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The purpose of this study was to evaluate meals and eating in one day for at least ten truck or lorry drivers. Another aim was to investigate the attitudes by the drivers to food and meals and their expectations on the meals. This is a qualitative study conducted in ten interviews, seven of which were over the phone. The interviews were semi-structured and took about twenty minutes for each driver. Data relating to the food choices for one day were collected and questions asked about their attitudes to food and meals were collected simultaneously. The drivers interviewed were all stationed in the lorry fleet in the Gävle area. The goal was to get as many drivers as possible working at night shifts than working at day shifts but the investigation eventually resulted in two more drivers who working day shifts. Six day drivers and four night drivers participated in this study, the loss regarding to the plan was two drivers. The over all result turned out that many drivers felt they couldn´t eat at those times when they wanted to eat mostly because of two reasons. The tight driving hours and driver's work schedule makes them unable to eat when and where they want to. There were very few drivers who really wanted to eat in their truck, but many could not control where to eat. Among the drivers who worked night shifts only one of four had breakfast which is in contrast to the drivers who worked during the day where everyone had breakfast. Drivers who worked nights ate fewer snacks and more candy than the drivers who worked during the day. Among those who worked at night no one ate regularly throughout the day when they were free as opposed to the second group, where four out of six day drivers ate at regular intervals. Conclusions from the study were in general fewer snacks and no breakfast among night drivers which may be one reason for that they ate more sweets during the test days. Night work seems to make it more difficult for the drivers in this study to eat regularly and get the recommended amount of fruit or vegetables which is 500 gram daily. Many drivers who worked during the day reached the recommended 500 g of fruit or vegetables per day.   Keywords: Lorry driver, truck driver, attitudes, eating / Syftet med den här studien var att studera måltider och ätande under ett dygn hos minst tio lastbil- eller långtradarförare. Ett annat syfte var att undersöka förarnas attityder till mat och måltider och önskemål om arbetsmåltiden. Detta är en kvalitativ studie som genomfördes genom tio stycken intervjuer varav sju var över telefon. Intervjuerna var halvstrukturerade och tog ungefär tjugo minuter för varje förare. Data om vad förarna åt under ett dygn samt frågorna om deras attityder gentemot mat och måltider samlades in samtidigt. Förarna som intervjuades var alla stationerade på åkerier i Gävleområdet. Målet var att få lika många förare som jobbade natt som jobbade dagtid men det blev två mer förare som jobbade dagtid. Sex dagtidsförare och fyra nattförare ingick således i studien och ett bortfall var på två personer. Det visade sig att flera förare känner att de inte kan äta på de tider när de vill äta mest på grund av två anledningar. De strama körtiderna och förarnas arbetsschema gör att dem inte kan äta när och var de vill. Det var väldigt få förare som verkligen ville äta i sin lastbil men många kunde inte styra var de åt någonstans. Bland de förare som jobbade natt så åt bara en av fyra förare frukost vilket är en skillnad mot de förare som jobbade dagtid där alla åt frukost. Förare som jobbade natt åt färre mellanmål och mer godis än de förare som jobbade dagtid. Bland de som jobbade natt så åt ingen regelbundet under dygnet tillskillnad mot den andra gruppen där fyra av sex dagförare åt regelbundet. Slutsatser från undersökningen var att färre mellanmål och ingen frukost hos nattförarna vilket kan vara en anledning till att de åt mer godis under det undersökta dygnet. Nattarbete verkar göra det svårare för förarna i den här studien att äta regelbundet och få sig rekommenderad mängd frukt eller grönsaker. Många förare som kör dagtid kommer upp rekommendationerna på 500 gram frukt eller grönsaker per dygn.

