The Embree/Butler scoring system served as criterion for ascertaining brain dysfunction on the protocols of 100 subjects--50 had been diagnosed by health professionals as having brain dysfunction, and 50 had been diagnosed as having no brain dysfunction. In comparing the hospital's diagnoses with those of the Embree/Butler method, the data strongly supported the hypothesis that the Embree/Butler scoring system did effectively discriminate (chi square of 77.99 < .01) between those with organic brain syndrome (or cerebral dysfunction) and those with psychiatric classification. A point-biserial correlation was used to distinguish the relationship between diagnosis and the score. A cutoff score of above 14 produced the least false-negative or false-positive evaluations.

The problem which is reported in these pages represents an attempt to bring into one work a critical and analytical survey of the material currently available in the field of music therapy. There is such a wealth of new material, especially since the termination of the war, that the necessity for a new and up-to-date compilation of material is evident. The objective of this thesis is to collect general information as to the theory and practices of music therapy, rather than to secure for purposes of statistical analysis great numbers of detailed items in regard to a technique that has not yet been carried to a point where it can be standardized. However, this compilation does include some actual experiments which have been conducted in hospitals with the object of determining the effect on physical and mental patients of certain musical compositions and certain instruments.

Athletic trainers (ATs) are professionals who are most directly responsible for athletes’ health care in a sport environment. ATs work with athletes on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of athletic injury; it is through these interactions that put ATs in an ideal position to recognize the psychological and emotional distress that athletes may suffer. Consequently, the National Athletic Trainer’s Association (NATA) has called for ATs to be competent in implementing psychosocial strategies and techniques (e.g., goal-setting, imagery, positive self-talk), recognizing basic symptoms of mental disorders, and identifying and referring athletes in need of psychological help. I explored ATs’ ability to recognize, diagnose, and provide a referral for collegiate athletes who were presenting with symptoms of depression across three different scenarios. The study examined factors that may impact ATs’ abilities in these areas, including AT gender, athlete gender, and type of presenting problem (e.g., athletic injury, romantic relationship, or sport performance issue). Overall, female ATs were better at recognizing depressive symptoms than male ATs, though both were equally proficient at diagnosing depression. Regardless of gender of the AT, gender of the athlete, and presenting problem, ATs were most likely to refer the athletes to a counselor/psychologist, and to a lesser extent sport psychology consultant (SPC). ATs viewed referrals to an SPC as most appropriate for presenting problems related to sport (i.e., performance problem or injury). The results highlight a possible bias in referrals to an SPC, in that SPCs may not be considered an appropriate referral source for romantic relationship problems. Implications for ATs and recommendations for future research are discussed.

Research has shown African Americans experience mental health issues at the same rate as the general population but seek treatment at only one-third that rate. Eleven African American low-income urban community leaders with basic training in mental health issues were interviewed about their perceptions of African American patterns of communication on mental health issues. Findings included a general consensus that the topic is generally not discussed, although passing references to a party’s perceived mental illness may be made using humor. When such discussion does take place, it happens only in a “safe space” with a trusted dialogue partner. Non-verbal cues are an important element of these conversations, as are non-judgmental, attentive and purposeful listening. The participants report that community members who did not receive the basic mental health training speak with great disparagement of those they perceive to be mentally ill.

Provider-based stigma is defined as the negative attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of mental health providers toward clients they serve. Often unintentional and unknowingly conveyed, this phenomenon has been indicated in previous research (e.g. Lauber, Nordt, Braunschweig, & Rössler, 2006; Nordt, Rössler, & Lauber, 2006; Hugo, 2001; Schulze, 2007). Other instruments crafted to measure provider stigma have utilized theory in their development, without incorporating the voice of the client (e.g. Wilkins & Abell, 2010; Kennedy, Abell, & Mennicke 2014). To better address the social injustice posed by provider stigma, the profession requires a valid and reliable measure, guided by theory, which also reflects the client and family experience. This study attempts to do so, referencing the five themes of the experience-based model (Charles, 2013) to guide item development. These themes include: blame & shame; disinterest, annoyance, and/or irritation; degradation & dehumanization; poor prognosis/fostering dependence; coercion/lack of ‘real’ choice. The measure’s item pool was generated following Nunnally and Bernstein’s (1994) domain sampling method, in reflection of the experience-based model, and reviewed by a series of focus groups. The electronically hosted survey was distributed to a purposive sample of mental health service providers employed at Virginia’s public mental health agencies. Using a final sample of N = 220, factor analysis indicated a four factor solution, accounting for 32.454% of the items’ variance. Refinement resulted in a scale of 20-items demonstrating adequate internal consistency, measured by Cronbach’s alpha = 0.817. The four factors of the Mental Health Provider Self-Assessment of Stigma Scale (MHPSASS) were labeled: Irritation & Impatience (eight items); Choice & Capacity (five items); Adherence & Dependence (four items); Devalue & Depersonalize (three items). Hypothesized relationships were found between provider self-rating of burnout and MHPSASS score (Pearson’s r = 0.235, p = 0.001) as well as social desirability level and MHPSASS score (r = -0.169, p = 0.015), supporting the MHPSASS’ construct validity. As a measure of provider-based stigma, the MHPSASS displays adequate reliability and validity. Future studies are indicated, including replication. Limitations include agency response rate, unknowable individual level-response rate, social desirability, and the potentially burdensome length of the survey package.

