Bone healing involves a variety of different cell types and biological processes. Although certain key molecules have been identified, the molecular interactions of the healing progress are not completely understood. Moreover, a clinical routine for predicting the quality of bone healing after a fracture in an early phase is missing. This is mainly due to a lack of techniques to comprehensively screen for cytokines, growth factors and metabolites at their local site of action. Since all soluble molecules of interest are present in the fracture hematoma, its in-depth assessment could reveal potential markers for the monitoring of bone healing. Here, we describe an approach for sampling and quantification of cytokines and metabolites by using microdialysis, combined with solid phase extractions of proteins from wound fluids. By using a control group with an isolated soft tissue wound, we could reveal several bone defect-specific molecular features. In bone defect dialysates the neutrophil chemoattractants CXCL1, CXCL2 and CXCL3 were quantified with either a higher or earlier response compared to dialysate from soft tissue wound. Moreover, by analyzing downstream adaptions of the cells on protein level and focusing on early immune response, several proteins involved in the immune cell migration and activity could be identified to be specific for the bone defect group, e.g. immune modulators, proteases and their corresponding inhibitors. Additionally, the metabolite screening revealed different profiles between the bone defect group and the control group. In summary, we identified potential biomarkers to indicate imbalanced healing progress on all levels of analysis.

Hypoxic-ischemic insult is a most common form of perinatal brain damage that threatens a newborn's life and can leads to permanent neurological sequelae. However, detailed aspects of the cerebral ischemia in the immature brain stay unanswered. We decide to use the model of focal cerebral ischemia induced by intrahippocampal endothelin-1 (ET-1) in 12-days-old rats. The knowledge about consequences of ET-1 induced ischemia and the role of endothelin receptors (ETA and ETB) in ischemia-induced consequences in immature brain are poor at present. Agonists and selective antagonists of the ETA and ETB receptors were used to determine the role of these receptors in the development of ischemia, changes in regional blood flow and tissue oxygenation, local changes of biochemical parameters and acute neuronal death. Our results indicates, that activation of the ETA receptors causes a strong decrease of the blood flow, induced related hypoxia and subsequent neuronal degeneration, whereas activation of ETB receptors has likely modulatory role. Moreover, ischemia causes increase of excitatory amino acids concentration, whereas inhibitory amino acid, except taurine, decreased after ischemia. These facts provides new insights in a case of perinatal ischemia. This thesis demonstrates the wide range of different effects of...

Title: Acipimox during Short-Term Exercise Exerts A Negative Feedback of Growth Hormone on Ghrelin Secretion in Patients with Bulimia Nervosa and in Healthy Women: The Role of Lipolysis Objective: Eating disorders, such as bulimia nervosa (BN) and anorexia nervosa (AN), are characterized by abnormal eating behavior. The main features of BN are binge-eating and inappropriate compensatory methods to prevent weight gain. The appetite-modulating peptide ghrelin is secreted by the stomach and shows a strong release of growth hormone (GH). A potential GH-ghrelin feedback loop between stomach and the pituitary has been recently reported. Acipimox (Aci), an analogue of nicotinic acid, inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue (AT) and reduces plasma glycerol and free fatty acids (FFA) levels. Exercise and Aci are stimulators of GH secretion. We suppose that a negative feedback from increased GH levels during exercise may play a role in reducing plasma ghrelin levels. We surmised that altered baseline activity and exercise-induced activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) results in excessive stimulation of lipolysis associated with negative energy balance and may lead to abnormal AT metabolism in patients with BN. Disruption of the gut-brain-AT axis might be involved in the pathogenesis of BN. The...

