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En droit civil, le forfait est défini comme un prix déterminé par avance. Plutôt succincte, cette définition omet le caractère logiquement exceptionnel du recours au forfait. Celui-ci ne va en effet pas de soi, spécialement dans un contrat d'entreprise, où le prix ne constitue pas un élément essentiel à la formation du contrat. En choisissant ce mode de détermination de l'obligation monétaire, les parties anticipent pour se préserver d'un risque, tout en acceptant un autre risque, celui qui découle de cette anticipation. Réduire pour autant le forfait à un prix est inexact et insatisfaisant, ce que des exemples tirés du droit de la vente et du droit du travail illustrent. La définition de la contrepartie offre alors un critère de qualification complémentaire. La diversité des contrats forfaitaires conduit in fine à la reconnaissance d'une qualification générique et d'une catégorie contractuelle transversale. Celte nouvelle catégorie se distingue d'un point de vue structurel (création d'un aléa de prix, ne rendant pas ipso jure le contrat aléatoire) et d'un point de vue fonctionnel (dualité de fonctions: garantie et spéculation). En l'état du droit positif, les contrats à forfait n'offrent pas de régime unifié. Tantôt l'aléa est suivi d'effets, tantôt il est privé de toute portée. L'existence d'une prérogative unilatérale tend en outre à mettre à mal la nature aléatoire du contrat. C'est au regard de ce constat et de la qualification générique retenue qu'un régime peut être proposé, regroupant des règles communes à tout type de contrat forfaitaire. L'accent est notamment mis sur la formation de l'échange et sur l'introduction du forfait dans les contrats de consommation. / In civil law, the lump sum is defined as a price determined in advance. Rather succinct, this definition omits mentioning the exceptional nature - in logical terms - of resorting to such a sum. This, indeed, is not self-evident, especially when you study a work contract, where the price is not an essential element in its formation. By using this method to set the monetary obligation, the parties anticipate in order to protect themselves from a risk, while accepting another one, which follows from that anticipation. Yet, reducing the lump sum to a price is inaccurate and inadequate - what examples from sales law and labor Law illustrate. The definition of the consideration then provides an additional criterion ta a legal definition. The variety of lump-sum contracts ultimately leads to the recognition of a generic legal definition and a cross contractual category. This new category is distinguished from a structural viewpoint (creation of a hazard by the fixed price, that does not ipso jure make the contract aleatory) and from a functional viewpoint (dual function: insurance coverage and speculation).ln the slate of positive law, lump-sum contracts offer no unified system. Sometimes randomness is acted on, sometimes he is deprived of all impact. The existence of a unilateral prerogative also tends to undermine the aleatory nature of the contract. It is in light of this and of the generic classification adopted that a system can be proposed, grouping common rules to all types of lump-sum contract. The formation of the contract and the introduction of the lump-sum in consumer contracts has been particularly emphasized.

The diploma thesis deals with the impact of a possible introduction of the employee cost lump sum and of cancelling the tax exemption of some tax fringe benefits on the tax liability of the employee. In the first part the fringe benefits taxation system is described, in the second part the fringe benefits taxation system in some OECD countries is described; the third final part shows calculations of the rate of the employee cost lump sum and the analyses of the impact of the modified tax legislation on the tax liability of the model tax payers.

Many claim that, with regard to transportation infrastructure, only partnerships between public and private entities, which draw on the strengths of both, can achieve the goals of enhancing operational efficiency, increasing service delivery, improving asset maintenance, and stretching scarce federal, state, and local tax dollars. While some completed public-private partnership (P3) agreements on existing toll roads in the United States have seen a measure of success, others have raised critical questions pertaining to the true costs and benefits associated with these agreements for all stakeholders. Of particular concern is an apparent reliance on monetary calculations alone to determine toll road lump sum value. This primary focus on monetary considerations appears to neglect a number of non-monetary variables associated with potential costs and benefits. Four distinct groups of variables to consider in the decision process are presented in the dissertation: Monetary, Monetizable, Quantitative, and Qualitative. The last two groups represent variables of a non-monetary nature, which can reflect the much larger stewardship role that government plays in our society. The objectives of this research are twofold: to formulate a conceptual framework for a decision support system (DSS); and to propose an approach, including a set of analytical methods, that assesses the costs, benefits and other impacts associated with alternative P3 strategies. The primary user of the conceptual framework is identified as the public sector decision maker who has been asked to make recommendations regarding different strategies of toll road operation. Two analytical methods are presented. The first uses cash flow diagrams to calculate the net present value (NPV) for each of three core P3 strategies. The second, weighs the relative importance of quantitative and qualitative (non-monetizable) variables. When used as part of a sevenstep process, these two analytical methods help create a decision support system framework that provides stakeholders with a more complete analysis of the costs and benefits associated with the P3 toll road decision process.

