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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
131

Efeito das adições de tratamentos criogênicos e de alívio de tensões no ciclo térmico do aço ferramenta AISI D2. / The effect of cryogenic and stress relief treatments additions in the thermal cycle of the AISI D2 tool steel.

Paula Fernanda da Silva Farina 30 March 2011 (has links)
Foram estudados os efeitos da introdução de etapas de tratamento criogênico e do alívio de tensões no ciclo térmico do aço ferramenta para trabalho a frio AISI D2. Variaram-se as temperaturas de tratamento criogênico, sendo elas principalmente: criogênica (-196°C) e subzero (-80°C). Foram variados os tempos de permanência às temperaturas criogênicas: 2, 3, 10, 24 e 30 e 36 horas. Verificou-se o efeito da adição da etapa (130°C/90 minutos) de alívio de tensões previamente ao tratamento criogênico. As amostras com diferentes ciclos térmicos foram submetidas à caracterização metalográfica, difração de raios-X e ensaios de potencial termo-elétrico. Na caracterização metalográfica as amostras foram analisadas por MEV (microscopia eletrônica de varredura) e MEV-FEG (MEV com canhão com emissão por efeito de campo). Os carbonetos secundários (micrométricos) não apresentaram variação. Os carbonetos secundários de revenido (nanométricos) apresentaram-se mais finamente dispersos na matriz nas amostras com tratamento criogênico e sem alívio de tensões. A difração de Raios-X foi realizada no Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncroton, a luz síncroton foi essencial para detectar as variações pequenas e em escala nanométrica que ocorreram devido às inserções dos tratamentos criogênicos e de alívio de tensões. Foram verificados: i) menor fração volumétrica de austenita retida nas amostras tratadas em temperatura subzero quando comparadas às amostras tratadas em temperaturas criogênicas, indicando um comportamento cinético em C da curva de transformação; ii) diminuição da relação c/a dos parâmetros do reticulado cristalino da martensita e aumento do parâmetro a da austenita (devido à partição de carbono da martensita supersaturada em carbono para a austenita) causando estabilização da austenita com a inserção da etapa de alívio de tensões; iii) aumento no parâmetro a da austenita retida residual após revenimentos, com consequente aumento no teor de carbono da mesma, devido à partição de carbono; iv) maior fração volumétrica de carbonetos de revenido (M7C3 e M2C) nas amostras com tratamento criogênico logo após a têmpera, seguido da amostra com tratamento criogênico + alívio de tensões, seguidos da amostra somente temperada e revenida e por fim da amostra com alívio de tensões e sem tratamento criogênico. Os ensaios de potencial termo-elétrico (realizados no INSA-Lyon) foram utilizados para verificar o comportamento das amostras nas temperaturas de revenimento. Foram realizados tratamentos isotérmicos (130°C, 210°C, 350°C, 450°C e 520°C) cumulativos com tempos de 1 minuto até 130 horas. Verificou-se que: i) nos primeiros estágios do revenimento a cinética é favorecida pelo tratamento criogênico (precipitação de carbonetos \'eta\' ou \'epsilon\'); ii) o alívio de tensões atrasa os dois primeiros estágios do revenimento; iii) há maior crescimento dos carbonetos de liga nas amostras sem tratamento criogênico. O refinamento dos carbonetos secundários de revenimento foi atribuído a uma sequência de precipitações de carbonetos de revenido in situ: \'eta\' -> \'teta\' -> M7C3 e M2C. / The effects of cryogenic treatments and of stress relief treatment introduced in the thermal cycle of the cold work tool steel AISI D2 were studied. The cryogenic temperatures were varied: cryogenic (-196°C) and subzero (-80°C). It was also varied the holding times at cryogenic temperatures: 2, 3, 10, 24, 30 and 36 hours. The effect of including a stress relief heat treatment previously to the cryogenic treatment was also verified. Samples submitted to different thermal cycles were studied using metallographic characterization, X-ray diffraction and electric power measurements. The metallographic characterization used SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and SEM-FEG (SEM with field emission gun), besides OM (optical microscopy). It was not found any variation in the secondary carbides (micrometrics) precipitation. The temper secondary carbides (nanometrics) showed to be more finely dispersed in the matrix of the samples with cryogenic treatment and without stress relief. The X-ray diffractions were carried out at the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory; synchrotron light was essential to detect small and nano sized variations occurring due to the addition of the cryogenics and stress relief treatments. It was verified: i) lower austenite volumetric fraction in the samples with subzero treatment if compared to the cryogenic treated samples, an indication of a C curve kinetic behavior of the transformation; ii) the stress relief treatment produced an decrease in the c/a relationship of the martensite lattice parameters and an increase in the austenite a parameter (explained by carbon atoms partition from the supersatured martensite to the retained austenite); iii) after double tempering occurred an increase in the a parameter of the remaining austenite lattice, indicating an increase in the carbon content of the residual retained austenite, due to carbon partition; iv) higher volumetric fraction of temper carbides (M7C3 and M2C) if the samples were cryogenic treated just after quench (to room temperature), followed by the sample with cryogenic treatment + stress relief, after the sample just quenched and tempered and finally by the samples with stress relief without cryogenic treatment. Thermo-electric power measurements (carried out at INSA-Lyon) characterized the samples behavior after tempering at different temperatures. Cumulative isothermal treatments (130°C, 210°C, 350°C, 450°C e 520°C) with increasing times (from 1 minute to 130 hours) were used. It was verified that: i) the kinetic is favoured by the cryogenic treatment in the first temper stage (\'eta\' or \'epsilon\' carbide precipitation); ii) the stress relief delayed the first and second temper stage; iii) the samples without cryogenic treatment showed to have a bigger growing for the alloys carbides in the last stage of temper. The refinement of the temper secondary carbides was attributed to an in situ carbide precipitation during tempering: \'eta\' -> \'teta\' -> M7C3 e M2C.
132

