Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-06-08T12:29:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 elaineaparecidacarvalho.pdf: 7755814 bytes, checksum: b31278b6963ad259e85e174cf59c5391 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-06-26T18:10:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 elaineaparecidacarvalho.pdf: 7755814 bytes, checksum: b31278b6963ad259e85e174cf59c5391 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-26T18:10:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 elaineaparecidacarvalho.pdf: 7755814 bytes, checksum: b31278b6963ad259e85e174cf59c5391 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-18 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste trabalho, três diferentes materiais (vidros, filmes finos e nanofluidos) foram analisados com o objetivo de verificar mudanças nas propriedades térmicas e ópticas devido a presença de nanopartículas de metais nobres. Nos vidros e filmes, o crescimento de nanopartículas foi induzido através do tratamento térmico das amostras enquanto que nos nanofluidos, a nucleação das nanopartículas foi obtida através de um procedimento químico de uma única etapa. A formação das nanopartículas metálicas nestes materiais foi confirmada pelas imagens de microscopia eletrônica e pelo pico de plasmon superficial presente nos espectros de absorção. Espectros Raman foram obtidos com a finalidade de verificar se ocorreu alguma mudança estrutural. Medidas de lente térmica foram realizadas em todas as amostras, fornecendo os valores da difusividade térmica. As matrizes vítreas estudadas foram germanato (Ge02 - PbO) e telurito (Te02 - PbO-Ge02), dopadas com nanopartículas de prata e com os íons terras raras Érbio, Ytérbio e Túlio na forma trivalente. Foi verificado que ocorreu um aumento de 20 % e 8 % na difusividade térmica dos vidros germanatos e teluritos, respectivamente, devido a adição de nanopartículas de prata e que o tratamento térmico provocou a quebra de anéis de tetraedros formados nos vidros germanato. Os filmes finos contendo nanopartículas de ouro e prata foram crescidos em um substrato através da técnica de co-sputtering utilizando a matriz vítrea de germanato (Ge02 - PbO) como alvo. Os resultados indicam a formação de estruturas diferentes daquelas detectadas no vidro, além de apresentar mudanças no comportamento térmico em relação a matriz vítrea. Nos nanofluidos de ouro e prata foram observados um aumento de 20% e 16%, respectivamente, na difusividade térmica em relação a difusividade térmica água pura. / In this work, three different materials (glasses, thin films and nanofluids) were analysed to check the changes in their thermal and optical properties due to the presence of noble metal nanoparticles. In the glasses and films, the nucleation of nanoparticles was induced by thermal treatment of the samples while in the nanofluids the nanoparticles were obtained through one-step chemical reaction. The presence of metallic nanoparticles was confirmed by electron microscopy images and by surface plasmon peaks detected via absorption technique in the ultraviolet and visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. In addition, Raman spectra were obtained to check structural changes. Thermal lens measurements were performed in all samples to obtain the respective thermal diffusivity. Studied vitreous system were germanate (Ge02 - PbO) and tellurite (Te02 - PbO-Ge02) doped with silver nanoparticles, rare earth ions, erbium, thulium and ytterbium in the trivalent form. It was found an increase of 20% and 8% in the thermal diffusivity of germanate and tellurite glasses, respectively, due to the addition of silver nanoparticles. It also verified that the thermal treatment has caused the break of Ge04 tetrahedra rings. Thin films containing gold and silver nanoparticles were grown by the co-sputtering technique using the germanate vitreous matriz (Ge02 - PbO) as target. Raman results show structural differences between thin films and the corresponding glasses. This was reflected in a different thermal behavior. In gold and silver nanofluids were observed an increase of 20% and 16% in the thermal diffusivity in comparison with the thermal diffusivity of pure water, respectively.

