Les laminopathies regroupent des pathologies liées aux lamines. La Progeria est due à une mutation du gène LMNA entrainant la synthèse d’une protéine anormale : la progérine. Elle s’accumule dans le noyau et entraîne des dommages cellulaires aboutissant à une sénescence prématurée, à l’origine d’un vieillissement prématuré et accéléré des patients dont le décès survient vers l’âge de 14 ans. Les microARNs (miRs) sont des petits ARNs non-codants régulant l’expression des gènes. Dans le projet principal de ma Thèse, nous avons identifié par un miRNome en RT-qPCR, 14 miRs différentiellement exprimés dans les fibroblastes HGPS. Certains d’entre eux appartenant à la région 14q32.2-14q32-3, sont surexprimés à cause de modifications chromatiniennes. Nous avons ensuite étudié l’impact de la surexpression des miR-376a-3p et miR-376b-3p sur la régulation de l’autophagie. L’inhibition de ces miRNAs entraine une augmentation du niveau d’autophagie, associée à une diminution de la progérine. Une 2ème étude miRNome réalisée en NGS, a permis d’identifier d’autres miRNAs potentiellement impliqués dans la Progeria. Dans un second projet, nous avons analysé l’expression des lamines de type A dans des cellules tumorales métastatiques issues d’épanchements pleuraux de patients atteints d’adénocarcinome bronchique. Nous avons démontré que la diminution d’expression de la lamine A chez un groupe de patient est corrélée à un mauvais pronostic. Cette diminution pourrait être due à miR-9 qui cible directement l’ARNm de la prélamine A. Ces travaux de Thèse illustrent le rôle fondamental des lamines et suggère une place importante des miRNAs dans la physiopathologie de ces 2 types de laminopathies / Laminopathies are diseases linked to lamins. Progeria (HGPS) is a genetic disease caused by a mutation in LMNA gene leading to an abnormal protein called progerin. It accumulates in nucleus and causes cell damages leading to a premature senescence. Patient die around 14 years old. miRNAs are small non coding RNA regulating gene expression. In my main project, I identified with a miRNome approach by RT-qPCR, 14 differentially expressed miRNAs in dermal HGPS fibroblasts. We demonstrated that the overexpression of the miRNAs that belong to the 14q32 region was caused by chromatin modulation. Next, we studied the role of miR-376-3p and miR-376b-3p on autophagy and demonstrated that the inhibition of their overexpression increases autophagy and decreases progerin. A second miRNome by NGS identified other miRNAs potentially linked to HGPS pathophysiology. In my second project, I studied lamins expression in metastatic cells from pleural effusion of lung adenocarcinoma patients. We showed that the decreased expression of lamin A in a group of patients was correlated with poor prognosis, which could be linked to miR-9 expression. This thesis illustrates the fundamental role of lamins and suggest the role of miRNAs in the pathophysiology of this to types of laminopathies.

Pathological changes to tumor extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, mechanics, and architecture promote cancer progression and metastasis. Exploration of tumor-ECM interactions using in vitro matrix-mimetic culture systems has largely been restricted to naturally-derived matrix materials that permit limited experimental control. Such study of a novel lung adenocarcinoma model in Matrigel™ (MG) has suggested key matrix cues that mediate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis. In this thesis work, synthetic hydrogel scaffolds based on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) featuring high experimental control and modular bioactivity were used to study matrix influences on the EMT-prone model line 344SQ. Encapsulation of 344SQ cells in PEG hydrogels modified for cell adhesivity and cell-mediated enzymatic degradability induced formation of lumenized, polarized spheres mimicking the epithelial phenotype observed in three-dimensional MG. Tuning matrix stiffness, adhesive ligand concentration, and ligand spatial presentation altered epithelial morphogenesis. Exploration of the EMT phenotype of PEG-encapsulated 344SQ cells revealed TGFβ-initiated changes in morphology, polarity, expression levels of EMT marker genes and their epigenetic controller, and the organization of cell-secreted ECM. Notably, a potent role for adhesive ligand was illuminated as matrices with low PEG-RGDS concentration even in the absence of TGFβ induced formation of spheres with a post-EMT phenotype by several of these measures. A matrix-invasive phenotype was also revealed by altering matrix structural parameters and tuned with incorporation of an alternative protease-cleavable sequence. Finally, the influence of cell-cell contacts was explored by covalent incorporation of cadherin proteins into the matrix. Matrix-tethered E- and -N-cadherin affected 344SQ sphere development in otherwise non-cell-adhesive matrices and modulated polarity and the degree of TGFβ response. Further, in 344SQ with a knockdown of the essential polarity-determining protein Scribble, matrix-tethered cadherin influenced the formation of a phenotype with partially normalized epithelial polarity with corresponding differences in membrane localization of cell-expressed E-cadherin. Overall, this thesis demonstrates the utility of the more experimentally controllable PEG system in studying ECM influences on cancer progression with findings providing greater insight into stromal biomechanical, biochemical, and cell-cell factors that mediate lung adenocarcinoma epithelial morphogenesis and EMT. These contributions help advance the state of the field towards a goal of developing new metastasis-targeting cancer therapeutics.