Modélisation de Films Minces

Zorgati, Hamdi 17 December 2004 (has links) (PDF)
Cette thèse est consacrée à la modélisation des films minces courbés du type martensitique, hyperélastiques et ferromagnétiques. L'épaisseur de ces films suivant la direction normale à leur surface moyenne est très petite devant les autres dimensions du film. Dans le cas des films hyperélastiques, on considère que ceux-ci sont fixés à un substrat tout en pouvant s'en décoller. La formulation du problème exclut l'interpénétration du film et du substrat. Les états d'équilibre de ces films sont dans tous les cas décrits par des problèmes de minimisation d'énergie dépendant de la déformation que subit le film ou de la magnétisation dans le cas des films ferromagnétiques. On étudie le comportement de ces énergies ainsi que celui de leurs éventuels minimiseurs, lorsque l'épaisseur du film tend vers zéro à l'aide des outils de la $\Gamma$-convergence et de développement asymptotique formel. On obtient des modèles bidimensionnels où l'énergie limite s'écrit sur une surface courbée de $\mathbb (R)^3$.
133

Étude et modélisation du comportement cyclique des Alliages à Mémoire de Forme

Saint-Sulpice, Luc 29 October 2009 (has links) (PDF)
Les Alliages à Mémoire de Forme sont utilisés dans un grand nombre d'applications. Or celles-ci imposent généralement un chargement cyclique qui fait évoluer leur comportement. Nous avons donc étudié ce comportement en réalisant une base d'essais en super-élasticité et en effet mémoire assisté montrant l'apparition d'une déformation résiduelle au cours du cyclage. À la fin de ces essais l'application d'un flash thermique a permis de déterminer que l'origine de cette déformation résiduelle provient majoritairement de martensite résiduelle pour l'alliage utilisé. Un modèle macroscopique a ensuite été développé afin de prendre en compte cet aspect du comportement des Alliages à Mémoire de Forme. C'est un modèle à seuil permettant de prendre en compte les différentes propriétés des Alliages à Mémoire de Forme telles que la dissymétrie traction-compression, l'effet point-mémoire, la réorientation de la martensite lors de chargements multiaxiaux non-proportionnels ainsi que l'apparition de martensite bloquée lors de chargements cycliques. Le modèle a été implanté dans un code de calcul par éléments finis afin de simuler le comportement de structures sous chargement cyclique. L'utilisation du modèle pour la validation de comportement ou l'aide à la conception a été montrée sur deux applications courantes utilisant des Alliages à Mémoire de Forme.
134

