The purpose of this study was to assess the growth of spoilage and pathogenic bacteria on low sodium concentration sliced cooked bologna under refrigerated storage conditions. In study 1, the effect of three different sodium concentrations (1%, 2% and 3%) and two packaging conditions (aerobic and vacuum) on growth of a cocktail of inoculated spoilage bacteria such Lactobacillus curvatus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Brochothrix thermosphacta and Pseudomonas fluorescens were investigated by using culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques. In general, reducing the sodium concentration from 2% (the current industry standard) to 1% NaCl in the cooked bologna system did not have a significant effect on microbial growth. The utilization of Ion Torrent high-throughput sequencing in this study allowed the description of the total microbial community present on sliced cooked bologna. Taxonomic analysis revealed the microbial community belongs to the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Finally, in this study, in situ meat redox measurement values were collected over time using platinum electrodes placed on top of, and in between bologna slices. While the redox values obtained were, in general, consistent with increasing bacterial cell numbers, issues of reproducibility and consistency were evident. The second study focused on the impact that the addition of a bacteriocin, Micocin X®, to the meat blend would have on growth of spoilage bacteria and in particular, Listeria monocytogenes, in vacuum-packaged cooked bologna formulated with 1% and 3% NaCl. In general, results demonstrated Micocin X® had a significant effect on the growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Listeria monocytogenes; however, no substantial effect was assessed in the control of lactic acid bacteria or Brochothrix thermosphacta.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:53:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 telini_lsr_me_botfm.pdf: 390576 bytes, checksum: 02672a3e77190d6ea74d1ff1d1795872 (MD5) / A mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) em pacientes por hemodiálise (HD) crônica é elevada, com risco de morte 10 a 20 vezes maior que o da população geral. Muitos mecanismos têm sido propostos para a gênese das DCV nesses pacientes, como hipervolemia, hipertensão arterial, dislipidemia e elevação do produto cálcio-fósforo, sendo que atualmente a inflamação tem sido apontada como fator de risco independente e associada óbito por essas doenças. Recentemente, a possibilidade da expansão de volume ser uma das causas de inflamação foi considerada em pacientes com Insuficiência Cardíaca Congestiva, sendo que aqueles com edema periférico tinham maiores concentrações da proteína C reativa (PCR), do que aqueles sem edema. Nesses casos, o edema da parede intestinal poderia favorecer a translocação de endotoxinas com conseqüente inflamação. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da diminuição da quantidade de sódio na dieta sobre a evolução do volume de água corporal, dos marcadores nutricionais e marcadores inflamatórios em pacientes em HD. Foram incluídos pacientes adultos, tratados regularmente por HD há pelo menos 30 dias, com níveis séricos da PCR maiores que 0,7 mg/dl. Os pacientes foram randomizados em dois grupos: grupo A, constituído de 21 pacientes para os quais foram, prescritas dietas com redução em 2 gramas do teor de sódio em relação à dieta habitual e grupo B, controle, com 18 pacientes. Na primeira, 8ª e 16ª semanas foram determinados marcadores inflamatórios, bioquímicos, hematológicos, nutricionais, e a quantificação da prescrição dialítica. Quanto às características basais não houve diferenças significantes entre os grupos. Os marcadores bioquímicos e hematológicos não variaram significantemente nos grupos estudados, assim como o volume de água corporal, água... / Cardiovascular mortality is excessively high in chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients with risk of death 10 to 20 times higher when compared to the general population. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain cardiovascular disease (CVD) genesis in HD patients, as hypervolemia, hypertension, lipid disorders and high calcium-phosphorus product; actually inflammation has been considered as an independent risk factor associated to death by CVD. Recently the hypothesis of inflammation induction by volume expansion was stated in edematous patients with congestive heart failure which presented higher C reactive protein (CRP) concentrations than those without edema. Possibly, intestinal wall edema could favor endotoxins translocation resulting in inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in HD patients, the effects of dietary sodium reduction on body water volume, inflammatory and nutritional markers evolution. Adult patients on regular HD for at least 30 days, with CRP serum levels higher than 0.7 mg/dl were enrolled to study and randomized in two groups: group A, with 21 patients treated by sodium reduction of 2 grams in their habitual diet and group B, with 18 control patients. At baseline, 8th and 16th weeks inflammatory, biochemical, hematological and nutritional markers were determined as well as the quantification of delivered dialysis dose. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups and biochemical and hematological markers did not show significant changes in the groups, as well as body volume, intracellular and extracellular water (by electrical bioimpedance), interdialytic weight gain, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. However, group A patients presented significant reduction of PCR, -1 acid glycoprotein, tumor necrosis factor- (TNF- ) and interleukin-6 serum levels, in relation to the initial... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Pasqual Barretti / Banca: Andre Luis Balbi / Banca: Denise Mafra / Resumo: A mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) em pacientes por hemodiálise (HD) crônica é elevada, com risco de morte 10 a 20 vezes maior que o da população geral. Muitos mecanismos têm sido propostos para a gênese das DCV nesses pacientes, como hipervolemia, hipertensão arterial, dislipidemia e elevação do produto cálcio-fósforo, sendo que atualmente a inflamação tem sido apontada como fator de risco independente e associada óbito por essas doenças. Recentemente, a possibilidade da expansão de volume ser uma das causas de inflamação foi considerada em pacientes com Insuficiência Cardíaca Congestiva, sendo que aqueles com edema periférico tinham maiores concentrações da proteína C reativa (PCR), do que aqueles sem edema. Nesses casos, o edema da parede intestinal poderia favorecer a translocação de endotoxinas com conseqüente inflamação. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da diminuição da quantidade de sódio na dieta sobre a evolução do volume de água corporal, dos marcadores nutricionais e marcadores inflamatórios em pacientes em HD. Foram incluídos pacientes adultos, tratados regularmente por HD há pelo menos 30 dias, com níveis séricos da PCR maiores que 0,7 mg/dl. Os pacientes foram randomizados em dois grupos: grupo A, constituído de 21 pacientes para os quais foram, prescritas dietas com redução em 2 gramas do teor de sódio em relação à dieta habitual e grupo B, controle, com 18 pacientes. Na primeira, 8ª e 16ª semanas foram determinados marcadores inflamatórios, bioquímicos, hematológicos, nutricionais, e a quantificação da prescrição dialítica. Quanto às características basais não houve diferenças significantes entre os grupos. Os marcadores bioquímicos e hematológicos não variaram significantemente nos grupos estudados, assim como o volume de água corporal, água... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Cardiovascular mortality is excessively high in chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients with risk of death 10 to 20 times higher when compared to the general population. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain cardiovascular disease (CVD) genesis in HD patients, as hypervolemia, hypertension, lipid disorders and high calcium-phosphorus product; actually inflammation has been considered as an independent risk factor associated to death by CVD. Recently the hypothesis of inflammation induction by volume expansion was stated in edematous patients with congestive heart failure which presented higher C reactive protein (CRP) concentrations than those without edema. Possibly, intestinal wall edema could favor endotoxins translocation resulting in inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in HD patients, the effects of dietary sodium reduction on body water volume, inflammatory and nutritional markers evolution. Adult patients on regular HD for at least 30 days, with CRP serum levels higher than 0.7 mg/dl were enrolled to study and randomized in two groups: group A, with 21 patients treated by sodium reduction of 2 grams in their habitual diet and group B, with 18 control patients. At baseline, 8th and 16th weeks inflammatory, biochemical, hematological and nutritional markers were determined as well as the quantification of delivered dialysis dose. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups and biochemical and hematological markers did not show significant changes in the groups, as well as body volume, intracellular and extracellular water (by electrical bioimpedance), interdialytic weight gain, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. However, group A patients presented significant reduction of PCR, -1 acid glycoprotein, tumor necrosis factor- (TNF- ) and interleukin-6 serum levels, in relation to the initial... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Maria Aparecida Azevedo Pereira da Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T09:28:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rocha_IzabelaFurtadodeOliveira_M.pdf: 1193628 bytes, checksum: 20d21ae151dfe0c2c77f75eb515025cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Substitutos do cloreto de sódio (NaCl) têm sido utilizados como opção terapêutica para a redução do consumo de sódio entre hipertensos. No entanto, substitutos de NaCl, incluindo o KCl, apresentam sabores indesejáveis, como gosto amargo e adstringência. Assim, os principais objetivos desta pesquisa foram: 1) estudar o poder de salga e o perfil sensorial de alguns substitutos de NaCl, 2 ) estudar a capacidade dos aminoácidos Lornitina e L-arginina em reduzir o gosto amargo provocado pelo KCl em formulações de sais hipossódicos e, 3) desenvolver formulações de sais hipossódicos com perfil sensorial e aceitação similar ao cloreto de sódio, por meio da otimização dos seus componentes através de Metodologia e Superfície de Resposta. Inicialmente, utilizando o Método de Estimativa de Magnitude, desenvolveu-se a função de potência do NaCl e KCl em solução aquosa. Em seguida, uma equipe de 12 julgadores treinados gerou o perfil sensorial do: i) NaCl em solução aquosa a 0,14M, ii) KCl preparado em soluções aquosas às concentrações de 0,06M, 0,20M e 0,68M e, iii) lactato de cálcio (CaLact) preparado em soluções aquosas às concentrações de 0,032M, 0,14M e 0,23M. Na seqüência, a equipe sensorial treinada avaliou o impacto dos aminoácidos L-arginina e L-ornitina sobre o perfil sensorial de várias formulações de sais hipossódicos contendo KCl. Esses resultados foram analisados através de Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta, obtendo-se assim modelos preditivos que possibilitaram o desenvolvimento de três formulações de sal hipossódico, contendo diferentes proporções de NaCl, KCl e L-ornitina. Finalmente, a Função de Potência e a aceitação dessas três formulações de sais hipossódicos foram avaliadas utilizando-se equipe treinada e equipe de consumidores (n= 60 indivíduos). Dos sais pesquisados, o KCl foi o melhor substituto para o NaCl. A L-ornitina mostrou-se eficiente na redução do gosto amargo presente em formulações hipossódicas contendo NaCl e KCl. Uma das formulações de sal hipossódico desenvolvida (composta por NaCl, KCl e L-ornitina) apresentou o perfil sensorial estatisticamente similar (p=0,05) ao do NaCl, com exceção do gosto amargo (0,75+0,85) que foi ligeiramente superior ao do NaCl (0,24+0,45). A aceitação de um preparado à base de carne, e salgado com essa formulação não diferiu significativamente (p<0,05) da aceitação do mesmo preparado à base de carne, porém salgado apenas com NaCl. A utilização desse sal hipossódico mostrou-se vantajosa, pois sua ingestão em preparado à base de carne reduz em aproximadamente 57% o teor de sódio ingerido, comparativamente ao caldo temperado apenas com NaCl, à mesma intensidade de gosto salgado. Assim, pode-se concluir que esta formulação apresenta alta viabilidade de comercialização como um importante substituto do NaCl no combate e controle da HAS, em razão do seu alto poder de salga e boa aceitação junto aos consumidores / Abstract: Systemic Hypertension is a major public health problem that can be controlled by decreasing sodium intake, and increasing the intake of potassium. However, NaCl substitutes, including KCl, usually have undesirable flavor notes, such as bitter taste and astringency. Thus, the objectives of this research were: 1) to study the salting potency and sensory profile of some low-sodium salts, 2) to study the efficiency of the amino acids L-ornithine and L-arginine in reducing the bitter taste present in some low- sodium salts, and 3) to develop formulations of low-sodium salts showing sensory profile and acceptability similar to sodium chloride. Initially, using the Magnitude Estimation Method the Power Function of the NaCl and KCl in aqueous solution was determined. Then, 12 trained judges developed the sensory profile of: i)the NaCl prepared in aqueous solution at 0.14M, iii) the KCl prepared in aqueous solution concentrations at 0.06M, 0.20M and 0.68M and, iii) the calcium lactate (CaLact) prepared in aqueous solutions at concentrations of 0.032M, 0.14M and 0.23M. Then, the trained sensory panel evaluated the ability of the amino acids Larginine (0.0086 M and 0.1M) and L-ornithine (0.01 M and 0.1M) to suppress the bitter taste of several low-sodium formulations. These results were evaluated using Surface Response Methodology, obtaining predictive linear models that allowed the development of three formulations of low-sodium salt containing different proportions of NaCl, KCl and L-ornithine. Finally, the Power Function and consumer acceptance of these three formulations of low sodium salts were evaluated using a panel of trained judges and a panel of consumers (n= 60 subjects). From all the salts studied, KCl was the best substitute NaCl. The