In recent decade, lung cancers had the highest incidence and mortality rate among all cancers in Taiwan. Among lung cancers, adenocarcinoma was the most frequent type. The chemotherapy was still the main choice in treating lung cancer by the mechanism of destroying DNA, but the response rate kept low. The function of DNA repair makes cancer cells resistant to chemotherapy. Therefore, this study focused on the effect of cancer cell growth by silencing Mre11. The first part of this study was to make a tissue microarray consisting of adenocarcinoma from 57 patients. Immunohistochemistry staining for Mre11 was done. The correlation of Mre11 expression and clinical variables with survival was analyzed. The second part was tried to knockdown Mre11 in A549 cell by shRNA. Another A549 cell line containing empty vector was selected as control group. These cell lines were then ready for XTT method, soft agar colony formation assay, flow cytometry and nude mice assay. In the clinical data, the absence of lymph node and distant site metastasis were good prognosis factor for longer survival. Although the high expression on Mre11 had longer survival, this variable was not a true independent factor. On XTT method and soft agar colony formation assay, the A549 cells with Mre11 knockdown had a slower proliferation and fewer colony numbers, respectively. The cell cycle demonstrated an elevated G0/G1 and S phase and depressed G2/M phase in A549 cells with Mre11 knockdown. The tumor arising from A549 cells with Mre11 knockdown in the nude mice also had a smaller size. Based on the above study, inhibition of Mre11 may result in a reduction of tumor growth and provide another choice to treat lung cancer.

No description available.

Methods for preparing an array of potential small molecule inhibitors of Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor 1b (BMPR1b) are described. Target molecules were prepared from two general classes: (1) N9-aryl-N6-ureidoadenines, and (2) dicarbamyl iodoacetamides. Recent data from the Peterson lab indicated that both classes might bind to BMPR1b and thus inhibit this key receptor. Docking studies performed using Sureflex Dock suggested the N9-aryl-N6-ureidoadenines would bind to the active site of BMPR1b. In addition antiproliferative activities of dicarbamyl iodoacetamides previously synthesized in the Peterson lab pointed to this moiety as an attractive target for structure activity relationship (SAR) development. Compounds were prepared in good to excellent yields and 40 derivatives were screened for antiproliferative activity. Of the N9-aryl-N6-ureidoadenine derivatives, N9-phenyl-N6-N-phenylureaadenine was most potent and exhibited selective activity against HeLa cells (IC50 = 11± 1 uM). Dicarbamyl iodoacetamide derivatives had similar activities compared to the previously reported compound (JRS-150).

