Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) steels undergo a phase transformation when subjected to high levels of mechanical strain. This transformation from a paramagnetic austenitic parent phase to a ferromagnetic martensitic phase is irreversible and the resultant magnetic properties may therefore be used as a measure of strain history. The transformation behaviour of TRIP steels has been recognised as a potential smart characteristic and various proposals have appeared aimed at producing a structure that performs its primary structural function as well a strain sensing function simultaneously. However the strain induced nature of the transformation implies that transformation will occur in areas of high stress concentration and therefore engineered stress concentration features will be required to provide a consistent measure of the changes in the magnetic properties of the material as a function of applied load. In order to predict the performance of smart TRIP steel sensors, an analysis method capable of quantifying the effectiveness of a component in its dual role as structure and sensor is needed. The thesis addresses the development of a methodology for correlating the changing magnetic permeability of TRIP steel sensors and structures with martensitic transformation behaviour. The prediction of the deformation behaviour including transformation is implemented by considering a mechanical analysis based on the finite element method and a constitutive model incorporating strain-induced martensitic transformation kinetics. .Extensions to the model which allow for a wide range of deformation rates and temperatures are also discussed. In order to demonstrate the application of the methodology, an analysis of a simple tensile element used in strain measurement applications is presented. The analysis also includes the effect of temperature on the performance of the sensor. An analysis of a design proposal for a smart aircraft bolt is also included to investigate the effects of geometry, particularly engineered stress concentrations, and sensor placement. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.

The work contained herein is in pursuance of the Development of the SMART aircraft bolt. Failure of the bolt in the aircraft wing is taken for granted in the project, and the consequent repairs are presently very costly. The SMART material investigated in this work is the TRIP steel, and any reference to SMART material, in this work, shall at all time mean TRIP steel. Investigation of the stresses pertaining to bolts in general is carried out, based on the bolt theories and using the finite element analysis. An optimal bolt based on impact resistance only has also been suggested. Metallurgical behaviour of materials similar to TRIP materials is also investigated, including a section dedicated only to TRIP steels. Therefore, the work contained herein acts as a good base for further research. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2002.

The materials that exhibit martensite transformation have very important applications in engineering, and the microstructures of the materials play a key role foraffecting their mechanical behavior in macroscope. Therefore many attentions havebeen drawn for studying the related problems. This work focuses on the motion oftwin boundaries. Three questions are being asked: how is a twin boundary is nucleated in a homogenous (untwinned) material? After the twin boundary is nucleated,how is its motion initiated? How fast does it move? This study provides an atomisticunderstanding for these three questions. Linear stability analysis is firstly applied to capture the initiation of motion of atwin boundary. When a twin boundary is about to move, the lowest eigenvalue of thesystem Hessian drops to zero. And the corresponding eigenvector predicts accuratelythe way in which the twin boundary is going to move. The same idea is applied toinvestigate how motion of an irrational twin boundary is initiated. Atomic modelsof irrational twin boundaries are constructed by employment of continuum models,provided that the point group of rotations which relate two variants is extended toany rotations in plane. The zero eigenvectors reveal the complicated behavior ofmotion of irrational twin boundaries. The problem of nonuniqueness of kinetic relations proposed by Schwetlick andZimmer is solved in a thermoelasticity framework. By calculating the net heat fluxcrossing the phase boundary which is carried by the phonons, a unique kinetic relationcan be determined. Finally, a nonlocal criterion for nucleation of twin boundariesis proposed. By checking the stiffness of each unit cell evaluated with respect to asingle variable that represents the displacement along the unit cell diagonal direction,locations and the orientations of nucleated twin boundaries can be predicted.