Submitted by Felipe Mosca (felipemosca@gmail.com) on 2017-09-21T03:28:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FelipeMoscaDissertacao.pdf: 1453772 bytes, checksum: df20ad2af6a37ee6726172ffffb00165 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2017-09-21T18:06:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 FelipeMoscaDissertacao.pdf: 1453772 bytes, checksum: df20ad2af6a37ee6726172ffffb00165 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-22T13:02:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FelipeMoscaDissertacao.pdf: 1453772 bytes, checksum: df20ad2af6a37ee6726172ffffb00165 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-29 / The housing and credit sector in Brazil distinguishes from advanced economies in many ways. A specific one is the social transfer created by the government to offer housing subsidies to lower income families. However, the current general equilibrium stochastic models created for the local economy still have to advance in order to evaluate what impacts this kind of policies can cause in a financial friction environment with different fiscal rules. We propose and estimate a model for Brazil, based on Gerali et al. (2010), with a subsidized housing sector that receives resources from two fiscal policy rules: distortionary taxation (over consumption, labor and capital income) and lump-sum taxation . The results shows that: (i) over distortionary rules, a positive policy rate shock produces a lower government budget and affects negatively restricted families’ housing demand, decreasing collateral value. (ii) a positive technology shock increases patient families’ housing demand. Over distortionary taxation, the increase of consumption and income tax smooth this effect. (iii) a nonanticipated subsidy shock produces less welfare for the families and increases inflation, output and consumption. However, the high policy and bank rates produces a recession cycle and reduces the housing demand. / O setor de habitação e crédito no Brasil se distingue dos países desenvolvidos em diversos aspectos. Um deles é a existência de transferências sociais criadas pelo governo para oferecer subsídios no setor de habitação às classes mais baixas. No entanto, os modelos estocásticos de equilíbrio geral (DSGE) existentes na economia local precisam avançar na avaliação do impacto que essas políticas podem causar em um ambiente de fricção financeira com diferentes formas de tributação. Nós propomos e estimamos um modelo baseado em Gerali et al. (2010) para o Brasil com transferências para habitação subsidiada que são financiadas por duas regras fiscais distintas: tributo distorcivo (consumo, renda do trabalho e capital) e tributo lump-sum. Os resultados apontam que: (i) no modelo distorcivo, a combinação de aumento das taxas de juros e de empréstimos e a diminuição na receita do governo faz com que as famílias restritas demandem menos housing, depreciando o colateral. (ii) a aceleração da economia causada por um aumento de produtividade eleva a demanda por housing das famílias pacientes. Esse efeito é suavizado no modelo com tributação distorciva devido ao aumento da receita tributária que financia as famílias restritas. (iii) um aumento não antecipado de transferência para subsidio habitacional gera perda de bem-estar das famílias, inflação e aumento do produto e consumo. No entanto, o aumento das taxas de juros e bancárias produz um ciclo recessivo e reduz a demanda por housing.

The construction contract is a document which governs the business relationship of Contractor and Employer for the duration of a construction project. However, the selection of the contract type for the project tends to be performed too shallowly. The present thesis aims to analyse how the contract type is chosen among the three paradigmatic contracts considered here: lump-sum contracts, target-cost contracts and cost-plus contracts. The basis of the study is a case study performed on Project X, a large mine construction project in Western Europe. The relevant literature to the subject was reviewed, mainly the principal-agent theory, literature on risk allocation and on contract selection. After identifying several factors which may influence the contract selection in the literature and in a preliminary interview, a survey was conducted to assess their relative influence in general and in particular for the Project X. The survey was responded by a small sample of highly qualified and experienced managers. and was complemented with in-depth interviews with the majority of them. Some research on the project and on contract documents of the NEC standard contract was also performed in order to provide a context of the characteristics of Project X. The findings of the three sources made it possible to confirm the influence on the selection of the contract type of many of the factors proposed. It was possible to shortlist a small number of factors which influenced the most the selection of the contract type for Project X. These were the preferred risk allocation by the parties, the ability to adapt the contract to scope changes, the knowledge of each contract type by the contracting parties, the improvement of the project delivery by the contract type and the aim to enhance cooperation between the parties. Factors not present in previous research were also discovered, such as the different financial costs of the contract types and the requirement of financial information by the funders of the parties. The very different opinions of the respondents to the survey and interviews regarding the selection of the contract type confirm that the parties should consider in more detail that complex process, because by now the parties are not really sure why they are choosing a certain contract type. Further research should be performed in the future to analyse the factors which influenced the contract type selection in other projects. The projects could also be analysed during their whole duration. Other contract types or variants of the three contract types studied in this thesis could also be added to the analysis.

