The motivation of this thesis is to look for a signature of Lorentz violation, hopefully observable, in the gravitational waves emitted by cosmic strings. Aspects of cosmic strings are reviewed, in particular how focused bursts of gravitational radiation are emitted when a cusp forms on the string. The same phenomenon is then studied in an effective field theory with Lorentz violation called Einstein-aether theory. This is a simple theory with a dynamic preferred frame, but it retains rotational and diffeomorphism invariance. The linearized version of the theory produces five wave modes. We study the usual transverse traceless modes which now have a wave speed that can be lower or greater than the speed of light. This altered speed produces distinctive features in the waves. They depend on two free parameters: roughly the wave speed and the acceleration of the string cusp. The profile of the wave is analyzed in detail for different values of the parameters and explained by close comparison with the string motion. / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate

The interaction between light and matter is usually modeled by approximating the material under study as a continuum. The magnitude of the material's polarization in the presence of an electric field is dependent on the atomic response via the well-known Lorentz-Lorentz relation. These continuous medium models can be used to see many light-matter effects including non-linear interactions.The goal of this thesis is to adapt and use novel computational methods to explore the microscopic origins of non-linear optical effects. The Microscopic Particle-in-Cell (MicPIC) technique, initially developed to model the laser-driven dynamics of strongly-coupled plasmas, is extended to study the non-linear scattering of light by a collection of dipoles in the atomic limit. In this thesis, we find that in one-dimensional chains of individual scatterers there are apparent boundary effects and the generation of even harmonics that do not appear in continuous media calculations.These finite structures of dipoles also exhibit a lower average response from each at odd harmonic frequencies of the driving light frequency.These results are in contradiction with the commonly used Lorentz-Lorenz relation, derived for a dipole in a 3D material with infinite volume, and suggest that MicPIC is more appropriate for calculations of nanostructures than models using the Lorentz-Lorenz relation.

A. Z. Petrov gave a complete list of all local group actions on a four-dimensional space-time that admit an invariant Lorentz metric, up to an equivalence relation. His list was compiled by directly constructing all possible Lie algebras of infinitesimal generators of group actions that preserve a Lorentz metric. The goal of this paper was to verify that classification by algebraically constructing a list of all possible three-dimensional homogeneous spaces and calculating which among them have a non-degenerate invariant metric.

No description available.

Neste trabalho, introduzimos a teoria invariante e equivariante para a ação do grupo de Lorentz no espaço de Minkowski. Na teoria clássica, muitos resultados são válidos somente para a ação de grupos compactos em espaços Euclideanos. Continuamos o estudo para alguns subgrupos de Lorentz compactos e apresentamos uma forma de calcular as involuções de Lorentz em O(n;1). Fazemos uma empolgante discussão sobre uma classe de matrizes centrossimétricas polinomiais com aplicações em teoria invariante, estabelecendo um rumo para a pesquisa em subgrupos de Lorentz não compactos. Por fim, apresentamos alguns resultados da teoria equivariante para subgrupos de Lorentz. / In this work, we introduce the invariant and equivariant theory for the Lorentz group on the Minkowski space. In the classical theory, many results are valid only for compact groups on Euclidean spaces. We continue the study of some compact Lorentz subgroups and present a way of calculating the Lorentz involutions in O(n;1). We make an exciting discussion about a class of polynomial centrosymmetric matrices with applications in invariant theory, setting a course for research in non-compact Lorentz groups. Finally, we present some results for the equivariant theory of Lorentz subgroups.

Neste trabalho apresentamos uma classificação das hipersuperfícies regradas e de Weingarten no espaço hiperbólico. / In this work we provide a classification for ruled and Weingarten hypersurfaces in hyperbolic space.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-11-06T20:00:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Lima Dias.pdf: 1365744 bytes, checksum: 2aa8dc442d4e20438c570810fb9d2ab8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-06T20:00:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Lima Dias.pdf: 1365744 bytes, checksum: 2aa8dc442d4e20438c570810fb9d2ab8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-13 / CAPES / The theoretical study about the existence of magnetic monopole has begun by P. A. M. Dirac in 1931 and its main consequence has been the possibility of explaining the quantization of the electric charge. In Grand Uni cation Theories (GUT's), the magnetic monopole may appear as a topological defect by spontaneous symmetry break, in a process known as Higgs mechanism. The GUT's also predict the existence of a topological soliton which has both magnetic and electric charges: the so-called dyon. Theoretically, these particles are predicted very massive and abundant in the Universe. There are particular cases of monopole and dyon, called BPS's states, which have the smallest possible mass values, besides analytical solutions. In this work, we present some basic ideas about topology and homotopy; we describe the main points that have led to the development of the theoretical study of monopole and dyon both as topological solitons; and nally we investigate the e ects of the Lorentz-violating CPTeven terms in the Gauge (in particular, non birefringent one) and Higgs sectors on the BPS's states of the 't Hooft-Polyakov magnetic monopole and of the Julia-Zee dyon, both given in the Georgi-Glashow SO(3) model. / O estudo teórico a respeito da existência do monopolo magnético foi iniciado por P. A. M. Dirac em 1931 e teve como principal consequência a possibilidade de explicar a quantização da carga elétrica. Em Teorias de Grande Unificação (GUT's), o monopolo magnético pode surgir como um defeito topológico por meio da quebra espontânea de simetria, em um processo conhecido como mecanismo de Higgs. As GUT's preveem também a existência de um sóliton topológico que possui tanto carga magnética quanto elétrica: o chamado dyon. Teoricamente, essas partículas se apresentam muito massivas e abundantes no Universo. Hé casos particulares do monopolo e do dyon, denominados estados BPS's, que têm os menores valores possíveis de massa, cujas soluções são analíticas. Neste trabalho, apresentamos algumas ideias básicas acerca de topologia e homotopia; descrevemos os principais pontos que levaram ao desenvolvimento do estudo teórico do monopolo e do dyon como sólitons topológicos; e investigamos finalmente os efeitos dos termos CPTpares de violação da simetria de Lorentz nos setores de Gauge (em especial, n~ao birrefrigente) e de Higgs sobre os estados BPS's do monopolo magnético de't Hooft-Polyakov e do dyon de Julia-Zee, ambos dados no modelo SO (3) de Georgi-Glashow.

SANTOS, Victor Pereira do Nascimento. Aspectos da quebra de simetria de Lorentz e não-comutatividade em modelos de gravitação. 2014. 138 f. Tese (Doutorado em Física) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2014. / Submitted by Edvander Pires (edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-06-23T21:01:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_vpnsantos.pdf: 12919592 bytes, checksum: 11e84d851c538b7c5f9b8a6cae752fef (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edvander Pires(edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-06-23T21:06:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_vpnsantos.pdf: 12919592 bytes, checksum: 11e84d851c538b7c5f9b8a6cae752fef (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-23T21:06:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_vpnsantos.pdf: 12919592 bytes, checksum: 11e84d851c538b7c5f9b8a6cae752fef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / In this work we will present some aspects from quantum gravity. We introduce the problem of quantum gravity and some proposals to tackle it. In particular, our investigations touch upon three general subjects: noncommutative geometry, violations of Lorentz symmetry and inflationary cosmology. In noncommutative geometry we made two proposals for possible experimental verifications: in the former we calculate the luminosity of spherically symmetric black-hole where its event horizon was modelled by a noncommutative space; in the latter we investigate the thermodynamical properties of the graphene in the presence of a magnetic field, verifying the influence of the noncommutativity. Regarding the Lorentz symmetry violation we showed its physical viability of extra-dimensional scenarios, by calculating the graviton mass in the four-dimensional effective theory. We also calculate the influence of the Lorentz symmetry breaking in the gravitational sector in four dimensions, by means of quantum corrections to the Newtonian potential. Finally, in cosmology we present a preliminar study on the measure problem, which is related to how natural the inflationary process is. We propose using the Hamiltonian formulation for evaluating the probability of inflation in a scenario where the scalar field describing the inflation is non-minimally coupled to the gravitational field, finding the the viability of this particular model when compared to observed data. / Neste trabalho iremos apresentar alguns aspectos de gravitação quântica. Introduzimos o problema da gravitação e algumas propostas para atacá-lo. Em particular, nossas investigações tocam três temáticas gerais: geometria não-comutativa, violação da simetria de Lorentz e cosmologia inflacionária. Em geometria comutativa fizemos duas propostas distintas para possíveis limitações experimentais: em uma calculamos a luminosidade de um buraco-negro modelando o seu horizonte de eventos por um espaço não-comutativo; e na outra calculamos as propriedades termodinâmicas do grafeno na presença de um campo magnético, verificando a influência da não-comutatividade. No que toca a quebra da simetria de Lorentz, mostramos a viabilidade física de cenários de dimensões extras, através do cálculo da massa do gráviton na teoria efetiva quadridimensional. Também calculamos a influência da quebra de simetria no setor gravitacional em quatro dimensões, através de correções quânticas ao potencial gravitacional. Finalmente, em cosmologia apresentamos um estudo preliminar sobre o problema da medida, que se relaciona com a probabilidade de que se tenha o processo de inflação independente das condições iniciais do sistema. Propusemos usar a formulação Hamiltoniana para o cálculo dessa probabilidade em um sistema onde o campo escalar é acoplado não-minimamente ao campo gravitacional, e assim verificar a viabilidade do modelo quando confrontado com dados observacionais.