Martensite-to-Beta transformation temperatures of CuAlNiMn and CuAlNi shape memory alloys has been determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In CuAlNiMn alloys, each new betatizing treatment has resulted in randomly varying transformation temperatures on the same specimen and an anomalously diffuse and serrated Martensite-to-Beta transformation peaks in the first cycle. Therefore, as quenched alloy samples were thermally cycled for three times in DSC prior to ageing to obtain thermally stable and reproducible transformation temperatures and to eliminate the anomalous effect of betatizing on the transformation temperatures. CuAlNiMn alloys were aged in martensitic condition at temperatures in the range 80&amp / #61616 / C to 150&amp / #61616 / C for 24 hours to 312 hours ageing periods. Both A_s and A_f temperatures have increased with ageing temperature and time while M_s and M_f temperatures have not changed during martensite ageing. Transformation temperatures of CuAlNi alloys, on the other hand, have not changed during martensite ageing. In this respect, CuAlNiMn alloys were found to be more prone to martensite stabilization than the CuAlNi alloys. Through Transmission Electron Microscope investigation in the Cu-12.6wt%Al-5.9wt%Ni-1.8wt%Mn alloy aged at 150&amp / #61616 / C for 312 hours has revealed no sign of precipitate formation and it has been concluded that the &amp / #65533 / precipitates pinning martensite boundaries&amp / #65533 / mechanism could not be responsible of martensite stabilization. Beta phase ageing of CuAlNiMn alloys at temperatures 200&amp / #61616 / C, 230&amp / #61616 / C, 250&amp / #61616 / C and 270&amp / #61616 / C, have drastically shortened the periods for stabilization to the extent that &amp / #946 / -to-M transformation completely ceases. With regard to the Manganese content, highest Manganese bearing alloy was the one stabilized first and the lowest manganese containing one was the longest lasting alloy during beta phase ageing. Beta stabilization was not observed in any of the four CuAlNi alloys at the end of 96 hours ageing at 200&amp / #61616 / C while beta stabilization was realized after 26, 38 and 11 hours ageing at the same temperature in the three Mn containing alloys studied. In conclusion, on the basis of ageing studies at 200&amp / #61616 / C, with regard to beta stabilization, CuAlNi alloys were found to be more resistant to high temperature ageing than CuAlNiMn alloys. Equilibrium &amp / #947 / _2 and &amp / #945 / phases were observed with coupled-grown lamellar morphologies in Cu-13.6%Al-3.0%Ni alloy aged above 400&amp / #61616 / C.

No description available.

Les alliages Heusler de type Ni-Mn-X (X=In, Ga, Sn et Sb) possèdent d'intéressantes propriétés mécaniques, magnétiques et thermiques qui découlent de la transition structurale martensite-austénite. Le couplage de ces propriétés entraîne de potentielles applications dans le domaine des actionneurs, des capteurs ou des refroidisseurs. La fabrication de ces matériaux en films, d'un grand intérêt pour les microsystèmes, reste difficile à maitriser et fait l'objet de ce travail de thèse. Une partie du travail effectué durant cette thèse porte donc sur l'élaboration d'un film de type Ni-Co-Mn-In en utilisant un procédé de co-pulvérisation. L'objectif de la thèse a porté sur l'obtention d'un film présentant une transition structurale et magnétique à température ambiante. Après une étude de la structure et de la microstructure des phases martensite et austénite, les propriétés magnétiques ont été investiguées. Le changement d'état magnétique obtenu pour certains films lors de la transition du premier ordre a entrainé des propriétés magnétocaloriques et d'actionnement intéressantes. Les meilleurs résultats sont obtenus pour un film de composition Ni45,2Co4,7Mn36,2In13,9. La réalisation de mesures de résistivité sous champ magnétique intense constitue un sujet novateur sur des films de ce type. Grâce à ces mesures, une étude de l'irréversibilité et du blocage de la transformation structurale induit par le champ magnétique (kinetic arrest) a été réalisée. La compréhension des phénomènes intervenant dans l'hystérésis thermique et le blocage sous champ magnétique est en effet importante pour les applications basées sur ces matériaux à fort couplage mécanique, magnétique et thermique. / Ni-Mn-X (X=In, Ga, Sn and Sb) Heusler type alloys present interesting mechanical, magnetical and thermal properties owing to the martensite-austenite structural transition. Combining these properties induce many potentials applications in the field of actuators, sensors and coolers. Processing these materials into films is of great interest for micro-devices but remains a challenge. It shall be the purpose of this thesis. Part of this thesis shall be dedicated to the development of a Ni-Co-Mn-In Heusler film using a co-sputtering process. The main achievement of the thesis is to have obtained a film exhibiting a structural and magnetic transformation at room temperature. After a study of the structure and microstructure of martensite and austenite phases, magnetic properties are investigated. The evolution of the magnetic state during the first order transformation observed in some films leads to interesting magnetocaloric and activating properties. Optimal results, both in terms of working temperature and functional properties, are obtained for a film with a composition of Ni45,2Co4,7Mn36,2In13,9. Resistivity measurements under high magnetic field are novel on such films. These new measurements have made it possible to study the irreversibility and phase transformation blocking induced by a magnetic field (kinetic arrest). Understanding the physical effect underlying the thermal irreversibility and the blocking by a magnetic field is indeed important for applications based on such materials with strongly coupled mechanical, magnetical and thermal properties.

