Les panneaux de bois MDF (Medium-Density Fiberboard), principalement utilisés dans le secteur de l’ameublement, génèrent une quantité annuelle mondiale de déchets estimée à 40 millions de m³. Actuellement,aucune méthode viable ne permet leur recyclage du fait de la présence de contaminants de type résine ou finitions (peinture, laminé, plastique). Ces déchets,constitués de bois à hauteur de 85-90 %, représentent cependant une source de matière lignocellulosique non négligeable. Afin de transformer cette ressource inexploitée, en matériaux à haute valeur ajoutée, un procédé de fractionnement combinant traitement alcalin et délignification a permis la séparation des hémicelluloses et lignines, amenant à l’isolement de la cellulose. En premier lieu, cette méthode a été utilisée pour l'extraction de nanocelluloses, à savoir des nanocristaux de cellulose par hydrolyse acide et des nanofibrilles de cellulose par délamination mécanique. Les nanocristaux de cellulose extraits des déchets ont montré des caractéristiques semblables à ceux obtenus avec des fibres de bois vierges. Ensuite, la fraction riche en hémicelluloses isolée par un traitement alcalin à partir des déchets MDF, a été purifiée puis précipitée à l’éthanol permettant l’isolation d’une fraction hémicellulosique, ultérieurement intégrée à la préparation d’hydrogels à base d’acide acrylique. Les hydrogels présentent des caractéristiques similaires qu'ils soient élaborés avec la fraction issue des déchets ou fabriqués à base de xylanes commerciaux de hêtre. L'évaluation de la capacité de ces déchets à être recyclés ouvrirait une voie de conversion en une nouvelle ressource de produits à forte valeur ajoutée. / Wood-based medium-density fiberboards (MDF) are principally used for furniture and fittings and areproduced in great volumes around the world. The annual quantity of MDF waste generated world-wide is estimated to be over 40 million m3. Currently, there is noviable way to transform MDF into useful products due to the presence of contaminants such as resins and finishes (paint, varnish, laminated or plastic). This type of waste, composed of approximately 85-90 % of wood, represents a significant source of lignocellulosic material. This thesis describes research on transforming this under-utilized resource into high valued materials via a fractionation process. An alkali treatment followed by a delignification step, allows the extraction of hemicelluloses and lignin respectively, leading to the isolation of pure cellulose. This cellulose was converted to nanocelluloses in the form of nanocrystals by acidhydrolysis and nanofibrils by mechanical fibrillation. The cellulose nanocrystals obtained from waste MDF is shown to have similar characteristics to those obtained from virgin wood fibers. The hemicelluloses-rich fraction obtained by an alkali treatment from MDF waste was purified, precipitated by ethanol and then further used in the preparation of acrylic acid based hydrogels. The hydrogels generated had similar characteristics to those made from commercial beech xylans.This research clearly demonstrates the technical feasibility to convert MDF waste into high value added products, opening a new conversion route to recycle them.

O processo industrial para fabricação de MDF - Medium Density Fiberboard - utiliza como combustível a casca de madeira Pinus, cuja queima gera um resíduo cinzas de granulometria fina, que constitui um problema ambiental por conter algumas substâncias em quantidade acima da permitida pela NBR 10004:2004, que o classifica como resíduo de classe II A - não inerte. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é testar a hipótese de que o resíduo cinzas podem ser utilizadas como fíler em misturas asfálticas, mediante a verificação das propriedades de interesse à engenharia através de ensaios de laboratório: resistência à tração por compressão diametral, módulo de resiliência, vida de fadiga, dano por umidade induzida, estabilidade e fluência Marshall. Foram realizados ensaios para determinação da massa específica das cinzas - resíduo, inclusive com picnometria de gás hélio. Primeiramente, o fíler mineral foi substituído em massa pelo resíduo, optando-se, em função dos resultados preliminares, pela equivalência em volume. As dosagens Marshall, para as misturas contendo resíduo, resultaram em um teor ótimo de ligante praticamente constante, independentemente do teor utilizado (3,5% e 6,0%). Quanto às propriedades mecânicas, nos ensaios de resistência à tração, os maiores valores foram verificados para as misturas contendo 3,5% de fíler mineral, enquanto as misturas contendo cinzas - resíduo - apresentaram os menores valores. Os maiores valores de módulo de resiliência foram das misturas contendo maiores teores de fíler, sendo que o fíler mineral resultou em maior módulo de resiliência do que o resíduo. Na avaliação do dano por umidade induzida, apenas as misturas contendo 6,0% de fíler mineral se mostraram não susceptíveis, enquanto que as misturas contendo resíduo foram as que apresentaram maior susceptibilidade. O resíduo também diminuiu a vida de fadiga, sendo a diferença para as misturas com fíler mineral mais acentuada para o menor teor de fíler. Apesar dos resultados indicarem uma piora de características com a utilização do resíduo, os valores obtidos ainda se situam, na maioria dos casos, acima dos limites mínimos estabelecidos pelas normas técnicas, encorajando pesquisas adicionais, principalmente em função do problema ambiental representado pelas cinzas da queima da casca de Pinus. / The industrial production of MDF - Medium Density Fiberboard - uses Pinus wood skin as a fuel, which, after the burning process, generates a fine gradation residue, an ash that is an environmental problem due to the content of some substances, above the quantity allowed by the NRB 10004:2004, and it is classified as a class II-A - non-inert product. The general purpose of this work is to test the hypothesis that the residue can be use as a filler in hot-mix asphalt, through the evaluation of technological properties by laboratory tests such as indirect tension, resilient modulus, fatigue life, moisture susceptibility, Marshall stability and creep. The evaluation of specific gravity of the residue was done by the gas pycnometer method. Initially, the substitution of the mineral filler by the residue was done in terms of weight, but the preliminary results showed that the best option was the substitution in terms of volume. The Marshall mix design for mixtures containing the residue resulted in a binder content approximately constant for both residue contents considered in this work (3.5% and 6.0%). The indirect tension test results showed higher values for mixtures containing 3.5% of mineral filler, being the lowest values associated to mixtures that use residue. The higher the filler content, the higher the resilient modulus and mixtures with mineral filler presented higher resilient modulus values. Only the mixture with 6.0% of mineral filler passed the moisture susceptibility test, and mixtures with residue presented higher moisture susceptibility. The residue also weakened the fatigue life, being the difference higher for mixtures with lower filler content. Although the results show a worsening of asphalt mixtures properties due to the use of the residue as a filler, for most of the obtained results the value remained above the minimum acceptable by technical standards, encouraging further researches on this subject, mainly due to the environmental problem associated to the burning of Pinus wood skin.

O processo industrial para fabricação de MDF - Medium Density Fiberboard - utiliza como combustível a casca de madeira Pinus, cuja queima gera um resíduo cinzas de granulometria fina, que constitui um problema ambiental por conter algumas substâncias em quantidade acima da permitida pela NBR 10004:2004, que o classifica como resíduo de classe II A - não inerte. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é testar a hipótese de que o resíduo cinzas podem ser utilizadas como fíler em misturas asfálticas, mediante a verificação das propriedades de interesse à engenharia através de ensaios de laboratório: resistência à tração por compressão diametral, módulo de resiliência, vida de fadiga, dano por umidade induzida, estabilidade e fluência Marshall. Foram realizados ensaios para determinação da massa específica das cinzas - resíduo, inclusive com picnometria de gás hélio. Primeiramente, o fíler mineral foi substituído em massa pelo resíduo, optando-se, em função dos resultados preliminares, pela equivalência em volume. As dosagens Marshall, para as misturas contendo resíduo, resultaram em um teor ótimo de ligante praticamente constante, independentemente do teor utilizado (3,5% e 6,0%). Quanto às propriedades mecânicas, nos ensaios de resistência à tração, os maiores valores foram verificados para as misturas contendo 3,5% de fíler mineral, enquanto as misturas contendo cinzas - resíduo - apresentaram os menores valores. Os maiores valores de módulo de resiliência foram das misturas contendo maiores teores de fíler, sendo que o fíler mineral resultou em maior módulo de resiliência do que o resíduo. Na avaliação do dano por umidade induzida, apenas as misturas contendo 6,0% de fíler mineral se mostraram não susceptíveis, enquanto que as misturas contendo resíduo foram as que apresentaram maior susceptibilidade. O resíduo também diminuiu a vida de fadiga, sendo a diferença para as misturas com fíler mineral mais acentuada para o menor teor de fíler. Apesar dos resultados indicarem uma piora de características com a utilização do resíduo, os valores obtidos ainda se situam, na maioria dos casos, acima dos limites mínimos estabelecidos pelas normas técnicas, encorajando pesquisas adicionais, principalmente em função do problema ambiental representado pelas cinzas da queima da casca de Pinus. / The industrial production of MDF - Medium Density Fiberboard - uses Pinus wood skin as a fuel, which, after the burning process, generates a fine gradation residue, an ash that is an environmental problem due to the content of some substances, above the quantity allowed by the NRB 10004:2004, and it is classified as a class II-A - non-inert product. The general purpose of this work is to test the hypothesis that the residue can be use as a filler in hot-mix asphalt, through the evaluation of technological properties by laboratory tests such as indirect tension, resilient modulus, fatigue life, moisture susceptibility, Marshall stability and creep. The evaluation of specific gravity of the residue was done by the gas pycnometer method. Initially, the substitution of the mineral filler by the residue was done in terms of weight, but the preliminary results showed that the best option was the substitution in terms of volume. The Marshall mix design for mixtures containing the residue resulted in a binder content approximately constant for both residue contents considered in this work (3.5% and 6.0%). The indirect tension test results showed higher values for mixtures containing 3.5% of mineral filler, being the lowest values associated to mixtures that use residue. The higher the filler content, the higher the resilient modulus and mixtures with mineral filler presented higher resilient modulus values. Only the mixture with 6.0% of mineral filler passed the moisture susceptibility test, and mixtures with residue presented higher moisture susceptibility. The residue also weakened the fatigue life, being the difference higher for mixtures with lower filler content. Although the results show a worsening of asphalt mixtures properties due to the use of the residue as a filler, for most of the obtained results the value remained above the minimum acceptable by technical standards, encouraging further researches on this subject, mainly due to the environmental problem associated to the burning of Pinus wood skin.

Στην παρούσα διατριβή, μελετήθηκε η επίδραση της ατορβαστατίνης στην εξέλιξη της οστεοπόρωσης. Ως πειραματικό μοντέλο επιλέχθηκε ο επίμυς, που, κατόπιν, απώλειας των οιστρογόνων λόγω ωοθηκεκτομής, αναπτύσσει οστεοπόρωση. Η επαγωγή της οστεοπόρωσης επιβεβαιώθηκε με πληθώρα μεθόδων. Αρχικά, (ημέρα 0) στο πειραματικό δείγμα (n=25) πραγματοποιήθηκαν μετρήσεις, στο αίμα, των βιοχημικών δεικτών του μεταβολισμού του οστού, (Αμινοτελικό πεπτίδιο του κολλαγόνου Τύπου Ι – NTx και οστεοκαλσίνη) με τη μέθοδο ELISA, μέτρηση της οστικής πυκνότητας με τη μέθοδο pQCT και αξιολόγηση της δομικής ακεραιότητας – ποιότητας του οστού με τη μέθοδο MDF. Ακολούθησε η αφαίρεση των ωοθηκών άμφω και, μετά από 60 ημέρες, επαναλήφθηκαν οι παραπάνω μετρήσεις. Όλες οι παραπάνω μέθοδοι, επιβεβαίωσαν την επαγωγή της οστεοπόρωσης μετά την ωοθηκεκτομή, και, άρα, την επιτυχία του πειραματικού μοντέλου. Αφού εξασφαλίσθηκε το οστεοπορωτικό μοντέλο, ο πειραματικός πληθυσμός χωρίστηκε τυχαία σε τρεις υπο-πληθυσμούς. Στον ένα υπο-πληθυσμό (n=10) χορηγήθηκε ατορβαστατίνη (4mg/kg/ημέρα), στον δεύτερο υπο-πληθυσμό (n=10) χορηγήθηκε αλενδρονάτη (4mg/kg/ημέρα), ενώ ο τρίτος υπο-πληθυσμός (n=5) χρησιμοποιήθηκε ως αρνητικός μάρτυρας και δεν έλαβε καμία θεραπεία (no-therapy control). Η χορήγηση των φαρμακευτικών αγωγών ήταν δια στόματος μέσω στοματογαστρικού καθετήρα και διήρκεσε από την ημέρα 60 έως την ημέρα 145. Μετά το πέρας χορήγησης των φαρμακευτικών αγωγών, επαναλήφθηκαν οι προαναφερθείσες μετρήσεις, τα πειραματόζωα θυσιάστηκαν και απομονώθηκαν οστά κνήμης για ιστολογική μελέτη, καθώς και μελέτη πρωτεϊνικών μορίων που εμπλέκονται στην κυτταρική βιολογία των κυττάρων του οστίτη ιστού. Συγκεκριμένα, η ιστολογική μελέτη συμπεριελάμβανε εκτίμηση των οστών με χρώση αιματοξυλίνης – ηωσίνης σε τομές παραφίνης, ιστομορφομετρία, ανοσοϊστοχημική χρώση των μορίων Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2) και Fas (παράγοντας οστεοκλαστικής απόπτωσης) σε τομές σε πλαστικό, καθώς και ανοσοαποτύπωση κατά Western των αυτών πρωτεϊνών. Γενικά, όλες οι μέθοδοι που εφαρμόστηκαν, έδειξαν να ακολουθούν όλες τις μεταβολές στην δομική – ποιοτική κατάσταση των οστών, καθ’όλη την πειραματική πορεία. Ιδιάιτερη ευαισθησία στην ανίχνευση των μεταβολών αυτών, φάνηκε να παρουσιάζουν οι βιοχημικοί δείκτες του οστικού μεταβολισμού, αλλά και η νέα μέθοδος μέτρησης του Συντελεστή Εσωτερικής Απόσβεσης (MDF). Όσον αφορά στις φαρμακευτικές αγωγές, και η ατορβαστατίνη και η αλενδρονάτη παρουσίασαν θετική επίδραση στην εξέλιξη της οστεοπόρωσης, επιβραδύνοντάς την. Ειδικότερα, η ομάδα που έλαβε ατορβαστατίνη επέδειξε μια ισχυρότερη απόκριση στη χορήγηση της ουσίας, συγκριτικά με την ομάδα που έλαβε αλενδρονάτη. Προς την ίδια κατεύθυνση, φάνηκε να τείνουν και τα ευρήματα σχετικά με την έκφραση της BMP-2 και του Fas, αφού η ατορβαστατίνη ήταν η ουσία εκείνη που αύξησε την έκφραση και των δυο αυτών μορίων και, συνεπώς, την παραγωγή οστού από τους οστεοβλάστες και την απόπτωση των οστεοκλαστών. Στο σημείο αυτό θα ήταν σκόπιμο να σημειωθεί πως τα αποτελέσματα της μελέτης αυτής είναι ενδεικτικά και θα μπορούσαν να ισχυροποιηθούν με εφαρμογή των πειραματικών μεθόδων σε μεγαλύτερο πειραματικό δείγμα, μεγαλύτερη διάρκεια χορήγησης των φαρμάκων και δοκιμές διαφορετικών δόσεων αυτών. / The effects of the administration of atorvastatin on the development of ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis were evaluated in this study. The ovariectomized rat was employed as the experimental model. The development of osteoporosis, following ovariectomy was confirmed by a plethora of experimental methods and techniques. Initially (day 0), the experimental population (n=25) was submitted to blood measurements of the bone biochemical markers, NTx and osteocalcin (ELISA protocol), bone density measurements by pQCT and assessment of bone structural integrity with MDF methodology. MDF (Modal Damping Factor) is a new analytical and arithmetic method, based on the measurement of the dynamic characteristics of bone (quality factor and modal damping factor) by applying vibration excitation in the range of acoustic frequencies. Ovariectomy was performed to all test animals, and 60 days later, the same biochemical and radiological measurements were repeated. All the above methodologies confirmed the development of osteoporosis renderring, thus, the experimental animal model successful. Since osteoporosis had been confirmed, the experimental population was randomly divided (two cases to one control) into 3 sub-populations. The first sub-population (n=10) was administered atorvastatin (4mg/kg/day), the second sub-population (n=10) was administered alendronate (4mg/kg/day), whereas the third sub-population (n=5) was not administered any drug (no-therapy control). Drug administration was oral by gavage, from day 60 up to day 145. At the end of therapy, the test animals were again tested for levels of bone biochemical markers NTx and osteocalcin, and submitted to pQCT and MDF evaluation. They were, then, euthanized and tibiae were isolated for further histological studies. Specificly, histology studies included the evaluation of bone quality by eosin – hematoxylin staining of paraffin – embedded tibia sections, Histomorphometry, immunohistochemistry of methyl-methacrylate – embedded sections and Western Blotting for Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2) and apoptotic factor Fas. In general, all methods applied followed the changes in bone integrity and quality, throughout the whole experimental course. Higher sensitivity in detecting these changes was exhibited by the bone biochemical markers and the new MDF method. With regard to the therapeutical agents administered, both atorvastatin and alendronate seemed to have a positive impact on the progression of osteoporosis, decelerating it. Especially, the atorvastatin – treated group presented a greated response to the administration of the drug, compared to the alendronate – treated one. The findings concerning the expression of BMP-2 and Fas, seemed to point to the same direction, since atorvastatin administration increased the levels of BMP-2 and Fas expression, increasing, thus, the bone production and osteoclast apoptosis, respectively. At this point, it would be wise to notice that our results are indicative, not conclusive and could be fortified by application of the methods used on a larger experimental sample size, longer administration of the drugs and tests of different drug dosages.

[pt] A crescente percepção da importância da proteção ambiental e dos impactos associados aos bens de consumo tem aumentado o interesse no desenvolvimento de métodos para melhor compreender e lidar com estes impactos. Neste contexto, a metodologia berço-ao-berço (C2C) descreve uma maneira de projetar produtos com ciclos de vida (biológicos ou técnicos) fechados, para evitar a perda de nutrientes do solo e de matéria-prima não renovável. Na indústria de mobiliário, a madeira tem sido cada vez mais substituída por painéis industrializados (MDF e MDP), que oferecem maior produtividade, matéria prima renovável e um posicionamento sustentável de mercado. A maneira como são descartados hoje, no entanto, não está alinhada com esse discurso. A partir de revisão bibliográfica, visitas e entrevistas, o ciclo de vida do móvel de MDF e MDP foi descrito para que, posteriormente pudessem ser avaliadas as possibilidades de adequação à metodologia C2C. Ao final do trabalho, concluiu-se que por ser um material que pode ser adequado ao ciclo biológico ou ao ciclo técnico, seu potencial para o fechamento do ciclo é grande, no entanto devem ser superadas barreiras como a utilização de componentes nocivos à saúde em sua composição e o descarte fragmentado dos móveis. / [en] The perception that human activities might have significant impact in the environment led, in the last decades, to the development of policies and methodologies to better understand and handle the subject. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Rio Summit or ECO-92, was a major event in that direction. More than one hundred heads of state gathered with other representatives from the society, industries and environmentalists to discuss about sustainable development and global warming (MCDONOUGH and BRAUNGART, 2002). One of the negotiation s result was the definition of the eco-eficiency strategy, that guided the industry approach to the issue in the two past decades. Reducing direct and indirect environmental impact in every possible opportunity became one of the main strategies to reach such eco-eficiency. To identify these possibilities, the product s life cycle became focus of studies from researchers, companies and governments. The Law no. 12.305/2010, for example, defines life cycle as the series of stages related to de development of the product, the acquisition of raw material, the production process, consumption and final disposal. In a similar way, the International Standards Organization (ISO) defines life cycle as consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system, from raw material acquisition or generation from natural resources to final disposal. 14000 series os norms, from ISO, is one of the main tools to provide inputs to this debate. More specific, 14020 and 14040 regulate environmental labels and life cycle assessment (LCA). While labels are essential to communicate to the market the characteristics of a product, LCA is one of the most complete tool to help decisions related to the development of products or services. It can be applied to the whole life cycle, from raw material extraction to disposal, or in specific stages, and allows for a comparison between two different solutions based in the same functional unit, or objective, making it easier to identify the least negative impact. Cradle-to-cradle methodology (C2C) developed by MCDONOUGH and BRAUNGART (2002) takes a step further in the approach of the environmental impact reduction, suggesting that instead of reducing the negative impact, products and services should have a positive impact in the environment.

Submitted by Ana Paula Santos da Silva (ana.paula1@outlook.com) on 2018-04-13T00:44:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Defesa Mestrado- versão final.pdf: 2552832 bytes, checksum: 9589b4e1630518c51f6b72f3850d78d9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamella Benevides Gonçalves null (pamella@feg.unesp.br) on 2018-04-13T17:50:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_aps_me_guara.pdf: 2552832 bytes, checksum: 9589b4e1630518c51f6b72f3850d78d9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-13T17:50:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_aps_me_guara.pdf: 2552832 bytes, checksum: 9589b4e1630518c51f6b72f3850d78d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O segmento de painéis à base de madeira tem se destacado no setor madeireiro pelo uso de tecnologia moderna em seus equipamentos e uso mais racional da matéria-prima. No entanto, a busca por produtos melhores e mais competitivos é constante tendo em vista o mercado ser bastante exigente. Sendo assim, definiu-se como objetivo deste estudo a adição de nanopartículas de óxido de zinco (ZnO) na fabricação de painéis de fibras de média densidade e avaliar as influências das mesmas nas propriedades físicas e mecânicas dos painéis produzidos com dois adesivos comerciais e ainda verificar a influência das nanopartículas na transferência de calor durante o processo de prensagem. Os painéis foram produzidos com adição de 0,5% e 1% de nanopartículas com base no peso seco de fibras e painéis testemunha com resina ureia-formaldeído (UF) e melamina-formaldeído (MF) e, os mesmos caracterizados a partir da ABNT NBR 15.316-2:2015. Durante o processo de prensagem através de sistema de aquisição de dados acoplado a um termopar foram obtidas as variações de temperatura do colchão ao longo dos dez minutos do ciclo de prensagem. A partir dos resultados pode-se concluir que o uso das nanopartículas na proporção de 0,5% de nanopartículas não indicou grandes interferências nas propriedades físico-mecânicas dos painéis estudados. A adição de 1% de nanopartículas tanto nos tratamentos com MF e UF interferiu de forma negativa na interação com o adesivo e, assim, reduziu as propriedades físicas e mecânicas dos painéis e, auxiliou a transferência de calor a partir do segundo ciclo de prensagem. / The wood-based panels stood out in the wood segment by the use of modern technology in their equipment and more rational use of the raw material. However, the demand for better and more competitive products is constant, given that the market is quite demanding. Thus, the aim of this study was to add zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles in the production of medium density fiberboards and to evaluate their influence on the physical and mechanical properties of the panels produced with two commercial adhesives and to verify the influence of nanoparticles on the heat transfer during the pressing process. The panels were produced with 0.5% and 1% of nanoparticles based on the dry weight of fibers and control panels with ureaformaldehyde (UF) and melamine-formaldehyde resin (MF) and characterized by ABNT NBR 15.316-2:2015. During the pressing process through a data acquisition system coupled to a thermocouple, the temperature variations of the mattress were obtained during the ten minutes of the pressing cycle. From a preliminary analysis of the results it can be concluded that the use of nanoparticles in the proportion of 0.5% of nanoparticles did not indicate large interferences in the physical-mechanical properties of the panels studied. The addition of 1% of nanoparticles in both MF and UF treatments interfered negatively in the interaction with the adhesive and thus reduced the physical and mechanical properties of the panels and assisted the heat transfer from the second pressing cycle

