Bakgrund Vid år 2020 så beräknas depression att utgöra den näst största sjukdomsbördan i världen. Rådande situation ställer nya krav på vården och sjuksköterskan att lindra psykisk ohälsa. Nuvarande standardbehandling för depression och ångest utgörs av farmakologisk behandling samt olika former av psykoterapi, emedan ett växande antal studier påvisar behandlingseffekt av mindfulness. Väsentliga frågetecken om hur och när mindfulness har behandlingseffekt kvarstår emellertid, vilket föranleder ytterligare forskning inom området. Syfte Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar effekten av mindfulness hos personer med depression och/eller ångest. Metod En allmän litteraturöversikt användes som metod i denna studie för att bearbeta och sammanställa en del av tidigare forskning. Datainsamling i form av artikelsökning genomfördes i CINAHL, PubMed och PsychINFO. Innehållsanalys utfördes på 15 vetenskapliga artiklar och fyra teman identifierades. Resultat Resultatet uppvisade att mindfulness har behandlingseffekt vid depression och/eller ångest, varvid fyra faktorer som påverkade behandlingseffekten identifierades. Faktorerna var följande: individuell motivation, diagnos, samverkan med andra behandlingar samt kompetens bland pedagoger. Individuell motivation påverkade behandlingseffekten mest. Slutsats Mindfulness uppvisade behandlingseffekt vid depression och/eller ångest, emedan fyra faktorer påverkade behandlingseffekten: individuell motivation, diagnos, samverkan med andra behandlingar samt kompetens bland pedagoger. Individuell motivation påverkade behandlingseffekten mest, då mindfulness ställer väsentliga krav på mobilisering av egna resurser. Utökad forskning krävs för att bättre kartlägga behandlingseffekten vid specifika tillstånd samt vid specifik behandlingslängd.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Mindfulness-based interventions targeting psychological and physical symptoms in cancer survivors have been shown to be efficacious. However, little is known about theory-based psychological processes through which mindfulness-based interventions may decrease symptoms. The present study is a secondary analysis of data from a mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) pilot trial targeting cancer-related fatigue (CRF) in cancer survivors. Thirty-five persistently fatigued cancer survivors were recruited from a university hospital and various community clinics in Indianapolis, Indiana. Participants were randomized to either a 7-week MBSR intervention for CRF or a waitlist control (WC) condition. Measures were administered at pre-intervention, post-intervention, and 1-month follow-up and included levels of mindfulness, acceptance, and self-compassion as well as the symptom outcomes of fatigue interference, sleep disturbance, and distress. I hypothesized that MBSR would lead to increased levels of five facets of mindfulness (i.e., observing, describing, acting with awareness, nonjudging of inner experience, nonreactivity to inner experience), self-compassion, and acceptance as compared to the WC condition. Using a linear mixed modeling approach, significant group by time interactions were only found for observing, acting with awareness, nonjudging, and self-compassion, such that the MBSR group showed steady increases in these processes over time, whereas the WC group’s scores remained relatively stable. In addition, I examined whether positive changes in the five facets of mindfulness were associated with reductions in the three symptoms using multiple linear regression. This hypothesis was partially supported; acting with awareness was the only facet of mindfulness to show a modest association with a decrease in fatigue, but this result fell short of statistical significance. In addition, decreased sleep disturbance was predicted by increases in acting with awareness and nonjudging, while decreased distress was predicted by increases in observing, acting with awareness, nonjudging, and nonreactivity. Results point to specific psychological processes that may be targeted to maximize the efficacy of future MBSR interventions for cancer survivors.

Functional connectivity measures have become one of the most common biomarkers when correlating brain activity to task and resting states post treatment. Mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) are two well established forms of therapies treating clinical populations worldwide today. Although there are several studies that have investigated the neural correlations of these therapy forms individually, no systematic review has compared them side by side, to identify potential similarities and differences in functional connectivity. This systematic review attempts to shed light on how functional connectivity is altered during resting state after completed treatment, by reviewing a total of 4 CBT and 4 MBSR studies containing 337 participants. The results point to possible differences in resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) concerning the insula and similarities involving the cingulate cortex and other parts of the DMN. The insula has been suggested to be involved in the creation of motivation and the integration of bodily sensations and feelings. Furthermore, emotional reactions to personally valued behaviors and the retrieving of episodic memories is associated with the function of the cingulate cortex. These changes in rsFC might relate to the theoretical underpinnings of CBT and MBSR. However, more compelling research needs to be conducted before drawing conclusions on how these therapeutic approaches can alter rsFC and improve psychological health among individuals suffering from clinical conditions.

Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskor är en utsatt grupp som riskerar utbrändhet då deras arbete ofta är krävande, stressigt och emotionellt påfrestande. Den påtagliga stressen leder till att vårdkvalitén och mötet med patienten försämras samt att sjuksköterskor sjukskrivs eller väljer att byta yrke. Mindfulness är ett förhållningssätt och en träning som används för att behandla stress, utbrändhetssymtom och öka medveten närvaro. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva upplevd effekt av mindfulnessträning på stress, utbrändhet och medveten närvaro bland sjuksköterskor. Metod: För att sammanställa forskning som svarar på syftet har en litteraturöversikt genomförts. Sökning i databaserna Cinahl och PsycInfo resulterade i tio vetenskapliga artiklar med kvantitativ och kvalitativ data. Granskning och analys har gjorts i enlighet med Friberg kvalitetsmall. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i tre teman; mindfulness inverkan på stress, mindfulness inverkan på utbrändhet och effekter av att vara medvetet närvarande. Mindfulness visade signifikant minskning på stress och ökade deltagares välmående och känsla av medveten närvaro. Mindfulness hade varierande effekt på utbrändhet. Diskussion: Sammanställda artiklars resultat diskuteras utifrån Watsons vårdvetenskapliga teori. Mindfulness reducerar stress och ökar välmåendet bland sjuksköterskor. Variation i deltagande, motivation, tid och prioritering påverkade effekten av träningen. Longitudinella studier behövs för att mäta effekten på utbrändhet. / Background: Nurses are a vulnerable group that is at risk of burnout as their work is often demanding, stressful and emotionally hard. The tangible stress results not only in a deterioration of both the quality of care and the meeting with patients but on nurses having to take long-term sick leave or choosing to change their profession as well. Mindfulness is an approach and exercise that is used to treat stress, burnout symptoms and increase awareness. Aim: The purpose was to describe the perceived effect of mindfulness training on stress, burnout and awareness among nurses. Method: In order to compile research corresponding to the purpose of this study, a literature review has been carried out. Searching in Cinhal and PsycInfo databases produced ten scientific articles with both quantitative and qualitative data. Review and analysis have been carried out in accordance with Friberg’s quality model. Results: The results are presented in three subjects: mindfulness impact on stress, mindfulness impact on burnout and mindfulness impact on awareness. Mindfulness showed significant reduction in stress and increased participants’ wellbeing and sense of awareness. Mindfulness had varying effects on burnout. Discussion: Results of the compiled articles are discussed in accordance with Watson’s theory. Mindfulness reduces stress and increases the wellbeing of nurses. Variation in participation, motivation, time and priority influenced the effect of the training. Longitudinal studies are needed to measure the effects on burnout.

Inledning: Stressrelaterad ohälsa är ett växande folkhälsoproblem som skapar lidande för individer och stora kostnader för samhället. Det finns behov av hälsofrämjande och förebyggande metoder för att motverka denna ohälsa. MBSR är en metod som visat lovande effekter på stressreducering och olika dimensioner av stressrelaterad ohälsa.                     Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att beskriva effekter av Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) på ohälsosam stress i friska populationer.                                                                                                 Metod: En litteraturöversikt med tio vetenskapliga artiklar som analyserades systematiskt för att identifiera teman i effekter av MBSR-program på stressrelaterad ohälsa.                                                                                                                    Resultat: Samtliga vetenskapliga studier visar hur MBSR-programmet ger positiva effekter på hälsan som ökad mindfulness, reducerad stress samt bättre psykisk och emotionell hälsa. Diskussion: MBSR har i tidigare studier visat sig vara effektiv för ökad livskvalitet och copingförmåga vid kroniska smärttillstånd samt olika fysiska och psykiska diagnoser. Mindre uppmärksamhet har riktats mot möjliga fördelar hos friska populationer. Resultatet av litteraturöversikten visar hur MBSR är en lovande metod för att främja hälsa och förebygga stressrelaterad ohälsa hos friska populationer i det korta perspektivet, vilket stöds av tidigare publicerade studier. / Introduction: Stress-related illness is a growing public health concern which induces suffering for individuals and high costs for society. There is a need for health promotion and prevention methods to counteract this illness. MBSR is a method which demonstrates promising effects on stress reduction and different dimensions of stress-related illness.                                       Aim: The aim of this literature review was to describe the effects of Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) on stress in healthy populations.                                                                                                      Methods: A literature review of ten scientific articles were systematically analyzed to identify themes in effects of MBSR on stress-related ill health.                                       Results: All scientific studies show how MBSR has positive health effects such as increased mindfulness, reduced stress as well as better mental and emotional health.               Discussion: In previous studies MBSR has proven to be effective in enhancing quality of life as well as management of chronic pain conditions and various physical and mental disorders. Less attention has been paid to possible benefits in healthy population. The result of this literature review show how MBSR can be a promising method to promote health and prevent stress-related illness in healthy populations in the short perspective, as confirmed by previous studies.

Stress, especially the chronic one, plays an essential role in the quality of human health, work, relationships and life in general. In recent years, scientific research in areas such as medicine, psychology or neuroscience has become increasingly interested in the effects of mindfulness training on the human psyche and health. In this context, clinical mindfulness-based training programs are usually examined. The aim of this work was to map the effect of the clinical program Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), which is widely used abroad, on the level of stress. The theoretical part focuses on the existing knowledge about the effects of the MBSR program on health and personal well-being and the proposed mechanisms of action. The research part, in turn, on the knowledge of the effects of this program on stress and quality of life of participants in this program through quantitative research aimed at measuring changes in stress levels and qualitative research, analyzing interviews with program participants. The main result of the research part is the finding that the effect of the MBSR program on stress is an important part of the effects of this intervention and its completion may lead to a reduction of perceived stress (N = 190, p < .001, d = 0.81). Qualitative research found that the...

Stress, especially the chronic one, plays an essential role in the quality of human health, work, relationships and life in general. In recent years, scientific research in areas such as medicine, psychology or neuroscience has become increasingly interested in the effects of mindfulness training on the human psyche and health. In this context, clinical mindfulness-based training programs are usually examined. The aim of this work was to map the effect of the clinical program Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), which is widely used abroad, on the level of stress. The theoretical part focuses on the existing knowledge about the effects of the MBSR program on health and personal well-being and the proposed mechanisms of action. The research part, in turn, on the knowledge of the effects of this program on stress and quality of life of participants in this program through quantitative research aimed at measuring changes in stress levels and qualitative research, analyzing interviews with program participants. The main result of the research part is the finding that the effect of the MBSR program on stress is an important part of the effects of this intervention and its completion may lead to a reduction of perceived stress (N = 190, p < .001, d = 0.81). Qualitative research found that the...

Mindfulnessbaserad stressreduktion och mindfulnessbaserad kognitiv terapi är två program som har god evidens vid ett flertal psykiska och fysiska tillstånd. Den övervägande delen av tidigare forskning är dock kvantitativ. Syftet med denna studie var att genom kvalitativ metod undersöka vilka förändringar människor upplever till följd av programmen. Sju tidigare deltagare intervjuades och resultatet bearbetades genom tematisk analys. Resultatet visade att deltagarna upplevde ett ökat psykiskt välmående och en större acceptans för sig själva och sina upplevelser. De beskrev en ökad förmåga till decentrering från tankar och känslor och minskad tendens att reagera automatiskt vid obehag. Många upplevde ökad affekttolerans och en stärkt känsla av agentskap. MBKT-deltagarna beskrev att de lättare kunde släppa taget om grubblerier och ältande. Flera deltagare beskrev att de börjat prioritera egna behov mer och sänka kraven på sig själva. Flera upplevde minskad känslighet för social bedömning och ökad förmåga till gränssättning och självhävdelse i relationer. Många beskrev en minskad känslomässig reaktivitet och ökad mentaliseringsförmåga i påfrestande interpersonella situationer. Vissa upplevde ökad medkänsla med sig själva och andra. Hos en del framkom behov av uppföljning efter avslutat program. Fynden diskuteras med hänsyn till studiens begränsningar och i relation till teori, tidigare studier och möjlig framtida forskning.

Currently, researchers are more likely to use mindfulness techniques. These practices have a beneficial effect on anger perception, experience, understanding, expression, and anger control. There has not yet been research on the influence of mindfulness on anger management in the Czech Republic. This thesis concerns the question, of whether it is possible to better manage and understand anger with the help of an 8week mindfulness course (MBSR). The literature-overview part summarizes current knowledge about mindfulness and anger, possible mechanisms of mindfulness on anger and methods of measuring anger. The research part includes the translation of the self-assessment inventory of anger STAXI-2 into the Czech language and the verification of its psychometric properties. It also covers the pilot use of STAXI-2 supplemented by FFMQ-15 in quantitatively focused research. The research design consists of a pretest-posttest control-group design plus a third measurement after one month. The experimental group participates in the eight-week mindfulness course, whereas the active control group participates in walks. The research is complemented by a qualitative analysis using semi-structured interviews. The main result of the research part is that completing an eight-week mindfulness course can lead to a...

Background: Alongside experiencing physical symptoms with no identifiable organic cause, patients with MUS commonly experience comorbid anxiety and depression. They also have high health utilisation costs, which has implications for the health service. Interventions which target these symptoms in a cost effective way need to be developed and evaluated. Objective: To develop and evaluate a self-help mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) intervention for patients with medically unexplained symptoms (MUS). Methods: A systematic review of the literature was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of MBSR for reducing psychological distress in people with MUS. Study 1 developed and evaluated a self-help MBSR intervention in a clinical setting. Fifteen participants were recruited from eight practice, however only five completed post-intervention measures. A combination of t-tests and descriptive statistics were used to compare changes in levels of psychological distress, quality of life, symptoms and mindfulness at post-intervention. Pearson‘s correlations were used to identify relationships between improvements in mindfulness and improvements in outcomes. Study 2, exploring the reasons for the difficulties recruiting participants to Study 1, was then carried out through questionnaires to GPs. Results: Though more evidence is needed, the systematic review found MBSR to have moderate effects on psychological distress, which are largely maintained or improved at follow-up. Study 1 found symptom frequency and levels of acceptance to have improved at post-intervention. Study 2 found that the main reasons for GPs not recruiting participants was that they were busy and found it difficult to prioritise given other demands. Conclusions: Evidence to date suggests that MBSR is an effective intervention for patients with MUS. Future studies may benefit from recruiting participants from relevant organisations or using alternative methods such as database searches. No firm conclusions can be made about the self-help MBSR intervention‘s efficacy due to the study‘s limitations, however changes seen in the completer group suggest that further research would be warranted.