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2016-07-27T14:58:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2690635 bytes, checksum: 755347a9fe593fec9ee6de7af48d4375 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:58:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2690635 bytes, checksum: 755347a9fe593fec9ee6de7af48d4375 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-16 / Shape memory alloys are widely used to produce mechanical actuators which operate in a temperature range that are responsible for the shape recovery of the sensor element. Such applications are numerous engineering. In this case, the main aspect responsible for a good performance of the system is the stability of the characteristics temperature of the alloy, i.e., the start and finish temperatures of the austenitic and martensitic transformations. Cu-Al-Be alloys are very attractive from the commercial point of view and have low transformation temperatures, thus, attractive for various applications. However, the stability of the phases is still the subject of various investigations. In this work, a device for conducting thermal cycling experiments was constructed which is able to cycling the samples up to 10,000 times, enabling the investigation of the thermal stability of Cu-Al-Be alloy containing Cr, as grain refining element. Experimental results have shown that the thermal cycling over extended periods of times increases the temperatures of the martensitic phase reversion - stabilizing the martensite phase. On the other hand tests carried out during the aging heat treatments did not significantly alter these temperatures. It was concluded that the main mechanism for stabilization of the martensitic phase is related to the immobilization of the interface due to defects introduced during the thermocycling. / Ligas passíveis do efeito memória de forma são muito usadas para confecção de atuadores mecânicos os quais trabalham em uma faixa de temperatura as quais são responsáveis pela recuperação de forma do elemento sensor. Este tipo de aplicação é numeroso na engenharia. Neste caso, o principal aspecto responsável para um bom desempenho do sistema reside na estabilidade das temperaturas características da liga, ou seja, nas temperaturas de início e fim das transformações austenítica e martensítica. Ligas Cu-Al-Be são bastante atrativas do ponto de vista comercial e possuem temperaturas de transformação baixas, sendo assim, atrativas para diversas aplicações. Entretanto, a estabilidade das fases é ainda tema de diversas investigações. Nesse trabalho, foi construído um dispositivo para realização de ciclagem térmica por longos períodos, até 10.000 ciclos, de modo a possibilitar a investigação da estabilidade térmica de ligas Cu-Al-Be contendo Cr como elemento refinador de grão. Os resultados experimentais demonstraram que a ciclagem durante longos períodos aumenta as temperaturas de reversão da fase martensítica - estabilização da fase martensítica. Por outro lado, os testes realizados durante os tratamentos térmicos de envelhecimento não alteram de modo significativo estas temperaturas. Foi concluído que o principal mecanismo para estabilização da fase martensítica está relacionado com a imobilização da interfase devido à introdução de defeitos durante a ciclagem térmica.

Orientador: Marcelo dos Santos Pereira / Banca: Humberto Lopes Rodrigues / Banca: Pedro Paulo de Campos / Resumo: Estudos de novos materiais, mais resistentes, econômicos e de menor densidade, são de grande interesse para aplicações estruturais em projetos de Engenharias. Propriedades mecânicas antes obtidas principalmente por meio de adição de elementos de ligas, como por exemplo elevada dureza, tenacidade e resistência mecânica, podem ser atingidas atualmente com variações no processamento térmico e termomecânico. Estas alterações têm proporcionado a formação de estruturas multifásicas nos aços, e como elemento deste estudo, os aços bifásicos. Neste trabalho, buscou-se entender os efeitos que processamentos térmicos possuem sobre as microestruturas dos aços de médio teor de carbono (SAE 1045), assim como a sua influência sobre as propriedades mecânicas, especialmente sobre a tenacidade, evidenciada por meio de ensaios de impacto. O material tratado termicamente obteve, sua estrutura transformada, visando à formação de estrutura bifásica (ferrita e martensita) e de estrutura formada por martensita revenida, sendo comparadas com a condição do material como fornecido (ferrita e perlita). A caracterização microestrutural foi realizada para determinação das fases presentes, assim como das frações volumétricas respectivas. Ensaios de tração e de impacto foram realizados visando a determinação das propriedades mecânicas do aço. Os resultados mostraram que a interação entre ferrita e martensita, gerada na condição bifásica, possue forte influência nos resultados referentes à tenacidade, assim como a temperatura em que o material foi ensaiado. Comparando-se três estruturas, comprova-se que a estrutura bifásica possui resistência mecânica e tenacidade mais elevadas que os aços temperados e revenidos, e tenacidade proxima a do aço com médio teor de carbono, sem tratamento térmico. / Abstract: Studies of new materials, more resistance, cheaper costs and lower density, have high interest for structural use in engineering projects. Mechanical properties adquired in the past by alloyes adition, for example igher hardness, toughness and mechanical strenght, nowadays can be reached using controlled thermo mechanical process. These changes have provided the multiphase structures formation in steels, for example the dual phase steel, subject of the present study. In this work it was researched the effects of heat process in microestructure of medium carbon steels (SAE 1045) and the influence over mechanical properties, specially in toughers, realized by impact analysis. The heat treatment material has its structure transformed in dual-phase structure (ferrite and martensite) and compared with supplied material (ferrite and perlite). The microestructural characterization was done to determine the present phase, and the respective volumetric fraction of martensite. Tension and impact analysis were done to determine the steel mechanical properties. Results have shown that the interaction between ferrite and martensite generated in dual-phase condition, has higher influence, related the materials toughness, so the temperature that material was analysed comparing the three structures, verifies that the dual-phase struture has level of mechanical resistence and toughness, higher than quenched and tempered steels, and toughness near of medium carbon steel that has not received heat treatment in higher or lower temperatures. / Mestre