Strong light matter interactions in metallic nanoparticles (NPs), especially those made of noble metals such as Gold and Silver is at the heart of much ongoing research in nanoplasmonics. Individual NPs can support collective excitations (Plasmon’s) of the electron plasma at certain wavelengths, known as the localized surface Plasmon resonance (LSPR) which provides a powerful platform for various sensing, imaging and therapeutic applications. For a collection of NPs their optical properties can be signify cannily different from isolated particles, an effect which originates in the electromagnetic interactions between the localised Plasmon modes. An interesting aspect of such interactions is their strong dependence on the geometry of NP collection and accordingly new optical properties can arise. While this problem has been well considered in one and two dimensions with periodic as well as with random arrays of NPs, three dimensional systems are yet to be fully explored. In particular, there are challenges in the successful de-sign and fabrication of three dimensional (3D) plasmonic metamaterials at optical frequencies. In the work presented in this thesis we present a detail investigation of the theoretical and experimental aspects of plasmonic interactions in two geometrically different three dimensional plasmonic nanostructured systems - a chiral system consisting of achiral plasmonic nanoparticles arranged in a helical geometry and an achiral system consisting of achiral plasmonic nanoparticle arrays stacked vertically into three dimensional geometry. The helical arrangement of achiral plasmonic nanoparticles were realised using a wafer scale technique known as Glancing Angle Deposition (GLAD). The measured chiro-optical response which arises solely from the interactions of the individual achiral plasmonic NPs was found to be one of the largest reported value in the visible. Semi analytical calculation based on couple dipole approximation was able to model the experimental chiro-optical response including all the variabilities present in the experimental system. Various strategies based on antiparticle spacing, oriented elliptical nanoparticles, dielectric constant value of the dielectric template were explored such as to engineer a strong and tunable chiro-optical response. A key point of the experimental system despite the presence of variabilities, was that the measured chiro-optical response showed less than 10 % variability along the sample surface. Additionally we could exploit the strong near held interactions of the plasmonic nanoparticles to achieve a strongly nonlinear circular differential response of two photon photoluminescent from the helically arranged nanoparticles. In addition to these plasmonic chiral systems, our study also includes investigation of light matter interactions in purely dielectric chiral systems of solid and core shell helical geometry. The chiro-optical response was found to be similar for both the systems and depend strongly on their helical geometry. A core-shell helical geometry provides an easy route for tuning the chiro-optical response over the entire visible and near IR range by simply changing the shell thickness as well as shell material. The measured response of the samples was found to be very large and very uniform over the sample surface. Since the material system is based entirely on dielectrics, losses are minimal and hence could possibly serve as an alternative to conventional plasmonic chiro-optical materials. Finally we demonstrated the used of an achiral three dimensional plasmonic nanostructure as a SERS (surface enhance Raman spectroscopy) substrate. The structure consisted of porous 3D metallic NP arrays that are held in place by dielectric rods. For practically important applications, the enhancement factor, as well as the spatial density of the metallic NPs within the laser illumination volume, arranged in a porous 3D array needs to be large, such that any molecule in the vicinity of the metal NP gives rise to an enhanced Raman signal. Having a large number of metallic NPs within the laser illumination volume, increases the probability of a target molecule to come in the vicinity of the metal NPs. This has been achieved in the structures reported here, where high enhancement factor (EF) in conjunction with large surface area available in a three dimensional structure, makes the 3D NP arrays attractive candidates as SERS substrates.

La technique de la génération de second harmonique (SHG) a été employée pour étudier la réponse non linéaire des assemblées de nano particules métalliques aux interfaces liquides. Les nanoparticules ont d’abord été caractérisées en utilisant la génération de second harmonique incohérente, également nommée diffusion hyper Rayleigh. L’étude de particules d’or et d’argent, nanosphères et des nanobâtonnets, ont permis de mettre en évidence l’influence de la couche protectrice de surfactants sur l’hyperpolarisabilité quadratique de ces particules. Ces particules ont ensuite été placées à l’interface air/eau dans une cuve de Langmuir afin d’étudier le rôle des interactions entre les particules sur la réponse optique linéaire et non linéaire. Celle-ci a révélé dans ces films formés à l’interface la présence de couplages forts entre les particules lors de la compression de la surface. Cela conduit à une transition dans le film une fois que la distance entre les particules passe en dessous d’une distance critique. Ces études ont été complétées par des expériences réalisées à l'interface liquide/liquide et sur une électrode de carbone vitreux pour examiner plus en détail le rôle de la rugosité à l’échelle nanométrique dans l’exaltation de la réponse non linéaire SHG / In this work, the nonlinear optical response of assembled metallic nanoparticles at interfaces was studied using Second Harmonic Generation. First, the nanoparticles were characterised using incoherent second harmonic generation, a technique also called Hyper Rayleigh Scattering. Thioalkane-capped silver and gold nanoparticles, both nanospheres and nanorods, were investigated and the role of this capping layer on the quadratic hyperpolarisability of these particles was underlined. The particles were then deposited at the air/liquid interface in a Langmuir trough to investigate the role of the interparticles interactions in large assemblies. Both the linear and the nonlinear optical response of these metallic films formed at the surface of the trough provided evidence of a strong coupling between adjacent particles upon compression leading to a phase transition of the film once the interparticle distance is less than a critical value. These studies were complemented with experiments performed at the liquid/liquid interface and at the glassy carbon/electrolyte interface to examine in greater details the role of roughness at the nanoscale on the enhancement of the SHG response