Size Effects in Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloys

Ozdemir, Nevin 2012 May 1900 (has links)
The utilization of ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (FSMAs) in small scale devices has attracted considerable attention within the last decade. However, the lack of sufficient studies on their reversible shape change mechanisms, i.e, superelasticity, magnetic field-induced martensite variant reorientation and martensitic phase transformation, at the micron and submicron length scales prevent the further development and the use of FSMAs in small scale devices. Therefore, investigating the size effects in these mechanisms has both scientific and technological relevance. Superelastic behavior of Ni54Fe19Ga27 shape memory alloy single crystalline pillars was studied under compression as a function of pillar diameter. Multiple pillars with diameters ranging between 200 nm and 10 µm were cut on a single crystalline bulk sample oriented along the [110] direction in the compression axis and with fully reversible two-stage martensitic transformation. The results revealed size dependent two-stage martensitic transformation which was suppressed for pillar sizes of 1 µm and below. We also demonstrated that the reduction in pillar diameter decreases the transformation temperature due to the difficulty of martensite nucleation in small scales. Size effects in the magnetic field-induced martensite variant reorientation were investigated in the Ni50Mn28.3Ga21.7 single crystals oriented along the [100] direction of the austenite phase. Single crystalline compression pillars were fabricated on the martensite twins between the sizes of 630 nm and 20 µm. It was found that the stress-induced and magnetic field-induced martensite variant reorientation are size dependent and became more difficult with the reduction in sample size. Surprisingly, it was still possible to magnetically activate the shape change in the micropillars which indicates the fact that magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy increases with the reduction in sample dimensions. Ni45Mn36.6Co5In13.4 pillars between the 600 nm and 10 µm diameters were investigated along the [100] direction of the austenite to study the size effects in the magnetic field-induced phase transformation (MFIPT). MFIPT was obtained down to 5 µm size in these pillars with reasonable magnetic field levels similar to their bulk counterparts.
135

Influence d'éléments d'addition sur les transformations de la martensite revenue dans les aciers faiblement alliés

Hantcherli, Muriel 15 April 2010 (has links) (PDF)
L'objectif de ce travail est d'optimiser la résistance au revenu d'un acier martensitique à 0,6% de carbone, faiblement allié en Cr, V, et Si/Al. Une série d'alliage modèle ternaire de haute pureté (Fe-C-X, X=Cr, V, Si, Al) a été élaborée à l'EMSE par fusion en creuset froid.. L'étude du comportement des alliages a été réalisée au moyen d'une caractérisation fine de la précipitation (Diffraction RX, MEB-FEG, MET) complétée par des mesures dilatométriques. Le comportement des alliages modèles a été comparé à celui de l'alliage industriel. Le vanadium est responsable de deux effets : (i) les carbures de vanadium bloquent la croissance des grains au cours de l'austénitisation ; (ii) le vanadium dissous permet la précipitation d'une cémentite (V,Cr,Fe)3C à l'origine d'un pic de durcissement secondaire pour un revenu vers 550°C. Le silicium a un effet particulier : il stabilise la matrice martensitique et retarde la précipitation de la cémentite vers des températures de revenu plus élevées, augmentant ainsi la résistance au revenu. Cependant, le silicium se révèle nocif pour le procédé industriel de mise en forme utilisé. Deux nouveaux alliages ont alors été élaborés pour chercher un élément de substitution à l'aluminium : un alliage ou le silicium est remplacé par l'aluminium, et un alliage ou le silicium est absent. L'aluminium reste neutre dans l'alliage mais l'étude de ces deux nuances a permis de mettre en évidence la possibilité d'utiliser une nuance ne contenant pas de silicium mais présentant une résistance au revenu comparable a celle de la nuance industrielle, du fait de la présence conjointe du chrome et du vanadium.
136