Essay I: In January, 2005, the EU launched the first international emissions trading system (EU ETS), aimed at reducing carbon emissions in a cost-effective way by means of a market-based instrument. In this paper, we use the treatment/control, before/after design of the natural experiment approach to investigate the treatment effect of the EU ETS on the profitability of a sample of Swedish energy firms in 2005 and 2006. We also investigate whether under-cap and over-cap firms respond differently to the EU ETS. The estimation results in general suggest no significant impact in 2005 and a negative significant impact in 2006. The sub-sample analysis suggests that profitability of under-cap and over-cap firms were affected differently by the EU ETS in 2005, but not in 2006. Essay II: The paper empirically explores the possible causes behind electricity price jumps in the Nordic electricity market, Nord Pool. A time-series model (a mixed GARCH-EARJI jump model) capturing the common statistical features of electricity prices is used to identify price jumps. By the model, a categorical variable is defined distinguishing no, positive and negative jumps. The causes for the jumps are then explored through the use of ordered probit models in a second stage. The empirical results indicate that the structure of the market plays an important role in whether shocks in the demand and supply for electricity translate into price jumps. Essay III: Scientific evidence indicates that human development faces multiple and interacting regime-switching environmental thresholds such as climate change, ocean acidification and biodiversity loss. And crossing one or more such thresholds would trigger rapid and large changes in our life-support system with widespread consequences. This paper attempts to study the effects of such thresholds on human well-being in a growth theoretical framework. We derive the accounting prices of pollution stocks such as the concentration of greenhouse gases for the risk of triggering catastrophic events, which are needed for conducting a dynamic cost-benefit analysis. We first analyze a simple model with a single threshold and then extend it to a planar system with correlated double thresholds with a joint probability distribution. the results can be applied for analyzing global climate change and ocean acidification risks, which are highlighted in a Nature article by Rockström et al. (2009). Essay IV: Lump-sum transfers as a means of tackling climate change are mainly perceived as a theoretical construct to achieve the first best Pareto optimum. The previous literature on lump-sum transfers normally focuses on the two polar cases: the absence of lump-sum transfers and perfect or unconstrained lump-sum transfers, leaving the middle way aside. In this paper, we attempt to explore the unmarked part by developing a model where transfer costs are explicitly taken into account. We show that whether the Pareto optimum characterized by the equalization of marginal abatement costs is attainable depends on the formation of transfer costs. When the marginal transfer cost is zero, the separability of equity and efficiency under perfect lump-sum transfers is kept. However, when the marginal transfer cost is positive, the optimum with equalization of marginal abatement costs is neither attainable, nor desirable. We also simulate a policy experiment in China to review the optimal abatement and transfer patterns between China's provinces within a framework of imperfect lump-sum transfers. The highlighted welfare gains is supportive of considering lump-sum transfers as a national climate change policy.

The subject of this thesis is to assess the status of the supplementary pension scheme in the Czech Republic. The work deals with issues of return pension schemes. Examines aspects that affect profitability, in particular the taxation of pension schemes and the investment of pension funds. On the basis of the knowledge generated through analysis of the comparison is made of benefits to be paid at the end of the period -- annuities and lump sum compensation. The analysis performed provides information about which of these benefits is for the client to the pension fund more profitable option. The first part of the work deals with the characteristics of the supplementary pension scheme in the Czech Republic, describes its emergence, evolution, status in the pensions system. In the second chapter are discussed the main aspects that affect its profitability, taxation, and return on pension funds. The third chapter contains the comparsion annuities and lump sum compensation.

El Trabajo de Investigación presenta el caso de la construcción de una clínica en el norte del país, que empezó como un proyecto con un alcance definido y con un contrato a suma alzada, pero que durante la ejecución y por iniciativa del propietario se dieron tantos cambios que lo convirtieron en la práctica en un proyecto fast track con un contrato a suma alzada. Esta situación originó una serie de impactos en costo y plazo que derivaron en reclamos planteados por el contratista del orden del 10% de la venta, incluyendo los costos derivados de un posible arbitraje. Teniendo en cuenta esta experiencia, se plantea como alternativa un proceso de gestión de cambios robusto en donde se enfatiza el pleno conocimiento del alcance del proyecto y del contrato como medida de prevención que busca que el cambio planteado esté formulado de una manera clara sobre la base de los documentos del proyecto. Asimismo, para aquellos casos en los que el reclamo es inevitable se plantea también el proceso de gestión de prevención de reclamos, en donde se establecen pautas para la negociación tratando de evitar llegar a la última instancia que sería el litigio por la vía judicial. / This Research Paper presents the case of the construction of a clinic in the north of the country that began as a project with a defined scope and with a lump sum contract, but during the execution and at the initiative of the owner there were so many changes which effectively turned it into a fast track project with a lump sum contract. This situation originated a series of cost and time impacts that resulted in claims raised by the contractor of the order of 10% of the sale including the costs derived from a possible arbitration. Taking into account this experience, a robust change management process is proposed as an alternative where full knowledge of the project scope and contract are emphasized as a preventive measure that seeks the proposed change may be formulated in a clear way on the basis of the project documents. Likewise, for those cases in which the claim is unavoidable, the claims management process is also proposed, where guidelines for negotiation are established, trying to avoid reaching the last instance, which would be litigation through the courts. / Tesis

Dissertation deals with the design of appropriate procedures for modeling of construction costs in accordance with contractors bid, considering possible risks of construction project with focus on one type of FIDIC contract conditions, the so-called Red Book. The description of the potential risk and cost impacts on the construction contract in the pre-production stage of the bid preparation and in the implementation phase.