University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of English

This dissertation examines the experience of the tens of thousands of Chinese indentured laborers (colonos asiáticos or “coolies”) who went to Cuba and Peru as replacements for African slaves during the middle of the nineteenth century. Despite major sociopolitical differences (i.e., colonial slave society vs. independent republic without slavery), this comparative project reveals the common nature in the transition from slavery to free labor. Specifically, the indenture system, how the Chinese reacted to their situation, and how they influenced labor relations mirrored each other in the two societies. I contend that colonos asiáticos, while neither slaves nor free laborers, created a foundation for a shift from slavery to free labor. Elites in both places tried to fit the Chinese into competing projects of liberal “progress” and conservative efforts to stem this change, causing them to imagine these immigrant laborers in contradictory ways (i.e., free vs. slave, white vs. non-white, hard-working vs. lazy, cultured vs. morally corrupt). This ambiguity excused treating Asian laborers as if they were slaves, but it also justified treating them as free people. Moreover, Chinese acts of resistance slowly helped undermine this labor regime. Eventually, international pressure, which never would have reached such heights if the Chinese had remained passive, forced an end to the “coolie” trade and left these two societies with little option but to move even closer to free labor. That said, this work also considers the ways in which the differing socio-political contexts altered the Chinese experience. In particular, in contrast to Peru, Cuba’s status as a colonial slave society made it easier for the island’s elites to justify exploiting these workers and to protect themselves from mass rebellion. My dissertation places the histories of Cuba and Peru into a global perspective. It focuses on the transnational migration of the Chinese, on their social integration into their new Latin American host societies, as well as on the international reaction to the situation of immigrant laborers in Latin America. / text

University, Diss., 2006--Kassel.

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá analýzou dokumentů Zvláštní správní oblasti Čínské lidové republiky - Macao v oblasti kulturní politiky za období od předání tohoto území zpět Číně do dneška. V první části se věnuje shrnutí současné společenské, ekonomické, politické a kulturní situace v Macao a na základě faktů a pozorování analyzuje současné otázky v oblasti rozvoje kulturního sektoru Macaa. V závěru se pokouší aplikovat do kulturního systému Macaa použitelné principy z kulturní politiky České republiky jakožto země s hlubokou kulturní tradicí. Práce se snaží nacházet rozdíly a podobnosti mezi situací a kulturní politikou České republiky a Macaa, a tato zjištění použít jako inspiraci pro rozvoj kultury v Macao.

Le silence devient une substance matérielle dans l'œuvre de Maria Ondina Braga,qui en fait un objet à son usage, voire à son image. Ecivaine de l'absence, de la mort et de cette énigmatique "jouissance Autre" (que phallique), ses textes sont modulés par un exotisme oriental qui ajoute du mystère et de la pudeur au langage de l'ineffable qui les caractérise. La "mise au mots" du silence émotionnel,les réticences de son écriture, située en permanence sur la frontière entre le dit et le non dit, le secret qui entoure le ses personnages permettent de définir Maria Ondina Braga comme une écrivaine de l' "intime". Dans cette étude, nous nous interrogeons avant tout sur l'émergence du silence chez l'écrivaine, née en 1922 au nord du Portugal. Le climat dans lequel elle "s'éveille tout d’abord aux choses et aux êtres" ainsi que le drame de son enfance la conduisent au silence comme refuge sensible mais aussi comme ravissement identitaire traumatique. Les voyages réels s'imposent alors comme une quête désespérée des imites de son Moi hétérogène. Ils fournissent des matériaux à son évasion imaginaire. Une écriture du silence, que nous analysons dans une deuxième partie, prend forme. La dépression signée par le silence érotique qui marque l'écrivaine, devenue une sorte d’organisation narcissique du vide qui l'habite, relance l’écriture : l'écho du silence dit alors inlassablement le deuil impossible et l'absence devenue corps envahissant. Dans son œuvre comme dans sa vie, le silence est bien cet "être-au-monde" propre à l’écrivaine, condition indispensable à sa survie. / Silence becomes material in Maria Ondina Braga's work, transforms it into an object to her use or even in her own image. Writer of absence, death and that egnigmatic "other ecstasy", her texts are shaped by an oriental exotism which adds mystery and a sense of decency to