Reduction of hydrogen embrittlement on Electrogalvanized Ultra High Strength Steels

Haglund, Adam January 2014 (has links)
Ultra-high strength steels is known to be susceptible for hydrogen embrittlement at very low concentrations of hydrogen. In this thesis three methods to prevent or reduce the hydrogen embrittlement in martensitic steel, with tensile strength of 1500 MPa, were studied. First, a barrier layer of aluminium designed to prevent hydrogen to enter the steel, which were deposited by vacuum evaporation. Second, a decarburization process of the steels surface designed to mitigate the induced stresses from cutting. Last, a hydrogen relief treatment at 150°C for 11 days and 200°C for 4 days, to reduce the hydrogen concentration in the steel. The effect of the hydrogen embrittlement was analyzed by manual measurements of the elongations after a slow strain rate testing at 5*10-6 mm/s, and the time to fracture in an in-situ constant load test with a current density of 1.92 mA/cm2 in a 0.5 M Na2SO4 solution. The barrier layer showed an increase in time to fracture, but also a decrease in elongations. The decarburized steel had a small increase in the time to fracture, but not enough to make it a feasible process. The hydrogen relief treatment showed a general decrease in hydrogen concentrations, but the elongation measurements was irregular although with a tendency for improvement. The simplicity of the hydrogen relief treatment makes it an interesting process to reduce the influence of hydrogen embrittlement. However, more investigations are necessary.
137

Influência do tratamento térmico sobre a tenacidade de um aço com AISI SAE 1045 com médio teor de carbono, avaliada por ensaios de impacto

Gallo, Giulliano Batelochi [UNESP] 07 February 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-02-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:57:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gallo_gb_me_guara.pdf: 1706567 bytes, checksum: 597ea250f08f8ddc714ee7df53e7829b (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Estudos de novos materiais, mais resistentes, econômicos e de menor densidade, são de grande interesse para aplicações estruturais em projetos de Engenharias. Propriedades mecânicas antes obtidas principalmente por meio de adição de elementos de ligas, como por exemplo elevada dureza, tenacidade e resistência mecânica, podem ser atingidas atualmente com variações no processamento térmico e termomecânico. Estas alterações têm proporcionado a formação de estruturas multifásicas nos aços, e como elemento deste estudo, os aços bifásicos. Neste trabalho, buscou-se entender os efeitos que processamentos térmicos possuem sobre as microestruturas dos aços de médio teor de carbono (SAE 1045), assim como a sua influência sobre as propriedades mecânicas, especialmente sobre a tenacidade, evidenciada por meio de ensaios de impacto. O material tratado termicamente obteve, sua estrutura transformada, visando à formação de estrutura bifásica (ferrita e martensita) e de estrutura formada por martensita revenida, sendo comparadas com a condição do material como fornecido (ferrita e perlita). A caracterização microestrutural foi realizada para determinação das fases presentes, assim como das frações volumétricas respectivas. Ensaios de tração e de impacto foram realizados visando a determinação das propriedades mecânicas do aço. Os resultados mostraram que a interação entre ferrita e martensita, gerada na condição bifásica, possue forte influência nos resultados referentes à tenacidade, assim como a temperatura em que o material foi ensaiado. Comparando-se três estruturas, comprova-se que a estrutura bifásica possui resistência mecânica e tenacidade mais elevadas que os aços temperados e revenidos, e tenacidade proxima a do aço com médio teor de carbono, sem tratamento térmico. / Studies of new materials, more resistance, cheaper costs and lower density, have high interest for structural use in engineering projects. Mechanical properties adquired in the past by alloyes adition, for example igher hardness, toughness and mechanical strenght, nowadays can be reached using controlled thermo mechanical process. These changes have provided the multiphase structures formation in steels, for example the dual phase steel, subject of the present study. In this work it was researched the effects of heat process in microestructure of medium carbon steels (SAE 1045) and the influence over mechanical properties, specially in toughers, realized by impact analysis. The heat treatment material has its structure transformed in dual-phase structure (ferrite and martensite) and compared with supplied material (ferrite and perlite). The microestructural characterization was done to determine the present phase, and the respective volumetric fraction of martensite. Tension and impact analysis were done to determine the steel mechanical properties. Results have shown that the interaction between ferrite and martensite generated in dual-phase condition, has higher influence, related the materials toughness, so the temperature that material was analysed comparing the three structures, verifies that the dual-phase struture has level of mechanical resistence and toughness, higher than quenched and tempered steels, and toughness near of medium carbon steel that has not received heat treatment in higher or lower temperatures.
138