L-ornithine was effective in reducing the bitter taste present in the lowsodium formulation containing NaCl and KCl. One of the low-sodium formulatins developed (composed of NaCl, KCl and L-ornithine) showed the sensory profile statistically similar (p=0.05) to that of NaCl, with the exception of its bitter taste (0.75+0.85), which was slightly higher than that of NaCl (0.24+0.45). Acceptance of a meat broth prepared with this low-sodium salt formulation did not differ significantly (p<0.05) from the acceptance of meat broth prepared with NaCl. The use of this formulation of low-sodium salt showed to be advantageous because it represented a reduction of approximately 57% of the sodium present in the meat broth prepared with NaCl, at the same salty intensity. Thus, this formulation of low-sodium salt has a high marketing viability to combat and control systemic hypertension, due to its high salting potency and good acceptance among consumers / Mestrado / Consumo e Qualidade de Alimentos / Mestre em Alimentos e Nutrição

La finalidad de este estudio experimental fue comparar la aceptabilidad del sabor de preparaciones con bajo contenido de sodio en pacientes diabéticos e hipertensos. Se realizó entre abril y mayo del 2015 en el Centro de Atención Integral de Diabetes e Hipertensión (CEDHI) en Lima, Perú. Las personas evaluadas fueron 67 pacientes ambulatorios del CEDHI, mayores de 18 años de ambos géneros, diagnosticados de hipertensión arterial o diabetes mellitus tipo 2. En total fueron aplicadas 134 pruebas sensoriales y 402 muestras preparadas. Las preparaciones que fueron sometidas a evaluación fueron arroz, caldo, pollo y verduras cocidas, adicionándoles sal común, cloruro de potasio [25%] con sal común [75%] y glutamato monosódico. Para medir los resultados se utilizaron dos pruebas hedónicas, de preferencia por ordenamiento y prueba de aceptabilidad (puntuación del 1 al 5). En los resultados no se encontraron diferencias significativas a nivel global en cuanto a la aceptabilidad y preferencia de las preparaciones con bajo contenido de sodio. Por lo cual, el reemplazo de la sal común por cualquiera de los sustitutos es viable para pacientes con prescripción de dieta hiposódica (1500mg Na / día). / The purpose of this experimental study was to compare the acceptability of the taste of preparations with low sodium in diabetic and hypertensive patients. It was conducted between April and May 2015 at the Centro de Atención Integral de Diabetes e Hipertensión (CEDHI) in Lima, Peru. Sixty-seven outpatient subjects from CEDHI were assessed; they were over 18 years of both genders, diagnosed with hypertension or diabetes mellitus type 2. In total 134 sensory tests were applied and 402 prepared food samples. The evaluated samples were rice, broth, chicken and cooked vegetables that were added with common salt, potassium chloride [25%] with salt [75%] and monosodium glutamate. In order to measure the results two hedonic tests were applied, ordered by preference and acceptability test (score of 1 to 5) were used. No significant global differences were found regarding the acceptability and preference in low sodium preparations. Therefore, the replacement of common salt by any of the substitutes is viable for patient’s prescribed low-sodium diet (1500mg Na / day). / Tesis

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a progressive medical condition affecting more than 7 million people in the United States (US) with 700,000 new cases reported annually. More than half of those treated for CHF are readmitted at least once a year. The problem addressed by this quality improvement initiative was lack of adherence to low sodium diet (LSD) among CHF patients, knowledge and skill deficit, and excessive 30-day CHF readmissions. The health belief model and the self-care deficit theory guide nurses in acquiring the skills needed to teach LSD. Twelve months of data were selected from 93 CHF readmissions from a target population of 499 CHF admissions. Measures of central tendency were used to extract meaningful summaries between variables for patterns related to 30-day readmissions and to plan educational interventions to improve patient outcomes. The educational intervention focused on educating nurses to teach adult patients with CHF to adopt a LSD. Discharge teaching materials developed were standardized, customizable, evidence-based, and included opportunities for evaluation of patient understanding and reteaching as necessary. Analysis of variance was conducted to evaluate the difference between days to readmission and compliance with the patient education process, and no significant difference (p < .05) was found (F(3,89) = .314, p = .815). The implications of this project for social change include preparing nurses to teach patients to adopt a LSD, empowering CHF patients to improve health outcomes, and improving the financial outcomes related to CHF.