Martinez, A (2011). Attityder hos lastbilsförare gällande mat i samband med långa -respektive korta transportsträckor. Akademin för hälsa och arbetsliv, Högskolan i Gävle.   AbstractBackground: The profession as a lorry driver is in many aspects very risky. Factors such as time directive, poor diet and shift work characterize the profession and puts drivers' health at risk. Current research shows that the vast majority of lorry drivers are overweight, suffer from high stress related to work and have on average a very low consumption of fruits and vegetables. All these factors may be associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and impaired quality of life. Purpose: To investigate the attitudes of the lorry drivers regarding food and meals in connection with the long, short and combined distances.Materials: A convenience sample was used in connection with this study, as professional drivers are a difficult study target. A total of 50 lorry drivers with three different professional backgrounds were investigated, long distance, distribution (short) and combined driving. In total the loss amounted to ten drivers, which means a shortfall of 20 percent.Design and Methods: A cross-sectional study was used as a diagnostic method for the analysis of individual factors in relation to attitudes. The above quantitative design was chosen because it effectively facilitates the study of large groups. Data collection was conducted with a questionnaire consisting of 21 questions. All questions were graded from 1-7 using the Likert- scale, which is a useful grading tool for attitudes and is also the correct scale level in relationship to this study. Results: The results show that there are no significant differences in attitudes between drivers who drive long, short – or combined distances. In addition the independent variables, do not affect the results. However, the driver’s exhibit similar attitude settings for individual study factors and the results show that there is a neutral attitude toward the social aspect of meals, while “mood” as a factor during food consumption is very important.Discussion: In order to improve lorry drivers working conditions and attitudes to food in a work setting, it requires knowledge of the individual factors that influence the attitudes of the profession. Attitudes are an important part of individual decision making and behavior. By examining the attitudes of lorry drivers on individual factors we can effectively streamline public health efforts to improve this vulnerable profession. Further research is needed to investigate the underlying and individual factors that determine the lorry driver’s food choices in relationship to work, however, this study can also be used in the continuing effort to improve lorry driver’s health and wellbeing.   Keywords: Lorry drivers, food, nutrition and health risk / I tid och otid

Today's competitive market requires engineers to produce reliable light weight products at low cost. This can be achieved by more effective use of computer aided engineering tools during early stages of the design process. A research programme has been undertaken to investigate the data requirements of integrating commercially available software packages (finite element analysis and fatigue life evaluation) to evaluate the integrity and durability of engineering components at the conceptual design stage. A real engineering component, in the form of a steering arm, supplied by a European truck manufacturer was used as a basis for the investigation. This is a typical vehicle component, in which, under service loading conditions, a multiaxial state of stress occurs. A geometric model of the component was created using the Prime "MEDUSA" software suite. The model was used to locate the boundary co-ordinates necessary for the development of a PAFEC Finite Element model. By imposing the conditions experienced during the service, the critical areas of the component were identified by analysing the F.E. model and a detailed description of the elastic stress/strain fields were also established. These were incorporated in an energy density approach and Neuber's uniaxial analysis to predict total local elastic/plastic strains at these critical- locations. These were compared with strain gauge measurements. The calculated results were used to plot a number of load/local strain calibration curves for the development of a load history, suitable for experimental fatigue life assessment. Fatigue crack initiation tests were performed on the steering arm using a computer controlled DARTEC multiaxial fatigue testing machine. Fatigue life assessment based on full service loading was carried out using a software package based on the critical location approach. A comparison of computerised, experimental and actual test circuit fatigue lives has been made. The work enabled a specification to be produced for the integration of the two items of software. This integrated software was developed by third parties and used to produce a computerised life map of the steering arm.

El presente estudio se ha realizado en base a la obra fotográfica de Lorry Salcedo sobre la población afroperuana asentada en Chincha, específicamente, en el distrito de El Carmen. El trabajo realizado por Salcedo es destacado al ser primer registro fotográfico, a largo plazo, que busca documentar y visibilizar a una comunidad afroperuana. Se trata de un proyecto de cerca de veinte años en los que se ha ido entablando una cercana relación fotógrafo/ retratado para lograr captar momentos en la vida cotidiana, la familia, el trabajo, los ritos y las tradiciones de este poblado. Para poder realizar esta investigación se ha recurrido a fuentes escritas, así como a entrevistas con Salcedo, otros fotógrafos, pobladores de El Carmen y afroperuanos externos al distrito; quienes, a partir de sus impresiones, ratificaran la importante de esta producción fotográfica. This study is focused on Lorry Salcedo's photographic work about the Afro-Peruvian population settled in Chincha, specifically, in the district of El Carmen. The work done by Salcedo is outstanding because it is the first photographic record -over the long term- that seeks to document and make visible an Afro-Peruvian population. Salcedo's project has lasted about 20 years and during all this time he has captured, through his lens, moments in daily life, family, work, rites and traditions of this town. And at the same time it has been established a close relationship between photographer and portrayed. In order to carry out this research, it has been used written sources and interviews with Salcedo, other photographers, residents of El Carmen and Afro-Peruvians outside the district. From the interviews and information collected, the importance of this photographic production has been ratified. / Tesis