I mitt examensarbete arbetar jag med minne, plats och identitet. Mitt mål med projektet är att formgiva ett skåp med naturinspiration från Dalsland. Med mina kopplingar till Dalsland har jag tittat närmre på landskapets mönster i naturen. Temat intresserar mig för jag har under många år samlat bilder och filmer på mönster jag har sett i naturen. Dessa mönsterbildningar i naturen väcker minnen hos mig och kan väcka hos andra.  Jag hittar jag mönster i Dalsland som naturen skapat. Under examensarbete vill jag undersöka hur man kan gestalta en plats naturmönster i en möbel. Med mitt examensprojekt hoppas jag kunna uppnå nya erfarenheter till tekniker jag inte testat tidigare. Jag vill bland annat testa att CNC-fräsa som komponent till ett skåp. Samt visa de jag lärt mig under mina år på Konstfack.  På botten av Vänern har vattnet format sandbottnen till ett vågmönster. Det här sandmönstret har jag ritat upp i ett 3D-program utifrån ett fotografi som jag sedan CNC-fräst ut i MDF. Sanden ligger horisontellt på botten av Vänern, men nu har jag rest upp mönstret och satt MDF-skivorna med det frästa mönstret på ett skåp. Med examensarbetet vill jag kunna rekonstruera och hylla naturens vackra mönsterbildningar. Mitt examensarbtet är viktigt för det visar prov på en formgivningprocess jag brukar använda mig av. Mitt arbete visar hur man kan använda CNC-tekniken till möbelformgivning. Arbetet är viktigt för de visar hur mycket minnen och referenser människor kan få av ett mönster.

This diploma thesis focuses on the design of a coffee table, which is further designated for custom-made or mass production and sale. The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part serves as a basis for the practical part as it documents the history of coffee tables and the research of coffee tables in the current market. The practical part presents the actual design process of the particular coffee table starting from the idea, first sketches, the selection of the materials and construction to the visualization of the product, the technical drawing and the budget for the production. This part also takes into account the observations from the theoretical part and tries to apply them in the design.

This study aims to investigate the potential advantages and disadvantages of bringing the production of MDF- and OSB-boards to Sweden, as well as the possibility of implementing such a plan. The goal is to give the reader a comprehensive analysis of the potential economic and environmental benefits of bringing the production of MDF- and OSB-boards to Sweden. As well as the challenges and obstacles that would need to be overcome to make such a change a reality. The world market has been affected by unexpected events, including a world pandemic and the invasion of Ukraine by Russia. Companies have realized the benefits of production closer to the market, and wood-based boards are essential in the construction industry. The study uses a qualitative interview approach to gain insights into the industry's current trends, challenges, and opportunities. The results show that while Sweden has the theoretical possibility to manufacture these boards, challenges such as profitability, raw materials, and competition on the market stand in the way. Porter's five forces model and the Triple Bottom Line were used for a comprehensive analysis, leading to the conclusion that the challenges for the manufacture of MDF- and OSB- boards in Sweden are currently too great.

Wood waste containing formaldehyde based resins are generated yearly and disposed in landfills or burned. No regulations exist in most states and no studies have been conducted to address formaldehyde emission from wood waste buried in landfills. The objective of this study was to: a) determine the amount of formaldehyde released into air and leachate from MDF disposed in a simulated landfill, b) analyze the environmental impacts of leachate containing formaldehyde, and c) investigate change in chemical and morphological properties of disposed MDF. Sampling of MDF, soil and leachate were conducted for determination of formaldehyde weekly for 56 days by HPLC. Environmental impacts of leachate was determined by BOD, COD, and toxicity. Changes in the chemical composition and morphological structures were also determined. No detectable formaldehyde was observed in MDF, soil or leachate after 28 days. The BOD and COD levels indicated the leachate was not suitable for drinking.