this language of the ineffable that characterizes them. The wording of the emotional silence, the reticences of her writing, permanently located on the edge between the said and the unsaid, the secrecy surrounding her characters enable to define Maria Ondina Braga as a writer of "intimacy". In this study, we mainly wonder about the incoming of silence in the work of the writer, born in 1922 in nothern Portugal. The circumstances in which she "wakes up first to things and beings" and her childhood drama led her to silence as a sensitive refuge as well as a self traumatic ravishing. Her real-life trips result from a desperate quest of her self heterogeneous limits. They provide support to her virtual escapes. A writing of silence takes place and this is analyzed in a second part. Depression underlined by her erotic silence, signature of the writer, turns into a kind of a narcissistic organisation of her characteristic "unbeing". That depression revives the writing : the echo of silence endlessly tells the impossible mourning and how absence becomes a physical invader. In her work such as in her life, silence really is that "being in the world" specific to the writer and an absolute prerequisite to her survival.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar a estrutura genética populacional de duas espécies de araras: Ara chloropterus e Ara macao. Foram analisadas amostras de sangue e penas de diferentes regiões no Brasil, de uma localidade na Bolívia e outra no Peru. Foram realizadas análises com DNA mitocondrial (região controladora e citocromo oxidase I) e nuclear (microssatélites) das duas espécies. Para A. chloropterus foram obtidos 2166 pares de base do DNA mitocondrial de 89 amostras e dados de seis locos de microssatélites de 95 amostras. A rede de haplótipos e a árvore de neighbor-joining construídas com dados mitocondriais e os índices de FST obtidos com os dois marcadores revelaram fraca estruturação genética. Isso pode ser devido a alto fluxo gênico apresentado ou retenção de polimorfismo ancestral. Portanto, a espécie parece se organizar em metapopulações (baixa estruturação genética e alto fluxo gênico). Nesse caso, seria interessante conservar indivíduos de diversas localidades e seus corredores. Para Muscular Dystrophy foram obtidos 2094 pares de base do DNA mitocondrial de 68 amostras e dados de sete locos de microssatélites de 64 amostras. A rede de haplótipos e a árvore de neighbor-joining construídas com dados mitocondriais e os índices de FST obtidos com os dois marcadores indicam ausência de diferenciação genética entre as localidades estudadas. A análise demográfica dessa espécie indica expansão populacional há pouco mais de 50.000 anos atrás e declínio populacional desde o último período máximo de glaciação. Estes resultados sugerem que essa espécie é constituída de uma única grande população que poderia ser considerada como uma única unidade de manejo caso outras diferenças (ex.: adaptações ecológicas locais) não sejam encontradas. Ambas as espécies estudadas apresentam alta diversidade genética, possivelmente devido a um intenso fluxo gênico dentro de cada uma. / The present study aimed to characterize the population genetic structure of two macaw species: Ara chloropterus and Ara macao. Samples from various localities in Brazil, one in Bolivia and another in Peru were analyzed. Mitochondrial (control region and cytochrome oxidase I) and nuclear (microsatellites) DNA were analyzed. For A. chloropterus 89 individuals had 2166 bp of mitochondrial DNA sequenced and 95 individuals were genotyped for six polymorphic microsatellite loci. Network and the neighbor-joining tree constructed based on mitochondrial data and FST values obtained with both molecular markers revealed weak genetic structure. This can be due to high gene flow or retained ancestral polymorphism. Thus, A. chloropterus seems to be organized in metapopulations (low genetic structure and high gene flow). Under this scenario, it would be desirable to preserve individuals from various locations and there corridors. For Muscular Dystrophy we obtained 2094 bp of mitochondrial DNA for 68 individuals and data on seven microsatellites for 64 individuals. The haplotype network and the neighbor-joining tree constructed based on mitochondrial data and FST values obtained with both molecular markers revealed no genetic differentiation among localities. The demographic analysis of this species indicated a population expansion 50,000 years ago and a population decline since the last glaciation maximum. These results suggest that this species is organized as a large population that could be considered as a single management unit for conservation purposes if other differences are not found (eg. local ecological adaptations). Both species have high genetic diversity, possibly due to extensive gene flow within each one.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-09T19:58:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 INAIRAN CRISTINO CUNHA -DISSERTAÇÃO PPGH 2012..pdf: 2634805 bytes, checksum: 2338f3c29e3e5971e9b5e28bfb3c4ca6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-09T19:58:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 INAIRAN CRISTINO CUNHA -DISSERTAÇÃO PPGH 2012..pdf: 2634805 bytes, checksum: 2338f3c29e3e5971e9b5e28bfb3c4ca6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-28 / Capes / Esta é uma escrita que fala da vida, da arte de viver. É uma leitura sensível construída pelos sentidos: nos odores bons e ruins; nos ouvidos atentos ao rachar das barreiras; no paladar, a saborear as conversas na hora das refeições; e, na visão e no tato, observando as transformações atmosféricas e físicas do ambiente. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho é dar uma nova visibilidade e dizibilidade a extração de caulim em banquetas na cidade de Junco do Seridó. Balizados nos conceitos de sensibilidades e subjetividades, procuramos no decorrer deste texto responder aos seguintes questionamentos: Quem são essas pessoas? Que sonhos elas tinham ou tem quando resolveram entrar no garimpo de caulim?O que os motivavam a enfrentar uma rotina e um cotidiano tão duro quanto este? Tendo como objeto de estudo as memórias e as histórias dos garimpeiros do caulim, buscamos fabricar uma historicidade de Junco do Seridó, da década de 1960 até 2011, e da extração caulínica em banquetas de 1971 a 2011. Ao mesmo tempo, buscamos preencher algumas lacunas provenientes dos silêncios das fontes que, de uma forma ou de outra, “marginalizavam” o banqueteiro como um agente destruidor do meio-ambiente e o mineral como mais um produto a ser comercializado. Costurando com as linhas da vida desses trabalhadores, procuramos, também, evidenciar a geografia do cotidiano desses sujeitos, que, com seus corpos em movimento marcaram e demarcaram espaços e percursos e com suas emoções garimparam histórias, extraíram subjetividades e lavraram sensibilidades nas banquetas de caulim. / This is a paper about the life, the art of living. It is a sensitive reading elaborated by the senses: in the good and bad smells; at the attentive ears to the barriers’ crack; in the taste, enjoying the talks during the meals; and, at the sighting and in the tact, observing atmosphere’s physical and atmospheric transformations. In this way, the aim of this work is to present a new visibility and “dizibilidade” about the extraction of “caulim” at “banquetas” in Junco do Seridó. Based on the concepts of sensibilities and subjectivities, we search through this text to answer at the following questionings: Who are these people? Which dreams they had or they have when resolved to get in caulim’s mining claim? What motivated them to face a routine and an everyday life as hard as this one? Establishing as object of our study the memories and histories of caulim’s prospectors, we search to produce a historicity of Junco do Seridó, from the decade of 1960 up to 2011, and of the caulim’s extraction in banquetas from 1971 to 2011. At the same time, we intend to filling in some gaps proceeding from the silences of the sources that, anyway, “pointed out as marginal” the “banqueteiro” as a destructor agent of the atmosphere and the mineral as more one product to be commercialized. Linking with the life’s lines of these workers, we also search to make clear the geography of the everyday life of these subjects, that, with their bodies in movement marked and demarcated spaces and routes, and with their emotions they prospected histories, extracted subjectivities and ploughed sensibilities in banquetas de caulim;

O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar a estrutura genética populacional de duas espécies de araras: Ara chloropterus e Ara macao. Foram analisadas amostras de sangue e penas de diferentes regiões no Brasil, de uma localidade na Bolívia e outra no Peru. Foram realizadas análises com DNA mitocondrial (região controladora e citocromo oxidase I) e nuclear (microssatélites) das duas espécies. Para A. chloropterus foram obtidos 2166 pares de base do DNA mitocondrial de 89 amostras e dados de seis locos de microssatélites de 95 amostras. A rede de haplótipos e a árvore de neighbor-joining construídas com dados mitocondriais e os índices de FST obtidos com os dois marcadores revelaram fraca estruturação genética. Isso pode ser devido a alto fluxo gênico apresentado ou retenção de polimorfismo ancestral. Portanto, a espécie parece se organizar em metapopulações (baixa estruturação genética e alto fluxo gênico). Nesse caso, seria interessante conservar indivíduos de diversas localidades e seus corredores. Para Muscular Dystrophy foram obtidos 2094 pares de base do DNA mitocondrial de 68 amostras e dados de sete locos de microssatélites de 64 amostras. A rede de haplótipos e a árvore de neighbor-joining construídas com dados mitocondriais e os índices de FST obtidos com os dois marcadores indicam ausência de diferenciação genética entre as localidades estudadas. A análise demográfica dessa espécie indica expansão populacional há pouco mais de 50.000 anos atrás e declínio populacional desde o último período máximo de glaciação. Estes resultados sugerem que essa espécie é constituída de uma única grande população que poderia ser considerada como uma única unidade de manejo caso outras diferenças (ex.: adaptações ecológicas locais) não sejam encontradas. Ambas as espécies estudadas apresentam alta diversidade genética, possivelmente devido a um intenso fluxo gênico dentro de cada uma. / The present study aimed to characterize the population genetic structure of two macaw species: Ara chloropterus and Ara macao. Samples from various localities in Brazil, one in Bolivia and another in Peru were analyzed. Mitochondrial (control region and cytochrome oxidase I) and nuclear (microsatellites) DNA were analyzed. For A. chloropterus 89 individuals had 2166 bp of mitochondrial DNA sequenced and 95 individuals were genotyped for six polymorphic microsatellite loci. Network and the neighbor-joining tree constructed based on mitochondrial data and FST values obtained with both molecular markers revealed weak genetic structure. This can be due to high gene flow or retained ancestral polymorphism. Thus, A. chloropterus seems to be organized in metapopulations (low genetic structure and high gene flow). Under this scenario, it would be desirable to preserve individuals from various locations and there corridors. For Muscular Dystrophy we obtained 2094 bp of mitochondrial DNA for 68 individuals and data on seven microsatellites for 64 individuals. The haplotype network and the neighbor-joining tree constructed based on mitochondrial data and FST values obtained with both molecular markers revealed no genetic differentiation among localities. The demographic analysis of this species indicated a population expansion 50,000 years ago and a population decline since the last glaciation maximum. These results suggest that this species is organized as a large population that could be considered as a single management unit for conservation purposes if other differences are not found (eg. local ecological adaptations). Both species have high genetic diversity, possibly due to extensive gene flow within each one.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le domaine de l'ingénierie des Interfaces Homme-Machine. Elle a pour thème la conception et la réalisation des modèles d'IHM de la méthode MACAO. Nous étudions l'axe de création des interfaces utilisateur en différenciant trois niveaux de la conception à la réalisation. L'approche adoptée s'appuie sur une analyse théorique et sur des cas d'expériences pratiques des modèles. Cette démarche entre dans le cadre très en vogue des modèles et des transformations de modèles. Cette étude nous conduit à distinguer les étapes de conception d'une IHM en milieu industriel et à mettre en place un processus pour la réalisation des modèles et des maquettes dans la phase de recueil des besoins. En étudiant sur des projets réels la conception des IHM utilisant une représentation abstraite, nous soulignons toute l'importance de traiter de l'interface utilisateur avec l'utilisateur final et l'importance de la concevoir comme un élément de l'architecture générale dès les phases de conception. Nous proposons un procédé de conception de l'architecture de l'IHM qui répond aux besoins de la conception d'une IHM. Ce processus est complété par des modèles à des niveaux de raffinement différents. Nous proposons des métamodèles de ces différentes vues de la création des IHM. Et nous proposons un outil de génie logiciel qui permet d'éditer et d'utiliser le modèle du SNI. De part ses critères et ses techniques de représentation, MACAO représente une des plus douces et progressives façons d'implémenter une interface homme-machine.

本論文旨在探討澳門主權的歸屬，亦即中國與葡國在有關澳門地位問題上的爭議。中葡關係是中國與西方國家接觸的開端，葡人自一五五三年起，迄今在澳門已住了四百四十年。葡國佔住澳門歷明、清、民國、中共而不斷，認為「久佔之地，必有主權」，乃根據羅馬法上的時效原則，而中國 一直認為澳門乃「天朝地界」，准許葡人佔住乃中國皇帝的恩准。中葡雙方各持己見，學者也一直未能有效釐清。 不過，比對中、葡、意、荷、英、日各方資料後，便可見前人對澳門問題之見解實頗多偏頗之處，其原因乃在忽略中外資料之客觀比對。本論文可以斷言，葡人得以入居澳門，實在中國明朝末年的一種機緣巧合。葡人得以久居澳門，一方面由於中國認為此情況符合本身國家利益，另一方面則由於葡人善於迎合中國皇帝與官員心理。大量歷史事實顯示，葡人長期以來是在中國享有完整的澳門主權前提下，在澳門行使有限度的自治權的。這種類以唐代蕃坊的情況一直維持至一八四○年中英鴉片戰爭爆發。 由於清廷的戰敗與衰微，葡國遂於一八四九年以政變方式，將葡人的有限自治權擴大成排他管理權，將中國官員全部逐出澳門，令中國主權無法在澳門行使。一八八七年的《中葡和好通商條約》，確認了葡國可以「永居、管理」澳門。 然而，中國一直沒有放棄過澳門主權。自一九一二年民國成立以來，歷任中國政府都企圖在澳門恢復行使主權。一九七九年二月，葡國終於承認澳門只是葡國管理之下的中國領土。一九八七年四月，中共與葡國簽訂了《聯合聲明》，決定了澳門將於二○○○年之前回歸中國。一九九三年三月，中共「八屆人大」通過了《澳門基本法》，為中共將來在「一國兩制」方針下統治澳門提供了法律根據。中葡兩國之間存在四百四十年的澳門地位問題，至此遂告結束。