Os aços maraging são aços de baixo teor de carbono com estrutura martensítica (CCC), que são endurecidos pela precipitação de fases intermetálicas. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar as transformações de fases desses aços: precipitação, reversão da martensita para a austenita e transformação martensítica. Nesse trabalho, foram caracterizadas uma corrida de aço maraging da série 300 e três corridas da série 350, usando diversas técnicas complementares: microscopia ótica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura com análise dispersiva de energia, microdurômetro, difração de raios-X, ferritoscópio e dilatometria. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as corridas com maiores teores de cobalto e titânio apresentaram maiores valores de microdureza nos estados solubilizado e envelhecido. Por outro lado, medidas dilatométricas mostraram que há uma influência significativa tanto da composição química, quanto da taxa de aquecimento nas reações de precipitação e reversão da martensita para a austenita. No entanto, a transformação martensítica mostrou-se dependente apenas da taxa de aquecimento. / Maraging steels are steels with a low carbon martensitic structure (BCC), which are hardened by precipitation of intermetallic phases. The aim of this work is to study the phase transformations of these steels: precipitation, martensite to austenite reversion and martensitic transformation. In this study, one cast of 300 grade and three casts of 350 grade were characterized using several complementary techniques: optical microscopy, scanning el ectron microscopy with energy dispersive analysis, microhardness, X-ray diffraction, ferritoscope and dilatometry. The results showed that the casts with higher concentrations of cobalt and titanium showed higher microhardness in the solution annealed and aged states. On the other hand, dilatometry measurements showed that there is a significant influence of both the chemical composition and the heating rate on the reactions of precipitation and reversion of martensite to austenite. However, the martensitic transformation was dependent solely on the heating rate.

As velocidades críticas de resfriamento necessárias à obtenção de percentuais definidos de martensita, presentes em amostras de aços temperados em óleo, foram determinadas por meio de curvas de resfriamento. As amostras constituíram-se de barras de aço AISI 4140 e 8640 com seções circulares de 25,4; 38,1 e 50,8 mm e barras quadradas com 25,4 e 38,1 mm de lado e comprimento igual a 5 vezes o diâmetro ou lado. Visando-se à obtenção de padrões de comparação para essas velocidades, foram também obtidas as curvas em U das durezas ao longo das seções transversais das barras e as curvas Jominy desses aços. Os resultados apresentaram boa coerência, o que garantiu a eficiência do processo. Os resultados concernentes ao teor específico de 50% de martensita foram comparados com os obtidos a partir de equações constantes na literatura. As equações não se mostraram diretamente adequadas, requerendo a obtenção de um fator de correção, que uma vez obtido mostrou-se eficiente na adequação dos valores empíricos de velocidade crítica aos determinados por meio das curvas de resfriamento. / The criticaI cooling velocities necessary to obtaining specific contents of martensite, present in test specimens of hardened steels in oil, were evaluated by means of cooling curves. The samples were constituted of bars of AISI 4140 and 8640 steels with 25,4; 38,1 and 50,8 mm diameter and squared bars with 25,4 and 38,1 mm in side by 5 times the diameter or side long. Aiming at obtaining comparison patterns for those velocities, they were also obtained the curves in U of the hardness along the traverse sections of the bars and the Jominy curves of those steels. The results presented good agreement, what guaranteed the efficiency of the process. The concerning results achieving a 50 pct martensitic microstructure were compared with those obtained from equations presented in the literature. The equations did not show good approaches, requesting the determination of a correction factor, that once obtained it was shown efficient in the adaptation of the empirical values of critical velocities to those determined by means of the cooling curves.