This dissertation is devoted to the study of the molecular biology of major tumor suppressors, defined as those that prevent the cellular processes identified as the hallmarks of cancer. Specifically, the major tumor suppressors pRb and STK11 are explored in the context of osteosarcoma and lung cancer, respectively. RB1 was the first tumor suppressor gene discovered. Over four decades of work have revealed that the Rb protein (pRb) is a master regulator of biological pathways influencing virtually every aspect of intrinsic cell fate including cell growth, cell-cycle checkpoints, differentiation, senescence, self-renewal, replication, genomic stability and apoptosis. While these many processes may account for a significant portion of RB1's potency as a tumor suppressor, a small, but growing stream of evidence suggests that RB1 also significantly influences how a cell interacts with its environment, including cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions. Chapter 2 highlights pRb's role in the control of cell adhesion and how alterations in the adhesive properties of tumor cells may drive the deadly process of metastasis. Chapter 3 defines a role for pRb as a suppressor of the progression to metastasis by upregulating integrin α10. Transcription of this integrin subunit is herein found to be pRb-dependent in mouse osteoblasts. Classic pRb partners in cell cycle control, E2F1 and E2F3, do not repress transcription of integrin α10 and phosphorylation of pRb is not necessary for activation of the integrin α10 promoter. Promoter deletion revealed a pRb responsive region between -108bp to -55bp upstream of the start of the site of transcription. pRb activation of transcription also leads to increased levels of integrin α10 protein and a greater concentration of the integrin α10 protein at the cell membrane of mouse osteoblasts. These higher levels of integrin α10 correspond to increased binding to collagen substrate. Consistent with our findings in mouse osteoblasts, we found that integrin α10 is significantly underexpressed in multiple solid tumors that have frequent inactivation of the pRb pathway. Bioinformatically, we identified data consistent with an 'integrin switch' that occurs in multiple solid tumors consisting of underexpression of integrins α7, α8, and α10 with concurrent overexpression of integrin β4. pRb promotes cell adhesion by inducing expression of integrins necessary for cell adhesion to a substrate. We propose that pRb loss in solid tumors exacerbates aggressiveness by debilitating cellular adhesion, which in turn facilitates tumor cell detachment and metastasis. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in the U.S. and additional targeted therapies are desperately needed to treat these patients. STK11 is the third most frequently mutated gene in lung adenocarcinoma following only KRAS and TP53, yet its mutational status is not currently clinically evaluated and no therapies have been approved to specifically target its pathway. A deep understanding of the complex pathways controlled by STK11 and their alterations in cancer are required to develop effective therapies for patients with loss-of-function mutations. In Chapter 4 we present the current understanding of STK11, focusing on its molecular biology and therapeutic implications, including a compilation of studies evaluating STK11 somatic mutations in human lung cancer tissue and how the frequency of these mutations varies across histological subtypes and patient populations. Finally, we review the strategies being used to target STK11-deficient cancers at the clinical trial, pre-clinical, and basic science levels as well as proposing potential new therapies that might benefit this patient population. STK11 is a tumor-suppressor commonly mutated in lung adenocarcinoma (LuAd). There are a number of agents that may selectively target the deregulated pathways in STK11 mutated tumors, and thus, identifying the subset of adenocarcinomas that harbor these mutations could have significant clinical benefit. In Chapter 5, we characterized a cohort of 442 adenocarcinoma patients with respect to STK11 mutation status and subset of this cohort using immunochemistry, gene expression, and western blotting. We found that measuring STK11 mutation status is complicated by the fact that many STK11 mutations lead to expression of a stable protein that is indistinguishable from wild type (WT) via immunohistochemistry. To circumvent this, we used published cell line mutation and gene expression data to derive a signature correlating with STK11 mutation status. This signature was validated in the cohort of 442 lung adenocarcinomas and strongly correlates with mutation status (ROC curve AUC = 85.29). These data suggest that STK11; mutation status may be best assessed by measuring the downstream targets included in our signature.