Les propriétés optiques et vibrationnelles de nanoparticules métalliques individuelles ont été étudiées par spectroscopie par modulation spatiale (SMS), avec une attention particulière aux effets de forme, composition, environnement local, ainsi que de couplage inter-particule. La réponse optique de nanoparticules (métalliques au cœur-couronne métal-diélectrique) allongées et des particules bimétalliques (hétérodimères or-argent) a été mesuré et en suite interprétée grâce à une corrélation avec la caractérisation morphologique de la même particule obtenue par microscopie à transmission électronique et avec des simulations par éléments finis prenants en compte la réelle géométrie du nano-objet et le substrat. Une technique pompe sonde résolue en temps a été en suite utilisée pour étudier le profil Fano dans l'absorption d'une particule d'or au sein d'un hétérodimères or-argent. Sur une échelle de temps des quelques dizaines de picosecondes, les vibrations acoustiques multimodales de nanobipyramides d'or individuelles ont été optiquement détectées et caractérisées par rapport à un modèle élastique classique / Optical and vibrational properties of individual metal-based nanoparticles have been investigated by spatial modulation spectroscopy (SMS), focusing on their dependence on nano-object shape, composition, environment and inter-particle coupling. Quantitative investigations of the optical response, and in particular, the surface plasmon resonance (extinction cross-section amplitude, spectral position and linewidth) of elongated metal or metal-dielectric (gold nanorods, nanobipyramids with or without silica coating) and bimetallic (gold-silver heterodimers) nanoparticles deposited on a substrate have first been performed. The same nanoparticles were characterized by electron microscopy permitting quantitative interpretation of their optical response using finite element numerical simulations, taking into account the influence of the substrate. Combining SMS microscopy with a high sensitivity femtosecond two-color pump-probe setup, the ultrafast dynamics of single nano-objects has been investigated. The Fano absorption profile of a gold nanoparticle within a single gold-silver heterodimer, a parameter not accessible by linear spectroscopy, was directly measured. On a picosecond time-scale, multimodal acoustic vibrations of single gold nanobipyramids were optically lunched and detected, and their features compared to a model based on continuum elasticity

L'objectif de ce travail est d'une part de comprendre et contrôler la formation de rides périodiques nanométriques produites par pulvérisation ionique de films minces diélectriques. D'autre part, ces surfaces nanostructurées sont utilisées pour guider la croissance et l'organisation de nanoparticules d'argent. Ces systèmes anisotropes sont caractérisés par une position spectrale de la résonance plasmon de surface dépendant de la polarisation de la lumière incidente. Nous étudions d'abord par AFM et GISAXS l'influence des conditions de pulvérisation (angle d'incidence et énergie des ions, température, flux, fluence) sur la morphologie des rides (période, amplitude, ordre, ...). Les paramètres pertinents pour le contrôle de la morphologie sont identifiés ainsi qu'une partie des mécanismes physiques mis en jeu. Ensuite, nous étudions par HAADF-STEM l'influence des conditions de croissance (angle d'incidence du flux métallique, degré d'organisation des rides) sur les propriétés structurales des nanoparticules d'argent. Nous montrons que la croissance préférentielle des nanoparticules le long des rides est favorisée par des effets d'ombrage, ce qui conduit à la formation de chaînes linéaires de même période que les rides sous-jacentes et au sein desquelles les nanoparticules sont plus ou moins alignées et allongées. Cela se traduit par une anisotropie optique en champ lointain variable due à la polydispersité des distances interparticules (inférieures à quelques nanomètres) ainsi que des phénomènes de couplage en champ proche plus ou moins importants. Ces structures peuvent trouver des applications en spectroscopie Raman exaltée de surface (SERS). / On the one hand, the aim of this work is to understand and control the formation of periodic nanometric ripples produced by ion sputtering of dielectric thin films. On the other hand, these nanostructured surfaces are used to guide the growth and organization of silver nanoparticles. These anisotropic systems are characterized by a surface plasmon resonance whose spectral postion is dependent on the polarization of the incident light. We first study the influence of different ion beam sputtering parameters (the ions incidence angle and energy, temperature, energy, flux, fluence) on the ripple morphology (period, amplitude, order, ...) by AFM and GISAXS. The relevant parameters for the control of the ripple morphology are identified as well as some of the physical mechanisms involved. Then, we study the influence of the growth conditions on the structural properties of the nanoparticles (metal deposition angle, ripples pattern quality) by HAADF-STEM. We show that the preferential growth along the ripples is promoted by shadowing effects, thus leading to the formation of linear chains with period similar to the underlying ripples and with more or less elongated and aligned nanoparticles. This results in a far-field tunable optical anisotropy arising from polydisperse interparticle gaps (less than a few nanometers) as well as from more or less strong near-field coupling phenomena. These structures could offer potential for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) applications.

En conséquence de l'extension de l’utilisation des nanoparticules dans différents secteurs industriels, le nombre de travailleurs potentiellement exposés ne cesse de croître, sans parfaitement connaître les propriétés toxicologiques de ces matériaux. Étant donné que les nanoparticules peuvent se trouver en suspension dans l’atmosphère professionnelle, l'inhalation représente une voie d'exposition professionnelle majeure. De ce fait, l’évaluation des risques liés à l’exposition aux nanomatériaux requiert d’entreprendre des études de toxicologie sur des modèles cellulaires des voies aériennes. Dans ce manuscrit, les réponses cellulaires et moléculaires des macrophages alvéolaires de rat (NR8383) exposés à des nanoparticules d’oxydes métalliques : ZnO, ZnFe2O4, NiZnFe2O4, Fe2O3, TiO2-NM105 et TiO2-NRCWE001, ont été étudiées, en combinant des analyses toxicologiques classiques (caractérisation des nanoparticules par microscopie électronique à transmission et par diffusion dynamique de la lumière, évaluation de la cytotoxicité par tests WST-1 et libération de LDH); et de criblage moléculaire à haut débit (analyses de transcriptomique et de protéomique). Des cellules NR8383 ont été exposées aux nanoparticules ZnO, ZnFe2O4, NiZnFe2O4, Fe2O3, TiO2-NM105 et TiO2-NRCWE001 pendant 24 h ce qui a permis de déterminer une dose sub-toxique pour chaque nanoparticule à laquelle les macrophages ont été exposés pour l’analyse moléculaire. Quatre heures suite à l’exposition des cellules aux nanoparticules, de nombreux gènes et protéines étaient différentiellement exprimés. Le stress oxydant était la réponse biologique adverse suite à l’exposition des cellules aux nanoparticules composées de zinc. En revanche, l’inflammation était la principale voie activée dans les cellules exposées à la forme anatase et rutile des nanoparticules de TiO2. En conclusion, cette étude expose les « empreintes biologiques » des deux groupes de nanoparticules d’intérêt. Enfin, notre étude combinée à des travaux antérieurs de la littérature pourraient aussi être profitables pour valider les biomarqueurs d’exposition et d’effets aux nanomatériaux suggérés afin de prédire les effets biologiques adverses. / As a consequence of the extension of the use of nanoparticles in different industrial sectors, the number of potentially exposed workers continues to grow, without fully knowing the toxicological properties of these materials. Since nanoparticles can be aerosolized in the occupational atmosphere, inhalation is the major occupational exposure route. For this reason, risk assessment of exposure to nanomaterials requires toxicology studies to be conducted on cellular models of the airways. In this manuscript, the cellular and molecular responses of rat alveolar macrophages (NR8383) exposed to metallic oxide nanoparticles: ZnO, ZnFe2O4, NiZnFe2O4, Fe2O3, TiO2-NM105 and TiO2-NRCWE001, were studied, combining conventional toxicological analyzes (characterization of nanoparticles by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering, evaluation of cytotoxicity by WST-1 assays and LDH release); and high throughput molecular screening (transcriptomic and proteomic analyzes). NR8383 cells were exposed to the ZnO, ZnFe2O4, NiZnFe2O4, Fe2O3, TiO2-NM105 and TiO2-NRCWE001 nanoparticles for 24 h which allowed for the determination of a sub-toxic dose for each nanoparticle to which the macrophages were exposed for molecular analysis. Four hours after exposure NR8383 to nanoparticles, many genes and proteins were differentially expressed. Oxidative stress was the adverse biological response following exposure of cells to nanoparticles composed of zinc. In contrast, inflammation was the main activated pathway in cells exposed to the anatase and rutile form of TiO2 nanoparticles. In conclusion, this study exposes the "biological fingerprints" of the two groups of nanoparticles of interest. Finally, our study, combined with previous literature studies, could also be beneficial in validating biomarkers of exposure and effects of nanomaterials suggested in order to predict adverse biological effects.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] El envasado activo es una de las tecnologías emergentes más relevantes de la industria alimentaria. Su objetivo es interactuar con el espacio de cabeza del envase para controlar las reacciones enzimáticas, químicas, físicas y microbiológicas que deterioran los alimentos por medio de la absorción o liberación. La actual tesis doctoral trata originalmente del desarrollo y la caracterización de estructuras de envasado de alimentos activas y biodegradables mono y multicapa basadas en materiales de polihidroxialcanoatos (PHA) electroestirados derivados de estrategias de bioeconomía circular. Con el fin de dotar con propiedades activas los materiales de envasado, se incorporaron a los PHA aceites esenciales, extractos naturales, nanopartículas metálicas o combinaciones de los mismos mediante electrospinning de soluciones. Las fibras resultantes de PHA por electrospinning se recocieron para obtener monocapas continuas que, posteriormente, se combinaron con películas de polímeros biodegradables fundidas, sopladas o fundidas con disolventes y/o con revestimientos de barrera de nanocristales de celulosa bacteriana (CNC) para desarrollar novedosos sistemas multicapa con propiedades antimicrobianas y de barrera. Estos sistemas multicapas basados en PHA presentaron un buen rendimiento térmico y mecánico, así como altas propiedades de barrera a los vapores y gases. Las películas activas también mostraron mejores propiedades antioxidantes y una alta actividad antimicrobiana contra las bacterias transmitidas por los alimentos tanto en sistemas abiertos como, lo que es más importante, en sistemas cerrados, que pueden imitar las condiciones de envasado en casos reales. Por lo tanto, los materiales y prototipos desarrollados en este trabajo pueden ser muy prometedores como materiales de envasado, para constituir bandejas, flow packs y tapas, siendo completamente renovables y también biodegradables, con una potencial capacidad de aumentar tanto la calidad, como la seguridad de los productos alimenticios en el nuevo contexto de la Bioeconomía Circular. / [CA] L'envasament actiu és una de les tecnologies emergents més rellevants de la indústria alimentària. El seu objectiu és interactuar amb l'espai de cap de l'envàs per controlar les reaccions enzimàtiques, químiques, físiques i microbiològiques que deterioren els aliments per mitjà de l'absorció o alliberament. L'actual tesi doctoral tracta originalment de el desenvolupament i la caracterització d'estructures d'envasat d'aliments actives i biodegradables mono i multicapa basades en materials de polihidroxialcanoatos (PHA) electroestirados derivats d'estratègies de bioeconomia circular. Per tal de dotar amb propietats actives dels materials d'envasat, es van incorporar als PHA olis essencials, extractes naturals, nanopartícules metàl·liques o combinacions dels mateixos mitjançant electrospinning de solucions. Les fibres resultants de PHA per electrospinning es recocieron per obtenir monocapes contínues que, posteriorment, es van combinar amb pel·lícules de polímers biodegradables foses, bufades o foses amb dissolvents i / o amb revestiments de barrera de nanocristalls de cel·lulosa bacteriana (CNC) per desenvolupar nous sistemes multicapa amb propietats antimicrobianes i de barrera. Aquests sistemes multicapes basats en PHA van presentar un bon rendiment tèrmic i mecànic, així com altes propietats de barrera als vapors i gasos. Les pel·lícules actives també van mostrar millors propietats antioxidants i una alta activitat antimicrobiana contra bacteris transmeses pels aliments tant en sistemes oberts com, el que és més important, en sistemes tancats, que poden imitar les condicions d'envasament en casos reals. Per tant, els materials i prototips desenvolupats poden ser molt prometedors com materials d'envasat, per constituir safates, flow packs i tapes, sent completament renovables i també biodegradables, amb la capacitat potencial final d'augmentar tant la qualitat, com la seguretat de els productes alimentaris en el nou context de l'Bioeconomia Circular. / [EN] Active packaging is one of the most relevant emerging technologies in the food industry. It aims to interact with the packaging headspace to control the enzymatic, chemical, physical, and microbiological reactions that deteriorate food through scavenging or releasing means. The current PhD thesis originally deals with the development and characterization of mono and multilayer active and biodegradable food packaging structures based on electrospun polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) materials derived from circular bioeconomy strategies. In order to provide the packaging materials with active properties, essential oils, natural extracts, metallic nanoparticles or combinations thereof were incorporated into PHA by solution electrospinning. The resultant electrospun PHA mats were annealed to obtain continuous monolayers that were, thereafter, combined with cast-extruded, blown or solvent-casted biodegradable polymer films and/or barrier coatings of bacterial cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) to develop novel multilayer systems with antimicrobial and barrier properties. These PHA-based multilayers systems presented good thermal and mechanical performance as well as high barrier properties to vapors and gases. The active films also showed improved antioxidant properties and high antimicrobial activity against food-borne bacteria in both open and, more importantly, closed systems, which can mimic real case use packaging conditions. Therefore, the here-developed materials and prototypes can be very promising as packaging materials, to constitute trays, flow packs and lids, being completely renewable and also biodegradable, with the final potential capacity to increase both quality and safety of food products in the new Circular Bioeconomy context. / Al programa Santiago Grisolía de la Generalitat Valenciana (0001426013N810001A201) por concederme la beca Predoctoral. Al proyecto EU H2020 YPACK “High Performance Polyhydroxyalkanoates Based Packaging to Minimise Food Waste” (Grant agreement 773872) de la Comisión Europea. Al proyecto RTI2018-097249-B-C21 financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación de España. A la Unidad Asociada IATA-UJI en “Polymer Technology”. / Figueroa López, KJ. (2021). Biodegradable Mono and Multilayer Materials with Antimicrobial Capacity Based on Circular Bioeconomy of Application Interest in Food Packaging [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/168439 / TESIS / Compendio

During recent decades metallic nanoparticles have been found very interesting due to their unique characteristics which make them suitable for different applications. In this research, for the very first time, we tried to perform selective surface photo activation chemistry on the targeted facets of nanoparticles while they are in suspension. This technique enabled us to form desired assemblies of nanoparticles. We focused on elongated shaped gold nanorod due to its unique surface plasmon resonance and probable biomedical applications. In this research we formed a dumbbell shape assembly of nanoparticles in suspension. A probable application for these assemblies can be in vivo imaging. Initially, we reproduced gold nanorods using existing techniques in prior papers and optimized them according to our research needs. A low rpm centrifugal separation technique was developed to efficiently separate synthesized gold nanorods from other shapes. Several characterization techniques were utilized to characterize nanoparticles at each step including UV-absorbance, zeta potential, and dynamic light scattering. Different generations of oligomers were synthesized to be used as gold nanorods coating, and each coating was tested and characterized using appropriate techniques. Our two-step coating replacement method using one of these photocleavable oligomers enabled us to achieve, for the very first time, selective UV photo activation of gold nanorod tips. The photo activated tips were then exposed to oppositely charged gold nanospheres to form dumbbell shape assemblies of gold nanorods and nanospheres. Furthermore, dumbbell shape assembly of nanoparticles was investigated and characterized. / Master of Science

En passant de l’état massif à la nanoparticule les matériaux métalliques voient certaines de leurs caractéristiques modifiées de manière notable comme par exemple les propriétés optiques avec l’apparition d’une résonance dans le spectre optique, la Résonance Plasmon de Surface Localisée (RPSL) responsable du changement de couleur des nanoparticules métalliques. Les propriétés vibrationnelles et thermiques de nanoparticules métalliques ont été étudiées à l’aide d’une technique de Spectroscopie Femtoseconde. Nous avons montré qu’il était possible d’exciter et de détecter optiquement des fréquences de vibrations mécaniques dans le domaine térahertz pour des nanoparticules de platine composées de moins de cent atomes. D’autre part l’augmentation des effets dus aux interfaces a été mis en évidence sur les propriétés thermiques de nanoparticules d’or et d’argent. La résistance thermique à l’interface, résistance de Kapitza, voit son rôle augmenter lors du transfert thermique à l’échelle nanométrique. Une corrélation entre les valeurs mesurées et les impédances acoustiques des matériaux composants les interfaces a été mise en évidence. Nous avons aussi montré qu’elle augmente quand la température diminue de 300K à 70K. Les propriétés optiques de nanoparticules non sphériques ont été étudiées à l’aide de la Spectroscopie à Modulation Spatiale. Cette technique a permis de repérer puis de caractériser des nano-bâtonnets d’or individuels. Nous avons montré que la largeur spectrale de la RPSL est fortement dépendante de la géométrie des nanoparticules (diamètre et longueur). Cette double dépendance n’est pas prédite par les modèles classiques ou quantique existants / The size reduction of metals, from bulk to nanoparticles, induces significant modifications of their properties. For instance, the