Congestive heart failure is commonly treated with a low sodium diet and diuretic. The purpose of this treatment is the reduction of preload, or blood volume presented to the diseased cardiac muscle. The purpose of this study was to assess the roles of dietary sodium and furosemide on cardiac function, plasma electrolyte concentrations, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, in healthy canines. Twenty mixed-breed canines were allotted to one of four groups, Group I - Dogs fed low sodium diet (0.08% sodium), Group II - Dogs fed high sodium diet (1.0% sodium), Group III - Dogs fed low sodium (0.08%) and treated with furosemide (2 mg/kg orally (PO) every twelve hours (BID)), and Group IV - Dogs fed high sodium (1.0%) and furosemide ( 2 mg/kg PO BID). Cardiac function was assessed via echocardiography on days 0, 21,and 53. Plasma electrolyte concentrations were measured on days 0, 21, and 35. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system was evaluated on days 0, 21, 35, and 53. Low and high sodium diet with and without furosemide treatment did not alter cardiac function, plasma sodium, or plasma potassium concentrations. However, furosemide treatment combined with a low sodium diet resulted in the lowest plasma chloride concentrations, on days 21 and 35 (p<0.05). Furthermore, furosemide treatment resulted in significant alterations in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, on days 21, 35, and 53, (p < 0.0001). Furosemide treatment significantly increased renin activity and aldosterone concentration. The interaction between furosemide and the low sodium diet yielded a greater increase in plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentrations than furosemide administration with the high sodium diet. These results suggest direct activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system by furosemide. Future research is warranted in congestive heart failure subjects, due to the adverse affects of decreased plasma chloride concentrations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. / Master of Science

Mozzarella cheese is currently the highest consumed cheese in the United States. The popularity of mozzarella cheese is typically attributed to the high consumption rates of pizza cheese and string cheese; both of which are low moisture part skim (LMPS) mozzarella cheese. A single serving of LMPS mozzarella cheese contains approximately 8% of the daily value (DV) for sodium, a mineral which is currently consumed in excess among most Americans. On average, one in three Americans has hypertension. This condition is strongly associated with excessive sodium intake, and it is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease and stroke in the United States. Considering the popularity of LMPS mozzarella cheese, its sodium content, and the alarmingly high rates of hypertension among the American population, mozzarella cheese appears to be a product worth pursuing for sodium reduction. Salt (NaCl) provides several key benefits to cheese including: flavor enhancement, preservation, moisture control, and syneresis; thus reducing its concentration in cheese can result in multiple quality concerns. Previous research has investigated the effects of lower sodium in a variety of cheeses including: cheddar, feta, and imitation cheese. Typical methods for reducing sodium content in cheese include reduction of NaCl alone to a level which is still acceptable or partial substitution of NaCl with salt replacers including KCl. For assessing the consumer acceptability of low sodium cheeses, researchers have typically employed the use of traditional hedonic, preference, and ranking questions; however, consumer scientists have recently suggested the benefits of asking consumers questions which go beyond typical acceptability questions. Purchase intent and decision making have been associated with consumer emotions, and perhaps by better understanding consumer emotions toward nutritional alternative foods, including low sodium mozzarella cheese, a more successful low sodium cheese can be developed. The current study implemented a series of tests to progressively understand the role NaCl plays in mozzarella cheese and consumer opinion of low sodium cheese. A series of traditional sensory tests, including triangle, duo-trio, and hedonic tests, were performed to determine a sensory transparent antimicrobial and a consumer acceptable salt replacer. Based upon this sequence of tests, a single antimicrobial (SEA-i F75) and concentration (0.275%) were selected in addition to the most consistently preferred salt replacer in a low sodium mozzarella cheese system; however, the most preferred salt replacer was dependent upon the type of mozzarella cheese (direct acid or bacteria cultured). In order to address the potentially limited information from traditional sensory testing, a novel method for evaluating emotions was developed. The IMET (Image Measurement of Emotion and Texture) method utilized consumer provided images of emotions, researcher generated emotion images, and emotion words (the current industry standard) to aid in emotion testing, and the use of texture images and texture words (industry standard) for texture assessment. The IMET method was tested and validated across three commercial food product categories: orange soda, dairy beverages, and convenience cheeses. The IMET study indicated consumer selected emotion images were less variable than emotion words in a positive emotion, but the words only method was less variable in a negative emotion. Additionally, subjects were more likely to use images of themselves for positive emotions, and images of others for the negative emotions. After validation of the IMET method, the consumer emotion images method was used in conjunction with consumer acceptability testing and instrumental texture analysis in non-commercial low sodium mozzarella cheese. This study indicated the full sodium cheese was consistently liked most, followed by the 100% KCl cheese sample. Additionally, cheese with higher hedonic scores had increased changes in the positive emotions, while the disliked products had increased changes in the negative emotions across the eating experience. The instrumental texture analysis resulted in significant textural differences between the eight samples tested, and samples with higher mean scores for all texture attributes were associated with having higher mean hedonic scores. The studies performed in this thesis are important contributions for better understanding the role of NaCl in LMPS mozzarella cheese, and the consumer’s perception and potential acceptance of this nutritional alternative product. Additionally, the development of a novel emotion testing method may impact how researchers ask consumer questions, conduct consumer research, and investigate the effects of images on emotion testing with consumers.