Abstract Pulmonary adenocarcinoma is the most common and most heterogeneous form of lung cancer, and its histological and biological diversity is well recognized. On its publication in 2011, the IASLC/ATS/ERS lung adenocarcinoma classification drew attention to the prognostic value of adenocarcinoma subtypes, and it has been anticipated to provide a novel architecture based grading system. The prognostic role of other tumor-associated features in lung adenocarcinoma is less established. MUC1 overexpression has been demonstrated in many carcinomas, and in lung adenocarcinoma, depolarized MUC1 expression has been associated with poor outcome. The role of MUC4 in lung cancer, however, is somewhat conflicting. Moreover, there is no published data on either MUC1 or MUC4 expression with regard to the different subtypes of lung adenocarcinoma. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the IASLC/ATS/ERS classification, prognosis, and clinical characteristics in a series of 112 surgically resected lung adenocarcinoma patients. The analysis of tumor architecture aimed also at the discovery of new morphological biomarkers for lung cancer. Additionally, the study focused on the expression of MUC1, MUC4, and EGFR in lung adenocarcinoma, evaluating their relationship with tumor architecture, patient outcome, and smoking. The study applied the methods of light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and cell culture with experimental cigarette smoke exposure combined with real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunoelectron microscopy. The study demonstrated that the prognostic value of the current adenocarcinoma classification is not limited to predominant growth patterns as a more favorable clinical outcome was associated with minor lepidic pattern. Significant associations were observed between adenocarcinoma subtypes and smoking history. Classic histological features of malignancy correlated with tumor architecture and survival, further confirming the prognostic value of semiquantitative growth pattern analysis and identifying potential prognostic biomarkers such as mitotic activity and tumor necrosis. Depolarized MUC1 expression correlated with histology and patient outcome, and moreover, with smoking both in vivo and in vitro, suggesting a pathogenetic relationship between cigarette smoke exposure and MUC1 in lung adenocarcinoma. / Tiivistelmä Keuhkon adenokarsinooma on maailmanlaajuisesti yleisin ja monella tapaa monimuotoisin keuhkosyöpätyyppi. Vuonna 2011 uusi kansainvälinen keuhkosyöpäluokitus nosti esille adenokarsinooman histologisten alatyyppien ennustemerkityksen, ja luokituksen on odotettu muodostavan pohjan uudelle kasvutapoihin perustuvalle gradeerausmenetelmälle. Kasvaimen muiden histopatologisten piirteiden ennusteellinen merkitys keuhkon adenokarsinoomassa on vähemmän tunnettu. MUC1-proteiinin yli-ilmentymistä on kuvattu monissa karsinoomatyypeissä, ja keuhkon adenokarsinoomassa MUC1:n poikkeava eli depolarisoitunut ilmentyminen on liitetty huonoon ennusteeseen. MUC4:n merkitys keuhkosyövässä on puolestaan ristiriitainen. Toisaalta MUC1- tai MUC4-ilmentymistä ei ole tutkittu tarkemmin keuhkon adenokarsinooman eri alatyypeissä. Väitöskirjatutkimuksessa pyrittiin selvittämään uuden adenokarsinoomaluokituksen yhteyttä ennusteeseen ja muihin kliinisiin muuttujiin aineistossa, joka käsitti 112 Oulun yliopistosairaalassa leikkaushoidettua keuhkon adenokarsinoomapotilasta. Kasvainten histopatologisten ominaispiirteiden kartoittamisen toivottiin tuovan ilmi myös uusia morfologisia ennustetekijöitä. Lisäksi tutkimus keskittyi MUC1-, MUC4- ja EGFR-proteiinien ilmentymiseen keuhkon adenokarsinoomassa, arvioiden niiden suhdetta kasvaimen histologiaan, potilaiden ennusteeseen ja tupakointihistoriaan. Tutkimusmenetelminä käytettiin valomikroskopiaa, immunohistokemiaa sekä kokeellista tupakka-altistusta soluviljelymallissa yhdistettynä kvantitatiiviseen reaaliaikaiseen käänteistranskriptiopolymeraasiketjureaktio-tekniikkaan (RT-qPCR) ja immunoelektronimikroskopiaan. Tutkimus osoitti, ettei nykyisen adenokarsinoomaluokituksen ennustearvo rajoitu hallitseviin kasvutapoihin, vaan myös väistyvä lepidinen kasvutapa vaikutti ennusteeseen suotuisasti. Keuhkon adenokarsinooman alatyyppien ja tupakoinnin välillä todettiin merkittävä yhteys. Pahanlaatuisten kasvainten klassiset histologiset piirteet liittyivät adenokarsinooman kasvutapoihin ja ennusteeseen korostaen semikvantitatiivisen kasvutapa-analyysin ennustemerkitystä ja tarjoten myös mahdollisia uusia ennustetekijöitä. Depolarisoituneen MUC1:n ilmentyminen liittyi histologiaan, ennusteeseen ja erityisesti tupakka-altistukseen sekä in vivo että in vitro. Tämä löydös viittaa mahdolliseen patogeneettiseen yhteyteen tupakoinnin ja MUC1:n välillä.