Submitted by Vasti Diniz (vastijpa@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-12T13:49:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 884862 bytes, checksum: 8232d731ca2ae96983306136b97d4f8e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-12T13:49:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 884862 bytes, checksum: 8232d731ca2ae96983306136b97d4f8e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-17 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / In this work, it present a bibliographical approach about topological defects especi­ally the monopoles with absence of gauge fields. It begins by introducing a gradual recap on the major types of defects, and how their approaches change as the Lagran­gian assumes greater symmetry groups. Next, remains attention only to models that support monopoles. Firstly , it's studied the global monopole SO(3), presen­ting through an analytical approach, its main features such as asymptotic space with angular deficit and null gravitational interaction. Posteriorly, it's shown that monopole solutions can arise also in field theory with Lorentz symmetry violation. / Neste trabalho, apresenta-se uma abordagem bibliografica sobre defeitos topolOgicos corn destaque para os monopolos corn ausencia de campos de gauge. Inicia-se in­troduzindo uma recapitulacao gradual sobre os principais tipos de defeitos e, como suas abordagens variam a medida que a lagrangiana assume maiores grupos de si­metria. Ern seguida, mantem-se atencao apenas ern modelos que suportam solucOes tipo monopolo. Primeiramente, estuda-se o monopolo global SO(3), apresentando por meio de uma abordagem analitica suas principais caracteristicas, tais como espaco assintOtico corn deficit angular e interacdo gravitacional nula. Posterior­mente, mostra-se que solucOes tipo monopolo podem surgir, tambem, ern teorias de campo corn violacdo da simetria de Lorentz.

Submitted by Vasti Diniz (vastijpa@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-18T12:14:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2895129 bytes, checksum: 572a06d99b50bb3cd9314e80d1c5b3c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-18T12:14:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2895129 bytes, checksum: 572a06d99b50bb3cd9314e80d1c5b3c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-27 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / In this dissertation, we study the possibility of violation of the Lorentz invariance taking into account some terms of the standard extended model, more specifically, the part of this model that deals with the extended quantum electrodynamics. We perform quantum corrections in the fermionic sector of the usual quantum electrodynamics added with terms that violate the Lorentz symmetries and in two different configurations. First, the coefficient added and that causes the Lorentz symmetry breaking is introduced th­rough the constant pseudo-tensor Ic juvAp And we treat the constant electric and magnetic fields, that is, we do not evaluate as external leg between the coupling of the photon and fermions, evaluating the field FAp Without opening in term of the gauge field. In the second case, we investigated the operators governed by the coefficient of interaction FAp open in term of the gauge field. In the second case, we investigated the mixed contribu­tion of the minimum and non-minimum coupling. We immediately know that for each coupling evaluated will have their respective vertices. For both cases, we calculate the quantum corrections in a loop. In the first case, the theory with the coefficient Ic juvAp and field FAp without being opened at the end of the gauge field AP, The contribution of a loop and we calculate the counter-ter, having a CPT-par characteristic, which will be useful to be introduced in action to eliminate divergences. In the second case, we examined the contribution of a loop, considering the mixture of minimum and non-minimum coupling, that is, and and and an external one AP, having a CPT-par characteristic, One related to the non-minimum coupling and another to the minimum, respectively and verifying the vertex correction also having the contribution of its counter-term. / Nesta dissertagao, estudamos a possibilidade de violagao da invariancia de Lorentz le­vando em conta alguns termos do modelo padrao estendido, mais especificamente da parte do modelo que trata da eletrodinamica quantica estendida. Realizamos corregoes quanticas no setor fermiOnico da eletrodinamica quantica usual adicionada de termos que violam as simetrias de Lorentz e em duas configuragoes diferentes. Primeiramente, o co­eficiente adicionado e que ocasiona a quebra de simetria de Lorentz é introduzida atraves do pseudo-tensor constante is juvAp e tratamos os campos eletricos e magneticos constantes, ou seja, nao avaliamos como perna externas entre o acoplamento do fOton e fermions, avaliando o campo FAp sem abrir em termo do campo de gauge. No segundo caso, investi­gamos a contribuigao mista do acoplamento minim° e nao-minimo. De imediato sabemos que para cada acoplamento avaliado tera seus respectivo vertices. Para os dois casos, cal­culamos as corregoes quanticas em um lago. No primeiro caso, a teoria com o coeficiente I c juvAp e campo FAp sem ser aberto em termo do campo de gauge AP, a contribuigao de um lago e calculamos a pega de polo, tendo uma caracteristica CPT-par, que sera iltil para ser introduzida na agao para eliminar as divergencias. No segundo caso, nos examinamos a contribuigao de um lago, considerando a mistura dos acoplamento minimo e nao-minimo, ou seja, um Fill, e um externo AP, tendo como caracteristica CPT-impar um relacionado ao acoplamento nao-minimo e outro ao minimo, respectivamente e verificando a corregao de vertice tendo tambem a contribuigao do seu contra termo.