Um estudo cinético da precipitação de compostos intermetálicos e da reversão da martensita em aços maraging 300 e 350. / A kinetics study of the precipitation of intermetallic compounds and reversion of martensite in maraging steels 300 and 350.

Leandro Gomes de Carvalho 13 September 2016 (has links)
O objetivo dessa tese é contribuir para o entendimento da precipitação de compostos intermetálicos e da reversão da martensita por meio de modelos cinéticos, tanto em experimentos isotérmicos no aço maraging 350 (350B) como em estudos não-isotérmicos nos aços maraging 300 (300A), maraging 350 (350C). Além da cinética das transformações de fase, foram estudadas também as mudanças da microestrutura e dos mecanismos de endurecimento decorrentes de tratamentos térmicos de envelhecimento para o aço maraging 350B. Para estas finalidades, foram usadas diversas técnicas complementares de caracterização microestrutural, como microscopia ótica (MO), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) com espectroscopia por dispersão de energia de raios X (EDS), microdureza Vickers, difração de raios X (DRX) e ferritoscopia. Já a calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) foi usada para estudar a precipitação de compostos intermetálicos e reversão da martensita em experimentos não-isotérmicos. Os resultados dos experimentos não-isotérmicos de DSC com os aços maraging 300 e 350 evidenciaram que a precipitação ocorre em duas etapas. A primeira relacionada à difusão de soluto no volume com energia de ativação próxima da difusão do níquel e molibdênio na ferrita, enquanto a segunda acontece por meio da difusão de soluto ao longo das discordâncias com energia de ativação menor que a difusão do níquel e do molibdênio na ferrita. Observou-se também que a reversão da martensita pode ocorrer em duas etapas. A primeira etapa foi associada à difusão de soluto, enquanto a segunda foi relacionada ao mecanismo de cisalhamento. Já as observações microestruturais, por meio de microscopia óptica e de microscopia eletrônica de varredura, evidenciaram que a austenita revertida formou-se nas regiões de interface, como os contornos de grão, contornos de pacote e contornos de ripas da estrutura martensítica para temperaturas a partir de 520 °C, enquanto a austenita revertida encontrada no interior das ripas da martensita formou-se a partir de 560 °C. O estudo da cinética de precipitação e do comportamento da curva de envelhecimento em um aço maraging 350 (350B), para tratamentos isotérmicos entre 440 e 600 °C, mostrou que as medidas de microdureza podem ser muito úteis para estudos dessa natureza nesses aços. A análise cinética da precipitação, realizada por meio do ajuste dos dados experimentais aos modelos JMAK e Austin-Rickett, mostrou que eles se ajustam bem a esses modelos com coeficiente de correlação próximo de 1. Entretanto, a interpretação dos valores de n, obtidos pela equação Austin-Rickett, mostrou que eles têm maior concordância com as mudanças microestruturais observadas nos aços maraging, em estudos anteriores, se comparados com aqueles estimados por meio da equação JMAK. A interpretação das constantes n, usando a equação Austin-Rickett, permitiu estabelecer diversas etapas para a precipitação. Na primeira ocorre a precipitação nas discordâncias para 440 °C, seguida pelo crescimento de cilindros longos e finitos em comparação com a distância de separação deles para 480 °C e, por fim, o crescimento de precipitados partindo de dimensões pequenas com taxa de nucleação zero para 520 e 560 °C. Já o estudo do comportamento da curva de envelhecimento para diversos tempos entre 440 e 600 °C em aço maraging 350 (350B) mostrou que esse aço apresenta uma etapa de endurecimento e outra de amolecimento. Essa etapa de endurecimento, comumente atribuída à formação de fases intermetálicas coerentes e semicoerentes, pode subdividir-se em dois estágios para as temperaturas de envelhecimento de 440 e 480 ºC ou apresentar um único estágio para 520 e 560 ºC. Já a etapa de amolecimento é