optical properties evolve and a new resonance, the localized surface plasmon resonance, appears in the optical spectrum and is responsible for the change of colors of metallic nanoparticles. This work is focused on studies of metals’ properties at the nanometric scale. In the first part, the vibrational and thermal properties are studied with a femtosecond spectroscopy technique. It is shown that it is possible to excite and detect optically vibrational frequencies in the terahertz domain by studying platinum nanoparticles formed by less than 100 atoms. The study of the thermal properties of the metallic nanoparticles (gold and silver) has shown that the boundary effect increases. This thermal boundary resistance, known as the Kapitza resistance, plays a dominant role in the heat transfer at the nanometric scale. A correlation between the experimental values of the thermal boundary resistance and the acoustic impedances of the boundary’s materials has been found. We have also shown that the Kapitza resistance is a decreasing function of the temperature in the 70-300K range. In the second part, the effect of the size reduction on the optical properties of non-spherical nanoparticles is observed. The Spatial Modulation Spectroscopy technique is used in order to locate and study individual gold nanorods. It is shown that the two geometrical parameters (the length and the diameter) of the nanorods influence the spectral linewidth of the localized surface plasmon resonance. This effect is not predicted by existing classical or quantum models

Dans ce travail de thèse, la synthèse de nanoparticules d'argent (Ag) est réalisée par une méthode simple, efficace et rapide basée sur la réduction du nitrate d'argent (AgNO3) dans un milieu organique (éthanol) sous chauffage par irradiation micro-ondes (MW) pendant quelques secondes en présence d'une émulsion aqueuse de copolymère latex. Les expériences ont été effectuées soit de manière séquentielle en faisant varier les paramètres expérimentaux les uns après les autres (approche classique) ou bien en moyennant la méthodologie des plans d'expérience qui sert à varier simultanément ces conditions expérimentales dans le but à la fois d'optimiser et d'évaluer l'impact de ces facteurs sur les propriétés physico-chimiques des particules produites. L'objectif est d'arriver à préparer un maximum de concentration en nanoparticules d'argent avec un minimum de concentration en copolymère latex et en AgNO3. Les nanoparticules préparées sont trouvées extrêmement stables en solution colloïdale avec des distributions de taille très étroites, ce qui confirme la qualité élevée et le diamètre uniforme des nanoparticules obtenues par l'approche de synthèse micro-ondes. Ceci pourrait être probablement dû à l'effet de stabilisation produit par les molécules du latex, qui est un bon environnement pour contrôler efficacement la croissance de nanoparticules métalliques d'argent. En tant que principal objectif d'une telle réalisation de la synthèse de nanoparticules d'argent par la méthode MW ouvre la voie à l'exploitation d'effets plasmoniques de surface dans des réactions photocatalytiques en utilisant des structures semi-conductrices bien définies (Bi2O3, In2O3, TiO2...). / In this thesis work, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag) is carried out by a simple, efficient and fast method based on the reduction of silver nitrate (AgNO3) in an organic medium (ethanol) under heating by micro irradiation (MW) for a few seconds in the presence of an aqueous emulsion of latex copolymer. The experiments were performed either by varying the experimental parameters one after the other (classical approach) or by means of the experimental design methodology which serves to vary simultaneously these experimental conditions in order to both optimize and evaluate the impact of these factors on the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles. The main goal is to prepare a maximum concentration of silver nanoparticles with a minimum concentration of latex copolymer and AgNO3. The prepared nanoparticles were found to be extremely stable in colloidal solution with very narrow size distributions, which confirms the high quality and the uniform diameter of the nanoparticles obtained by the microwave synthesis approach. This could possibly be due to the stabilizing effect produced by the latex molecules, which is a good environment for effectively controlling the growth of metallic silver nanoparticles. As the main objective of such realization of the silver nanoparticle synthesis by the MW method opens the way to the exploration of surface plasmonic effects in photocatalytic reactions using well-defined semiconducting structures (Bi2O3 , In2O3, TiO2 ...).