BACKGROUND: Having a parent with mental illness often means increasedresponsibility for the child, for example helping out at home or taking care of siblingsare common tasks. A constant feeling of having to be available in case anythinghappens makes it very unpredictable wich is described stressful by children. In themajority of science the children often falls behind.AIM: To describe a childs experience of living with a parent who suffer from mentalillness.METHOD: The literature consists of 8 articles with qualitative design of wich theresult has been quality examined, analysed and compiled. Searches were made in thedatabases of CINAHL, Pubmed and Scopus.RESULTS: The research emerged three clear categories in the result: Anxiety aboutthe parents mental illness, otherness of the family life and the need of support andinformation. Feelings like sadness, worries, fear, anger and envy was described inmany studies, while the love of the parent was strong despite the illness.CONCLUSION: A child to a parent with mental illness often tend to be neglected.To be able to deal with life and the consequenses of mental illness everyone in thefamily will need support in different ways. Parents and health professionals need tobe better informing the child about the illness, what it does and how it shows. / BAKGRUND: Att leva med en förälder som lider av psykisk ohälsa innebär mångagånger ett stort ansvar för barnen. Att hjälpa till med sysslor hemma eller ta hand omyngre syskon är vanligt förekommande. Att ständigt känna känslan av att behöva varatillgänglig om något händer är en oförutsägbarhet som beskrivs påfrestande avbarnen. Inom forskningen hamnar dock ofta barnens erfarenheter i skymundan.SYFTE: Att beskriva barns erfarenheter av att leva med en förälder som lider avpsykisk ohälsa.METOD: Litteraturstudien innehåller 8 artiklar med kvalitativ design där resultatethar kvalitetsgranskats, analyserats och sammanställts. Sökningar gjordes idatabaserna CINAHL, Pubmed och Scopus.RESULTAT: Det framkom tre tydliga kategorier i resultatet: Ängslan för föräldrarnaspsykiska ohälsa, familjelivets annorlundaskap och behov av stöd och information.Känslor som sorg, oro, rädsla, ilska och avund beskrevs i flertalet studier, samtidigtsom kärleken till föräldern var stark trots ohälsan.KONKLUSION: Barn till en förälder med psykisk ohälsa hamnar ofta i skymundan.Det behövs stöd till alla inom familjen på olika sätt för att handskas med livet ochohälsans konsekvenser. Föräldrar och vårdpersonal behöver bli bättre på attinformera barnen om vad ohälsan gör och hur den visar sig.

Master of Science / Department of Special Education, Counseling and Student Affairs / Christy Craft / It is estimated that nearly twenty-five percent of graduate students experience symptoms of depression, anxiety, or seasonal affective disorder (Kernan, Bogart, & Wheat, 2011). Graduate students are defined as being unique, vulnerable, and at risk for experiencing a variety of challenges (Hyun, Quinn, Madon, & Lustig, 2006). Several of these challenges can result in high levels of stress (Oswalt & Riddock, 2007). Failing to cope with this stress can lead to increased stress levels, more severe mental health concerns or illness, and potentially dropping out (Hamaideh, 2011). Graduate students are not completing programs at the rate that they should, in fact attrition rates are estimated to be as high as fifty percent for some graduate programs (Kent, 2013). Understanding the effect mental health has on a student’s ability to persist through a graduate program is crucial to understanding the graduate student experience. It is suggested that higher education institutions begin to acknowledge the stress graduate students endure, the transitional struggles they encounter, and the barriers graduate students overcome to seek help. Based on the literature and personal experience, it is proposed that higher education institutions focus on preventative measures when combating the mental health challenges graduate students experience. This report provides a summary of the best strategies to consider when focusing on graduate student mental health. These strategies include the creation of an office devoted to providing graduate students with the support services they deserve.

The ordering and control of experience through fictive selves, constructed in consideration of an audience of the self and others, is part of the diary’s identity-building and meaning-making function. This thesis analyzes the process by which the diaries of Virginia Woolf, Sylvia Plath, and Janet Schaw construct multiple textual identities and conceptualize their public and private selves. The projection of these multiple selves in the diary text serve to justify the private individual experience as extraordinary and worth telling, as well as to connect with a public community experience, relating the self to a greater socio-cultural context.

The aim of this study is to examine how substance abuse and mental illnesses are portrayed in children’s literature from a child’s perspective. To achieve the aim, text analyses were performed on four selected works of children’s literature. The question asked is: in what way can the selected books function to support pupils in problematic family circumstances? The scientific approach of the study is hermeneutic. Hermeneutics means the theory of interpretation and concerns the creation of meaning and understanding through interpretations of texts. The analyses proceed from a hermeneutic model. The model shows how different components go together in the interpretation of a text. In the analyses the children’s literature is set in relation to the background chapter, which shows what the reality is like. The discussion considers the analyses in greater depth with the aid of the theory in order to investigate how readers with similar experiences can perceive and be affected by literature. We chose to design the study in this way because it reflects the hermeneutics. The results of the study show that the selected literature can affect the reader. The theory shows that people have a tendency to recognize themselves in literature and see their own problems at a distance, which helps the reader in real life. Through the literature the reader’s conceptual world can be expanded by new insights into their surroundings. The conclusions drawn in the study are that it is important to work with the Convention on the Rights of the Child in school, to explain to children that adults are not always in good health, and that children have a right to be children.

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