associada não somente ao mecanismo clássico de superenvelhecimento em que a queda na resistência mecânica ocorre em virtude da perda de coerência e do engrossamento de precipitados, mas também como consequência da formação de austenita revertida a partir da martensita, especialmente, para temperaturas entre 520 e 600 ºC. / The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of precipitation of intermetallic compounds and reversion of martensite through kinetic models, as in isothermal experiments in maraging 350 steel (350B) as in non-isothermal studies in maraging steels 300 (300A) maraging 350 (350C). In addition to kinetics of phase transformation, they were also investigated both the changes of the microstructure and the mechanisms of hardening due to aging heat treatments for the maraging steel 350B. For these purposes, we used several complementary techniques for microstructural characterization, such as optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Vickers hardness, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and feritscope, while differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to study the precipitation of intermetallic compounds and reversion of martensite in non-isothermal experiments. The results of the non-isothermal DSC experiments with the maraging steel 300 and 350 showed that precipitation occurs in two steps. First stage related to the diffusion of solute in bulk with activation energy next to nickel diffusion and molybdenum in the ferrite, while second stage occurs through the solute diffusion along dislocations with lower activation energy than the diffusion of nickel and molybdenum in ferrite. It was also observed that the reversion of the martensite can occur in two steps. First stage was associated with the solute diffusion, while the second stage is related to the shear mechanism. Microstructural observations by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed that austenite reverted was formed in the interface regions, such as grain boundaries, packet boundaries and lath boundaries of martensitic structure for temperatures from the 520 °C, while the reverted austenite found within the martensite laths formed from 560 °C. Study of the kinetics of precipitation and aging hardening behavior in a 350 maraging steel (350B), by isothermal treatments between 440 and 600 °C, showed that the microhardness measurements can be very useful for such studies in these steels. Kinetics of precipitation analysis was carried out by adjusting the experimental data to JMAK and Austin-Rickett models. It showed that they fit well to these models with a correlation coefficient close to 1. However, the interpretation of the n values, obtained by Austin-Rickett equation, they have showed higher agreement with the observed microstructural changes in the maraging steel, in previous studies, when compared with those estimated by JMAK equation. The interpretation of the constants, using the Austin-Rickett equation, revealed several steps to precipitation. In the first precipitates on dislocations for 440 °C followed by growth of long and finite cylinders in comparison with the distance their separation for 480 °C and, finally, the growth of precipitates starting from small dimensions with nucleation rate zero for 520 and 560 °C. Study of aging hardening behavior curve for various times between 440 and 600 °C in maraging steel 350 (350B) showed that the steel has a hardening step and another softening. This step of hardening, commonly attributed to the formation of intermetallic phases coherent and semicoerentes, it can be divided into two stages to the aging temperatures of 440 and 480 °C or present a single stage 520 and 560 °C. Since the softening stage is associated not only to classic overaging mechanism in which a drop in mechanical strength occurs due to loss of coherence and precipitate coarsening, but also as a consequence of austenite formation reverted from the martensite especially to temperatures between 520 and 600 °C.
139

Estudo de nanofios da liga metálica NiTi via dinâmica molecular e um novo conjunto de parâmetros para o potencial interatômico Tight-Binding, aplicado na fase B19' da liga de NiTi

Silva, Douglas Martins Vieira da 24 February 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-08T13:51:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 douglasmartinsvieiradasilva.pdf: 9760300 bytes, checksum: 76f54b4635afbf189d4c45e3c3a06ab7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-06-08T13:53:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 douglasmartinsvieiradasilva.pdf: 9760300 bytes, checksum: 76f54b4635afbf189d4c45e3c3a06ab7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-08T13:53:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 douglasmartinsvieiradasilva.pdf: 9760300 bytes, checksum: 76f54b4635afbf189d4c45e3c3a06ab7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-24 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / NiTi (nitinol) é uma liga com efeito memória de forma (EMF), o EMF é um termo utilizado para descrever a capacidade de certos materiais, depois de deformados plasticamente, voltarem às suas formas originais por aquecimento. Ligas com essa propriedade são empregadas em vários setores da indústria metalúrgica, que vão desde aeroespacial, eletrônica, construção, Robótica e Bioengenharia. Podem ser utilizadas em conectores, sensores, dispositivos de segurança e muitas outras aplicações. Este trabalho foi divido em duas partes: utilizando os parâmetros do potencial TBSMA, energia de coesão, parâmetros de rede em T=0K, para a fase B2 NiTi, retirados do trabalho do Liu e colaboradores, estudamos a formação de nano os com simulações via Dinâmica Molecular (DM) em duas fases especí cas da liga de NiTi: a fase de alta temperatura B2 cúbica (austenítica) e a fase de baixa temperatura B19 monocíclica (martensítica), alongando o sistema em diferentes direções cristalográ cas; ajustamos os parâmetros do potencial TB-SMA para a liga NiTi na fase B19', calculando (via método de Parrinello- Rahman) a variação do volume e da entalpia do sistema com a temperatura, obtendo a temperatura de fusão com ótima concordância com valor experimental e comprovando a e cácia do potencial utilizado. Apresentamos resultados das energias do estado fundamental e a estabilidade mecânica relativa as fases B2, B19, B19' e BCO, bem como as transições de fase ocorridas sob tensão mecânica e os parâmetros de rede para cada uma dessas fases. Vimos que é necessário uma tensão xz = 0.38 GPa para estabilizar a fase B19'. Também determinamos as constantes elásticas e os parâmetros elásticos macroscó- picos (módulos de bulk, limites de Reuss e Voigt) para a fase B19' de NiTi. Os resultados estão em ótima concordância com dados experimentais. / NiTi (Nitinol) is an alloy with shape memory e ect (SMA), the SMA is a term used to describe the ability of some materials after having been deformed plastically, back to its original shape by heating. Metallic materials that have this interesting property are employed in various sectors of the metallurgical industry, ranging from aerospace, electronics, construction, Robotics and Bioengineering. This type of material can be used in connectors, sensors, safety devices, and many other applications. This study was divided into two parts: using the parameters the potential TB-SMA, energy choesion, lattice parameters at T=0K, for the phase B2 NiTi, removed from Liu et al work, we studied the formation of nanowires with means molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at two speci c stages of NiTi alloy: a high-temperature phase B2 cubic (austenitic) and phase B19 monocyclic low temperature (martensite), extending the system in di erent crystallographic directions; adjust the TB-SMA potential parameters for the NiTi alloy in B19' phase, calculating (by method Parrinello-Rahman) the volume variation and the enthalpy of the system to temperature, obtaining the melting temperature with excellent agreement with experimental value and proving the e ectiveness of potential use. We present results of the energy of the ground state and the mechanical stability relative B2, B19, B19' and BCO phases, as well as phase transitions observed under mechanical tension and the network parameters for each of these phases. We saw that a voltage is necessary xz = 0.38 GPa to stabilize the B19' phase. Also determine the elastic constants and the macroscopic elastic parameters (bulk modules, limits Reuss and Voigt) for phase B19' of NiTi. The results are in excellent agreement with experimental data.
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On the factors affecting the ductile-brittle transition in as-quenched fully and partially martensitic low-carbon steels

Pallaspuro, S. (Sakari) 08 May 2018 (has links)
Abstract From the largest discontinuities to the smallest of the elements, various factors can threaten structural integrity. Susceptibility to these factors elevates with higher yield strengths. As-quenched low-carbon steels with a martensitic or martensitic-bainitic microstructure are modern ultra-high-strength structural steels. They can possess sufficient toughness, formability, and weldability, and are typically used in weight-critical and high-performance structures. Common problems with as-quenched steels with a yield strength of 900 MPa or more are that they do not obey the conventional correlation between the fracture toughness reference temperature T₀ and the impact toughness transition temperature T₂₈ᴊ used in many standards and structural integrity assessment procedures, and a lack of design rules in general. This thesis studies the relationship between the T₀ and T₂₈ᴊ to provide additional knowledge for future standardisation, the microstructural features governing the toughness at these temperatures on both global and local scale, and whether hydrogen embrittlement is present at subzero temperatures. It uses steels produced via laboratory rolling and quenching as well as from pilot-scale and full-scale industrial production, studying them with standardised toughness tests, microstructural characterisation, fractography, and cohesive zone modelling. As-quenched steels have a distinct correlation between T₀ and T₂₈ᴊ. An improved general T₀ – T₂₈ᴊ correlation applies to a wide range of steels. T₂₈ᴊ correlates closely with a dynamic reference toughness, which can be used together with the fraction of detrimental {100} cleavage planes near the main fracture plain to effectively estimate the transition temperatures. On a local scale, centreline segregation decreases the effective coarse grain size, which more than compensates for the harmful effects associated with the higher hardness and inclusion content of the centreline, resulting in increased fracture toughness. Hydrogen embrittlement causes a decrease in fracture toughness and local deformability, thereby increasing T₀ while leaving T₂₈ᴊ unaffected. Overall, the results show that high toughness demands good control of effective coarse grain size and hydrogen content. / Tiivistelmä Tekijät suurimmista epäjatkuvuuskohdista aina pienimpään alkuaineeseen voivat uhata rakenteellista eheyttä, minkä lisäksi alttius näille kasvaa materiaalin myötölujuuden kasvaessa. Modernit karkaistun tilan ultralujat matalahiiliset rakenneteräkset voivat silti omata riittävän sitkeyden, muovattavuuden ja hitsattavuuden. Tyypillisiä käyttökohteita näille ovat painon suhteen kriittiset ja korkean suorituskyvyn rakenteet. Yleinen ongelma myötölujuudeltaan noin ja yli 900 MPa karkaistun tilan teräksillä on se, että ne eivät noudata perinteistä murtumissitkeyden referenssilämpötilan T₀ ja iskusitkeyden transitiolämpötilan T₂₈ᴊ välistä korrelaatiota, jota käytetään useissa standardeissa ja suunnitteluohjeissa, jotka eivät myöskään vielä salli näin lujien terästen käyttöä. Tämä väitöstyö tutkii transitiolämpötilojen T₀ ja T₂₈ᴊ välistä suhdetta edistääkseen näiden terästen sisällyttämistä standardeihin, haurasmurtuma-sitkeyteen vaikuttavia mikrorakenteellisia tekijöitä sekä yleisellä että paikallisella tasolla, ja vetyhaurautta matalissa lämpötiloissa. Koeteräkset ovat laboratoriovalmisteisia, tuotantokokeita ja tuotantolaatuja. Niitä tutkitaan standardisoiduilla sitkeyskokeilla, mikrorakenteen karakterisoinnilla, fraktografialla ja koheesiovyöhykettä hyödyntävällä mallinnuksella. Tulokset osoittavat karkaistun tilan terästen omaavan erityisen korrelaation T₀ ja T₂₈ᴊ välillä. Muokattu, ultralujat teräkset huomioiva yleinen T₀ – T₂₈ᴊ -korrelaatio soveltuu laajalti eri terästyypeille. T₂₈ᴊ korreloi läheisesti dynaamisen referenssisitkeyden kanssa, jonka avulla yhdessä haitallisten {100} lohkomurtumatasojen osuuden kanssa voidaan estimoida joukko transitiolämpötiloja. Paikallisella tasolla keskilinjasuotauma pienentää efektiivistä karkeiden rakeiden kokoa, mikä suotauman suurista sulkeumista ja kovuudesta huolimatta parantaa murtumissitkeyttä. Vetyhauraus taas huonontaa sitkeyttä ja paikallista muodonmuutoskykyä myös matalissa lämpötiloissa nostaen T₀ lämpötiloja. Kokonaisuutena erinomainen transitiolämpötilasitkeys vaatii efektiivisen karkearaekoon ja vetypitoisuuden minimointia.

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