Le stress a une fonction adaptative mais son influence délétère sur la santé physique,cognitive et mentale lorsqu’il se présente de façon excessive et/ou chronique est aujourd’huireconnue. De très nombreux travaux ont démontré que le jeune enfant, l’adolescent et le sujetâgé y sont particulièrement vulnérables. L’objectif de cette thèse a été de déterminer s’ilexiste une sensibilité au stress chronique chez l’adulte selon l’âge au moment de l’exposition.Le modèle de stress chronique léger et imprédictible mis au point chez la souris a été utilisé.Les impacts à court et long-terme (sujet âgé), ont été déterminés en analysant les troublessomatiques, hédoniques, anxieux, dépressifs et cognitifs, caractéristiques du syndrome destress. Contrairement à l’idée selon laquelle l’adulte serait plus résistant et plus résilient auxperturbations induites par le stress, les résultats de cette thèse démontrent qu’une période destress à l’âge adulte produit des effets délétères drastiques non seulement immédiats maiségalement à long terme. Toutefois, l’adulte d’âge moyen serait plus résistant et plus résilientrelativement aux adultes jeunes ou d’âge avancé qui présentent une symptomatologie plusmarquée. La sévérité des symptômes anxieux initialement générés par le stress est corrélée àla fois avec la persistance des troubles et la modification des marques de répression géniquedans l’hippocampe indiquant la présence d’une signature épigénétique de l’épisode de stress àlong terme. Des études récentes ont suggéré l’implication de la somatostatine centrale dans lesrégulations émotionnelles et relient la vulnérabilité au stress chronique des neuronessomatostatinergiques avec le développement de troubles anxio-dépressifs. Les résultats decette thèse ont permis d’identifier l’inhibition à la fois de l’axe HPA et des comportementsanxio-dépressifs par les récepteurs sst2 et sst4 de l’hippocampe. Les profils comportementauxinduits par l’utilisation d’agonistes sélectifs ou par la délétion de ces deux récepteurssuggèrent l’existence de deux voies de régulation interagissant respectivement avec lessystèmes sérotoninergique (voie sst2) et noradrénergique (voie sst4), l’une régulantprincipalement l’état anxieux, l’autre les désordres dépressifs et cognitifs. Ainsi, cette thèseétaye l’importance de la pathogénicité du stress chronique chez l’adulte et l’importance desrégulations neuroendocriniennes et cognitivo-émotionnelles par les récepteurs sst2 et sst4, unespécificité qui doit être prise en considération dans l’utilisation et le développement destraitements somatostatinergiques ciblant / Stress has an adaptive function but it can have also deleterious effects on physical,cognitive and mental health when its intensity and/or chronicity increase. A large body ofevidence supports the idea that young children, adolescents and aged people are highlysensitive to stress. The aim of this study was to determinate if a critical period of sensitivity tostress may be evidenced during adulthood. The Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress protocoldeveloped in the mouse was used. Short and long-term impacts of stress were quantified byassessing somatic, hedonic, anxious, depressive and cognitive troubles which arecharacteristic of a stress syndrome. Unlike the view that adults are resistant and resilient tostress, the results presented in this thesis show that a stress period during adulthood inducesimmediate and long-lasting deleterious effects. However, middle-aged adults were moreresistant and more resilient than younger or older subjects which both displayed a more severesymptomatology. The anxiety level initially induced by chronic stress is correlated with thepersistence of troubles and with modifications of gene repression marks in the hippocampus,indicating the presence of an epigenetic signature of the chronic stress episode in the longterm.Recent studies have suggested that central somatostatin is involved in emotionalregulations, linking the vulnerability of somatostatinergic neurons to chronic stress with theinstatement of anxio-depressive disorders. We showed herein that hippocampal sst2 and sst4receptor subtypes mediate the inhibition of HPA axis and improve anxio-depressivebehaviors. Behavioral patterns induced by either selective agonists or deletions of thesereceptors suggest that two regulatory pathways respectively interact with the serotoninergicsystem (sst2) and the noradrenergic system (sst4). In addition, sst2 receptors mainly regulateanxiety whereas sst4 is mainly involved in the regulation of cognitive and depressivedisorders. As a whole, this thesis corroborates the idea that chronic stress has pathogeniceffects even in adulthood and highlights the importance of neuroendocrine and cognitivoemotionalregulations by sst2 and sst4 receptor subtypes, a specificity that has to beconsidered in the use and the development of somatostatin treatments targeting HPAderegulations and stress-related disorders.