L'objet de la thèse consiste à interroger un phénomène : la présence croissante de femmes dans le métier de conducteur routier simultanément aux transformations importantes qui le traversent. La description des propriétés sociologiques et des conditions de travail des conductrices a été réalisée à partir de récits de vie, d'observations du travail et de données quantitatives obtenues par voie de questionnaire. Le développement de postes journaliers en même temps que se déployaient des stratégies pour faire venir de nouveaux candidats (appels de la profession en direction des femmes pour répondre à des difficultés de recrutement de personnels roulants), ont semble-t-il trouvé une résonance auprès de certaines femmes. Les unes déjà attirées par ce métier, les autres considérant que cela pouvait présenter quelque avantage. La thèse montre que le métier de conducteur routier peut offrir des potentialités d'ajustement aux temporalités spécifiques des femmes, tout en leur permettant d'expérimenter une activité professionnelle éloignée des caractéristiques des emplois ou fonctions qu'elles occupent le plus souvent dans un contexte où leur infériorité numérique leur confère un statut d'exception. On a pu établir que sur le plan de la stricte réalisation du travail, les hommes et les femmes qui exercent ce métier sont semblables. Pris dans les mêmes contraintes, ils agissent de manière similaire pour atteindre des objectifs de production qu'ils partagent. Sur d'autres plans, les conducteurs des deux sexes se distinguent. Ces différences tiennent principalement à la position particulière des femmes dans ce métier. Minoritaires parmi les hommes dans un métier construit autour de valeurs masculines, elles doivent adopter des comportements spécifiques pour se faire accepter comme des professionnelles à part entière d'une part, pour neutraliser les rapports de séduction et évacuer toute suspicion quand à leurs motivations à évoluer dans ce milieu, d'autre part / The subject of the thesis is to question a phenomenon : women's increasing presence among the lorry drivers simultaneously with the important transformations in the profession. The description of the sociological properties and the working conditions of the female lorry drivers was realized from interviews, observations of the work and quantitative data obtained by questionnaire.The development of daily posts at the same time as strategies towards the women to answer the difficulties of recruitment, seems to have found an echo with some women. Some of them were already attracted by this job, others considered that it could present some advantage.The research shows that the profession of lorry driver can offer potentialities of adjustment to the specific temporality of the women, while allowing them to experiment a professional activity remote from characteristics of jobs or functions which they occupy mostly in a context where their numerical inferiority confers them a status of exception. We were able to establish that from the point of view of the strict realization of the work, men and women who exercise this job are similar. They have the same constraints and they act in a similar way to reach objectives of production which they share. But the drivers of both sexes distinguish themselves. These differences come from the particular position of the women in this job. Members of a minority part among the men in a job built around male values, they have, on one hand, to adopt specific behaviour to be accepted as full professionals, on the other hand, to evacuate any suspicion about their motivations to evolve in this male environment

Prolonged time sitting has been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cardiovascular mortality (CVM), all-cause mortality, diabetes and some cancers. Workers in occupations where there is no alternative to sitting can best be defined as compulsory sedentary workers , which involve bus and lorry drivers amongst others. Limited research is available on the health behaviours and health profiles of individuals working within these occupations. This thesis adopts a mixed methods approach and fits within the MRC framework for the development of complex interventions to specifically investigate bus and lorry drivers sedentary behaviours and physical activity levels in association with their cardiovascular health. Chapter 3 describes a pilot study, which results showed bus drivers accumulate 12 hours sitting on workdays and presented higher than the recommended ranges for BMI, body fat, waist circumference and blood pressure. Chapter 4 explores the validity of using an ActiGraph accelerometer compared to the activPAL to assess bus drivers sedentary behaviours. Results highlight that compared to the activPAL, the ActiGraph underestimates sedentary time during workdays (151minutes/day) and working hours (172min/day). Chapter 5 phenotypes UK lorry drivers sedentary behaviours and non-sedentary behaviours during workdays and non-workdays and examines lorry drivers markers of cardiovascular health. Lorry drivers accumulate 13 hours sitting on workdays and 8 hours on non-workdays and presented an ill-cardiovascular profile. Chapter 6 examines the effects of an intervention designed to promote PA and reduce sedentary time on a range of cardiovascular risk factors in a sample of lorry drivers. Chapter 7 presents a process evaluation of the Structured Health Intervention for Truckers (SHIFT) programme described in Chapter 6. This thesis highlights that bus and lorry drivers accumulate the highest amount of sitting time reported up to date, together with high levels of physical inactivity and an ill-cardiovascular profile. However, positive changes in cardiovascular risk factors were observed when drivers increased their daily average of step counts. Overall, these results emphasise that targeting bus and lorry drivers health behaviours should be a public health priority.

Inom trafikforskningen är det allmänt känt att sömnighet är en starkt bidragande faktor vid trafikolyckor. Tidigare forskning har visat att sömnighet hos förare är närvarande i 16–-23 procent av alla bilolyckor. Inom flyg- och järnvägsdomänen har en metod, med en stark influens från human factors-området, kallad Fatigue risk management (FRM) använts för att undersöka hur sociala och organisatoriska faktorer påverkar personalens sömnighetsnivå. Dock har denna metod inte använts för att undersöka lastbilsförares sömnighetsnivå i någon större utsträckning. Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur lastbilsförare upplever, motarbetar och motverkar sömnighet i deras dagliga arbetssituation. Resultaten visar att lastbilsförare i sitt arbete möter en stor mängd trötthetsbidragande faktorer, som kan härledas både till organisatoriska faktorer och individuellt beteende. Möjliga sätt att motverka sömnighet bland lastbilsförare, riktade mot både individen och organisationen, föreslås. / In the traffic domain it is commonly known that sleepiness is a highly contributing factor in traffic accidents. Research has shown that sleepiness among drivers is present in about 16-–23 per cent of all car accidents. In the aviation and railway industry a method or framework with some shared influences from the Human Factors approach, called Fatigue Risk Management (FRM) has been used to investigate how social and organisational factors affect the personnel’s level of sleepiness. The overall aims of this study are to investigate how truck drivers’ experience, fight and counteract sleepiness in their daily work environment. The results show that drivers face a wide variety of sleep contributing factors, stemming from both organisational factors and individual behaviour. Possible ways of counteracting truck driver sleepiness, concerning both the individual and the organisation, are also suggested.

Large trucks may have an integrated microwave oven, or a driver may add oneas a standalone solution, to allow heating food during long-haul transports. If a crash occurs with an item inside the oven, it may thrust against the door with such force that it opens from the inside. The goal of this thesis work is to develop a concept for a universally applicable solution that prevents flying parts from within the oven on a crash, as that presents a safety hazard for anyone inside the cabin. The thesis work was conducted according to a stage gate process, which included four phases: Context, Ideation, Concept Development, and Concept Design. It includes interviews, company visits, literature searches, design methodology, concept comparisons and computer aided design. The thesis work concludes with three concepts, all of which are locking solutions that are applied externally onto a microwave oven. They include a bolt latch, a solenoid lock, and a bolt latch integrated with the oven’s door button. All solutions traverse the transition area between door and panel.

The aim of this master´s thesis is design of hydralic power shift for transmission Tatra 14TS210L. The master´s thesis contains a description of the individual power shifts used by Tater as well as other truck manufacturers. This is followed by a design concept of the power shift, including FEM calculations of the shift inches and piston rods. Part of the work is also production drawings of the body of the power shift and piston rod.