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第22332号 / 医博第4573号 / 新制||医||1041(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 平井 豊博, 教授 滝田 順子, 教授 松田 道行 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Les cancers bronchopulmonaires non à petites cellules (CBNPC) sont la première cause de décès par cancer, les adénocarcinomes étant la forme la plus fréquente. Malgré une prise en charge précoce, ils constituent, par leur taux de récidive important et leur mauvais pronostic, un véritable problème de santé publique. Nous nous intéressons à l'hypoxie, un facteur agressivité des ADC, et à la famille des longs ARNs non codants (lncARNs), dérégulés dans de nombreux cancers et en réponse à l'hypoxie, mais peu caractérisés sur le plan structural et fonctionnel. Ces transcrits représentent un espoir pour le développement de nouvelles thérapies. Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai identifié une dizaine de lncARNs régulés par l'hypoxie in vitro et in vivo dans des ADC de stades précoces. j'ai caractérisé NLUCAT1, un transcrit nucléaire induit par l'hypoxie. L'invalidation de ce transcrit par le système CRISPR/Cas9 a révélé une diminution de la prolifération et de l'invasion cellulaires, et une augmentation du stress oxydatif et de la sensibilité au cisplatine, traduisant un potentiel rôle pro-oncogénique de ce transcrit dans les ADC. L'analyse du transcriptome a révélé une répression des réseaux de gènes contrôlés par NRF2, HIF et NFkβ dans les cellules déficientes pour NLUCAT1. Nous avons notamment identifié des gènes de la réponse anti-oxydante régulés par NRF2 dont l'ARN interférence mime en partie les conséquences de l'inactivation de NLUCAT1 sur l'apoptose. Nos résultats démontrent que NLUCAT1 exerce des activités pro-tumorales dans les ADC et suggère qu'il pourrait représenter une cible thérapeutique potentielle dans ce type de cancer. / Non Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, with poor prognosis and a high rate of recurrence despite early surgical removal. It is therefore essential to identify new prognostic markers and new therapeutic targets. We are interested in gene regulation related to hypoxia, a factor associated with relapse of lung adenocarcinomas (LUAD). The roles of long non coding RNAs (incRNAs) in cancer development and hypoxic response are largely unexplored. A transcriptome profiling of early-stage LUAD samples indicated that a set of incRNAs was correlated to a metagene hypoxic signature. Some of these transcripts were also sensitive to hypoxia in LUAD cell lines. We focused on a new "hypoxaLinc", named NLUCAT1 that is strongly up-regulated by hypoxia in vitro and correlated to hypoxic markers and bad prognosis in LUAD samples. Full molecular charactherization of NLUCAT1 showed that LUCAT1 is mainly regulated by NF-kβ and NRF2 transcription factors. Targered deletion of NLUCAT using CRISPR/CAS9 in A549 LUAD cell line, revelated a decrase in proliferative and invasive properties, an increase in oxidative stress and a higher sensisivity to displatin-induced apoptosis. We identified genes of the NRF2-regulated and anti-oxidant response whose RNA interference partially mimicked the consequences of NLUCAT1 inactivation on ROS-dependent caspase activation. Overall, our data strongly demonstrate that NLUCAT1 exerts pro-tumoral activities in early stages hypoxic LUADs ans suggest it could represent a new potential therapeutic target in lung cancer.

リポジトリの登録にあたっては、Peer reviewされた最終版のみ可能であり、その際には下記の出版社のウェブサイトのアドレスを記載することが求められる。当該論文は2014年6月の出版であり、12ヶ月を経過していることから、公開には差し支えはない。http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/20/12/3087.full / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第19617号 / 医博第4124号 / 新制||医||1015(附属図書館) / 32653 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 小川 誠司, 教授 野田 亮, 教授 伊達 洋至 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM