Les plantes dans leur milieu naturel, sont constamment soumises à de multiples contraintes environnementales de nature biotique ou abiotique qui sont à l'origine de nombreuses pertes de rendement. Afin de répondre à ces stress, les plantes mettent en place des réponses adaptées qui reposent sur l'activation de voies de signalisations. L'une des voies importantes est celle impliquant la phosphorylation des protéines par les Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPKs). La régulation de l'activité des MAPKs est indispensable et dépend en partie de protéines phosphatases telles que les MAPK Phosphatases (MKPs). Ce travail a consisté à étudier les mécanismes de régulation de l'activité phosphatase de TMKP1, la seule MKP connue de blé dur, par les calmodulines et les protéines 14-3-3. Dans un premier temps, nous avons montré que l'activité phosphatase de TMKP1 est stimulée en présence des ions K+, Li+, Mg 2+ et surtout par le Mn2+. Des expériences de GST pull dawn ont permis de mettre en évidence une interaction, calcium dépendante, entre TMKP1 et la calmoduline (CaM) et nous avons démontré que l'activité de TMKP1 est inhibée par le complexe CaM/Ca2+. En revanche, ce même complexe stimule l'activité de TMKP1 en présence des ions Mn 2+. Ce mode de régulation d'une MKP par CaM/Ca2+ dépendant des ions Mo2+ est décrit ici pour la première fois. Dans un second temps, la présence au niveau de la séquence de TMKP1 d'un domaine de liaison aux protéines 14-3-3s, nous a incité à mener des essais d'immunoprécipitation à l'issue desquelles nous avons montré que TMKP1 pourrait interagir avec les 14-3-3s chez le Blé et que celles-ci stimulent l'activité phosphatase de TMKP1 in vitro. Enfin, l'implication de TMKP1 dans la réponse des plantes aux stress biotiques et abiotiques a été évaluée. Les tests de gennination ont révélé que la sur-expression de TMKP1 chez Arabidopsis permet une meilleure tolérance à la salinité. Ces mêmes plantes semblent également être plus résistantes à une infection bactérienne causée par Pseudomonas syringae que des plantes sauvages. Ces données suggèrent que TMKP1 agirait comme régulateur positif de la réponse d'Arabidopsis au stress salin et à l'infection P. syringae. L'ensemble des résultats obtenus ici a permis de dévoiler de nouvelles propriétés jamais décrites chez une MKP végétale et offre une nouvelle vision sur le rôle de ces phosphatases dans le contrôle des voies de signalisations MAPKs impliquées dans la réponse des plantes aux stress de l'environnement. / Due to their sessile lifestyle, plants are constantly subjected to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses causing tremendous yield losses. To survive under these conditions, plants have evolved different sigualing pathways allowing efficient stress responses. The Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPKs) are key sigual transduction molecules, which respond to varions external stimuli. However, the activity of MAPKs has to be strictly regulated by protein phosphatase such as MAPK Phosphatase (MKPs). ln the present study we describe the regulation ofTMKPI, a wheat MKP, by Calmodulins (CaM) and 14-3-3 proteins. We fust showed that phosphatase activity oTMKP1 is stimulated by K\ Li\ Mg2+ and especially by Mo2+. Using GST pull dawn assays, we demonstrated that TMKP1 binds to CaM in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Moreover, the CaM/Ca2+ complex inhibits the catalytic activity of TMKP1 in a CaM-dose dependent marmer. However, in the presence of Mo2+, this activity is enhanced by CaM/Ca2+ complex. Such effects were not reported so far, and raise a possible role for CaM and Mo 2+ in the regulation of plant MKPs during cellular response to extemal siguals. Moreover, a fine sequence analysis ofTMKPl revealed the presence of a conserved 14-3-3 mode 1 binding site. This finding incited us to perfonn co-immunoprecipitation assays on wheat protein extracts through which we provide proof-of-concept evidence for interaction of TMKP1 with 14-3-3 proteins. Interestingly, the phosphatase activity of TMKP1 was shawn to be enhanced by several plant and yeast 14-3-3 isoforms. Finally, the involvement of TMKP1 in plant stress responses was evaluated. Our data showed that the overexpression of TMKP1 in Arabidopsis resulted in a higher tolerance to salt stresses and to bacterial infection caused by P. syringae. Such findings suggest thal TMKP1 may act as a positive regulator of Arabidopsis responses to salt stresses and P. syringae infection. All together, our results provide novel functional properties for plant MKPs, and should add new knowledge to our understanding of the raie of these phosphatases in the control of MAPK signaling pathways controlling plant responses to various environmental stresses.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Trauma-induced spinal cord injury (SCI) is the most prevalent form of spinal cord injury affecting over 80% of the 36,000 Canadians living with this condition. The pathophysiological profile of traumatic SCI consists of an initial stage of direct damage followed by a series of secondary events, including reduced blood flow and increased generation of free radicals that leads to excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, hemorrhagic necrosis, inflammation, and apoptosis. We examined the hypotheses that delayed administration of the flavonoid quercetin inhibits the propagation of secondary events and promotes functional recovery after traumatic SCI by inhibiting inflammatory processes and signaling pathways that promote apoptosis and thereby promoting axon survival. To determine whether delayed quercetin treatment promoted functional recovery following SCI, male Wistar rats were subjected to a spinal cord compression injury by application of a 50 g modified aneurysm clip at the mid thoracic cord level. A treatment regimen of 75 µmol quercetin per kg rat or saline only (controls) was administered for a period of 3 days, 1 week or 2 weeks beginning at 2 weeks post surgery. Delayed quercetin treatment improved locomotion in injured animals although with severe deficit. To determine whether improved functional outcome correlated with improved tissue preservation and reduced scarring, we performed histological examinations at the injury site. In saline treated animals, at 8 weeks post injury we found over 80% of tissue loss with the majority of the remaining cells undergoing apoptosis. However, with 2 weeks delayed quercetin treatment, at least 50% of the tissue was still present at 8 weeks post surgery with a significant reduction of apoptosis. Quercetin treated animals also showed a reduction of reactive gliosis. To determine which intracellular signaling pathways may mediate the protective effects of quercetin, we carried out Western blots and immunocytochemical analyses of a number of potential pro-apoptotic pathways. We found that quercetin reduced the levels of the phosphorylated (activated) forms of the MAPK p38, ERK 1/2 (p42/44) and SAPK/JNK seen after SCI. We conclude that delayed quercetin treatment likely rescues neurons that would otherwise have died between the third and sixth weeks following injury by inhibiting apoptosis of glia cells. Quercetin may be acting via selective inhibition of kinase pathways that have been shown to be involved in apoptosis and cell growth. These findings not only reveal the protective effects of quercetin in reducing secondary damage after chronic SCI but also shed some light on some of the mechanisms underlying its actions.

Trauma-induced spinal cord injury (SCI) is the most prevalent form of spinal cord injury affecting over 80% of the 36,000 Canadians living with this condition. The pathophysiological profile of traumatic SCI consists of an initial stage of direct damage followed by a series of secondary events, including reduced blood flow and increased generation of free radicals that leads to excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, hemorrhagic necrosis, inflammation, and apoptosis. We examined the hypotheses that delayed administration of the flavonoid quercetin inhibits the propagation of secondary events and promotes functional recovery after traumatic SCI by inhibiting inflammatory processes and signaling pathways that promote apoptosis and thereby promoting axon survival. To determine whether delayed quercetin treatment promoted functional recovery following SCI, male Wistar rats were subjected to a spinal cord compression injury by application of a 50 g modified aneurysm clip at the mid thoracic cord level. A treatment regimen of 75 µmol quercetin per kg rat or saline only (controls) was administered for a period of 3 days, 1 week or 2 weeks beginning at 2 weeks post surgery. Delayed quercetin treatment improved locomotion in injured animals although with severe deficit. To determine whether improved functional outcome correlated with improved tissue preservation and reduced scarring, we performed histological examinations at the injury site. In saline treated animals, at 8 weeks post injury we found over 80% of tissue loss with the majority of the remaining cells undergoing apoptosis. However, with 2 weeks delayed quercetin treatment, at least 50% of the tissue was still present at 8 weeks post surgery with a significant reduction of apoptosis. Quercetin treated animals also showed a reduction of reactive gliosis. To determine which intracellular signaling pathways may mediate the protective effects of quercetin, we carried out Western blots and immunocytochemical analyses of a number of potential pro-apoptotic pathways. We found that quercetin reduced the levels of the phosphorylated (activated) forms of the MAPK p38, ERK 1/2 (p42/44) and SAPK/JNK seen after SCI. We conclude that delayed quercetin treatment likely rescues neurons that would otherwise have died between the third and sixth weeks following injury by inhibiting apoptosis of glia cells. Quercetin may be acting via selective inhibition of kinase pathways that have been shown to be involved in apoptosis and cell growth. These findings not only reveal the protective effects of quercetin in reducing secondary damage after chronic SCI but also shed some light on some of the mechanisms underlying its actions.

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Physiopathologie moléculaire, cellulaire et intégrée : Toulouse 3 : 2007. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p. 273-274.

Thèse de doctorat : Neurosciences : Strasbourg 1 : 2007. Thesis : Neurosciences : Morehouse school of medicine (Atlanta) : 2007. / Thèse soutenue en co-tutelle. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p. 203-228.

Thèse (M.Sc.)--Université Laval, 2008 . / Bibliogr.: f. 102-132. Publié aussi en version électronique dans la Collection Mémoires et thèses électroniques.

Thèse (M.Sc.)--Université Laval, 2003. / Bibliogr.: f. 69-78. Publié aussi en version électronique.

Thèse (M.Sc.)--Université Laval, 2002. / Bibliogr.: f. 175-184. Publié aussi en version électronique.

Le facteur de transcription GATA4 est un puissant régulateur du développement cardiaque, gonadique et digestif. Bien qu'un grand nombre de ses gènes cibles soient connus, les mécanismes contrôlant son expression et son activité demeurent incertains. GATA4 est phosphorylé par la PKA en réponse à l'AMPc en serine 261 et des MAPK en serine 105. L'objectif de mon projet de maîtrise est donc de définir l'importance de ces sites de phosphorylations et plus particulièrement par les MAPK sur l'activité transcriptionnelle de GATA4 sur certains promoteurs cibles. Les résultats de transfection transitoire au phosphate de calcium montrent que la stimulation par les MAPK potentialise l'activité transcriptionnelle de GATA4 sur les promoteurs Star, Inha et Cypl9. Cette stimulation potentialise également la coopération de GATA4 avec ses partenaires transcriptionnels comme LRH1 et SF1 sur le promoteur Inha. Ceci a permits de mettre en évidence l'importance des MAPK dans la régulation de l'activité transcriptionnelle de GATA4 sur certains promoteurs cibles.