La restriction de croissance intrautérine (RCIU) est associée à l’apparition de maladies à l’âge adulte et le phénotype de la condition pathologique peut être différent selon le sexe. Notre laboratoire a développé un modèle de RCIU chez le rat en administrant une diète faible en sodium lors du dernier tiers de la gestation entraînant une réduction de l’expansion volémique maternelle et de la perfusion utéroplacentaire. L'activité rénine et la concentration d'aldostérone plasmatique sont augmentées chez la mère et les foetus RCIU. Antérieurement, notre laboratoire a démontré une augmentation de l’expression génique et protéique rénale de la Na+-K+-ATPase-α1 uniquement chez les foetus femelles RCIU. Ainsi, nous émettons l’hypothèse que la diminution du volume circulant chez la rate gestante entraîne une augmentation et une expression différentielle, selon le sexe, des éléments de la cascade de signalisation du récepteur des minéralocorticoïdes (MR) dans les reins de foetus RCIU. L’expression des gènes est réalisée par qRT-PCR et celle des protéines par immunobuvardage de type Western. Bien que les résultats démontrent que la transcription génique de SGK1, α-ENaC et GILZ soit augmentée dans les reins de foetus RCIU, l’expression protéique de SGK1, pSGK1(Thr 256) et α-ENaC est similaire à celle des témoins. La protéine GILZ est indétectable. Pour CNKSR3, aucune différence de l’ARNm ou de la protéine n’a été observée entre les deux groupes. Par contre, même si l’expression génique du MR n’est pas différente, l’expression protéique est diminuée chez les RCIU. Aucun effet du sexe n’a été observé. En conclusion, l’augmentation d'aldostérone plasmatique chez les foetus ayant subi une RCIU stimule la transcription des gènes associés à la voie de réabsorption sodique, mais la quantité protéique demeure inchangée. Ceci suggère qu’il peut avoir des mécanismes de régulation post-transcriptionnelle ou une dégradation accélérée des protéines. Malgré la pertinence du sexe dans le développement de maladies, le sexe n’influence pas l’expression des composantes de la voie de rétention sodique chez le foetus. Il serait important de suivre cette voie en fonction de l’âge et de corréler les expressions génique et protéique avec l’apparition de maladies. / Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) contributes to the development of diseases in adulthood, of which some are influenced by sex. Our laboratory has developed an IUGR model in the rat by administering a low-sodium diet during the last third of gestation which leads to a reduced volume expansion and uteroplacental perfusion. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone concentration are increased in IUGR dams and foetuses. Previously, our laboratory has shown that gene and protein expression of Na+-K+-ATPase-α1 was increased solely in female IUGR kidneys. Therefore, we hypothesize that the reduced maternal volume will result in an increase and differential expression, influenced by foetal sex, of elements from the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) pathway. Gene expression is determined by qRT-PCR and for protein, Western blotting is performed. Although results show that gene expression of SGK1, α-ENaC and GILZ is increased in IUGR foetal kidneys, protein expression for SGK1, pSGK1 (Thr256), and α-ENaC is similar to controls. GILZ protein is not detected. For CNKSR3, no difference in mRNA or protein expression is observed between the groups. Gene expression of MR is unchanged, while its protein expression is decreased in IUGR foetuses. In conclusion, the increase in plasma aldosterone in IUGR foetuses stimulates gene transcription of several components of the sodium reabsorption pathway without affecting protein expression. These results suggest that there may be post-transcriptional regulation or a higher protein turnover. Despite the importance of biological sex in the development of disease, it did not affect the expression of elements from the sodium reabsorption pathway in the foetus. It would be important to verify this same pathway in animals of different ages to correlate gene and protein expression with the appearance of diseases.

Il est désormais accepté qu'un environnement foetal défavorable prédispose à des maladies chroniques qui surviennent à l'âge adulte. Il a été démontré dans notre laboratoire qu'une diminution de perfusion placentaire induit une redistribution du débit sanguin vers le coeur chez le foetus ainsi qu’une restriction de croissance intrautérine. De plus, un remodelage et une diminution de la contractilité des cardiomyocytes ont été observés chez les femelles devenues adultes. En période périnatale, l’utilisation des acides gras comme substrat énergétique devient plus importante que celle du glucose au niveau des cardiomyocytes. Considérant qu'un mécanisme s'est mis en place in utero, nous émettons l’hypothèse que le transfert de la voie de l’utilisation du glucose vers l’utilisation des acides gras se fait plus tôt chez les foetus en restriction de croissance. L’objectif de cette étude est de mesurer, dans les coeurs foetaux, les constituants du métabolisme des acides gras, soit le transporteur principal des acides gras, la carnitine palmitoyltransférase‒1‒alpha, ainsi que ses protéines associées soit l’acyl‒CoenzymeA synthétase‒1 et le canal anionique voltage‒dépendant de type 1. Nous mesurerons l’activité du cytochrome c oxydase et le nombre de mitochondries. L’influence du sexe et la condition foetale (restriction de croissance intrautérine vs contrôle) seront comparés. Nous avons observé que l’expression protéique de la carnitine palmitoytransférase‒1α et de l’acyl‒CoenzymeA synthétase‒1 est significativement augmentée, mais pas celle du canal anionique voltage‒dépendant de type 1, dans les coeurs de foetus en restriction de croissance intrautérine femelles. Le nombre et l’activité des mitochondries est semblable dans tous les groupes. Ces résultats suggèrent que la condition foetale et le sexe altèrent la quantité du transporteur des acides gras, la carnitine palmitoytransférase‒1α, au niveau traductionnel sans toutefois affecter l’activité du cytochrome c oxydase et le nombre de mitochondries. À long terme, nos études permettront de mieux comprendre les conséquences et causes de la RCIU afin d’en permettre la prévention. / It is widely accepted that an adverse fetal environment predisposes to chronic diseases that occur in adulthood. In our laboratory, it has been shown that a decrease in placental perfusion induced blood flow redistribution to the heart in fetus as well as an intrauterine growth restriction. Furthermore, remodeling and decreased contractility of cardiomyocytes were observed in adult offspring females. In perinatal period, the use of fatty acids as an energy substrate becomes more important than glucose in cardiomyocytes. Whereas a mechanism is in place in utero, we proposed the hypothesis that the transfer from the use of glucose as fuel towards fatty acids occurs earlier in intrauterine growth restriction fetuses. The objective of this study is to measure, in fetal hearts, the components of fatty acid metabolism, the main carrier of fatty acids, carnitine palmitoyltransférase‒1α, and its associated proteins namely acyl‒coenzymeA synthase‒1 and voltage‒dependant anion channel 1. We will measure the cytochrome c oxidase activity and the number of mitochondria. Influence of sex and fetal condition (intrauterine growth restriction vs control) will be compared. We observed that protein expression of carnitine palmitoyltranferase-1α and acyl-coenzyme A synthetase long-chain 1 is significantly increased, but not that of the voltage-dependant anion channel 1, in hearts of female fetus IUGR. The number and the activity of mitochondria are similar in all the groups. These results suggest that fetal condition and sex alter the quantity of the acid transporter carnitine palmitoyltranferase-1α has at the translation level without affecting the activity of the cytochrome c oxidase and the number of mitochondria.